Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Planning Models
By EnP Alan G. Cadavos
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 1
II. City Beautiful Movement a response to urban decay and urban blight
during the Industrial Revolution
VII.Environmental
VII
Environmental Planning placed ecology and environmental constraints
at the center of planning
Frederick
Law
Olmsted
Sr.
Mixed use
Dampen class conflict
Heighten Family & religious values
Use urban parks as aid to social reform
Was influenced by Beaux Arts design and cityaesthetics: grandeur, monumentality (drama &
tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, symmetry.
John Muir
Frederick Law
Olmsted Sr.
Sr
Famous for the design of:
Central Park
Park, in New York
(Greens-ward Plan) together
with Calvert Vaux
Riverside, Illinois
Buffalo, NY parks system
Druid Hills, Georgia
Bostons
Emerald
Necklace
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 5
1858-1861 Central
Park, NY
In UK, Problems of
Manufacturing Cities in 19th
century
1. At the start of industrial revolution, public health
professionals were most concerned about public
planning. The ills of Industrial city included:
Lack of potable water due to polluted water bodies
Disposal of garbage including human excrement, and
animal wastes
epidemics due to congestion
street cleaning
Air pollution: smoke and smog
public transport
public housing was essentially tenements and cellars
lack of cemeteries
J h S
John
Snow
alleviate
ll i t d
deterioration
t i ti off liliving
i conditions
diti
Solve acute public health crisis associated with overcrowding and lack of
municipal and sanitary services
Greater concern for social well being
Improve urban design and aesthetics
Equip planners professionally to find technical solutions to urban planning
2. Under Englands Public Health Act of 1875, counties were divided into
urban and rural sanitary districts supervised by the central government
3 UK Local Governments Act of 1888
3.
stated that land use has to be regulated, thus giving birth to town planning
gave authority to boroughs, counties and towns - housing bylaws - power to
regulate housing - uniform streets with minimum widths - external lavatories access to back alleys
y for waste disposal
p
(g
(garbage
g and waste water))
population densities set - maximum 50 houses (250 people) per acre
Garden City
1. Population ~ 30,000
2. Area ~ 1,000 acres (405 hectares)
3. agricultural greenbelt surrounds town ~ 5,000 acres (hence "garden") in
addition to garden for each house
4. high residential density (15 houses per acre/ 37 per ha)
5. Industrial and commercial zones with greenbelts between zones
6. rapid transport from Garden City to Central City by rail
7. concentric rings progressing outward. Towns would grow by cellular
addition into a complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns set
against a green background of open country
8 Objectives of Garden City
8.
Designed by Sir
Raymond Unwin
Cottages
g at Birds Hill in Letchworth
Welwyn
Garden City
b Louis de
by
Soissons
Letchworth Garden
City
Welwyn Garden
City
City Beautiful
Movement
Movement
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 18
Grand Basin
Sanitation
Aesthetics
Civic Improvements
Building Design
Civic Spirit
Chicago Today
S
Sears
T
Tower
Mill i
Millennium
P
Park
k
Wrigley Bldg
Charles-Edouard
CharlesJeanneret (1887
1887--1965) Le
Le
Corbusier
Le Corbusiers Radiant
City (Le Ville Radieuse)
objective was to decongest the entire city by
increasing density at the core; to
to concentrate
population without congestion.
City consists of uniform 60-storey large towerblocks and apartment-buildings that zigzag
across as a huge park
park. Modern building
technology could make the design possible. It
would house 3 million people.
Each group of buildings would be isolated from
the others in a park-like
park like setting
setting. Flat roofs
roofs, planar
surfaces with little ornamentation, and box-like
building shapes
Housing and office towers were grouped in
abstract formal relationships that ma
maximized
imi ed
exposure to the sun.
Stadiums, recreational facilities, and museums
were placed along waterfronts.
Le
L Corbusiers
C b i design
d i influenced
i fl
d the
th d
design
i off
CBDs with High-rises/Skyscrapers in office parks
Modernism created a consistent urban image
based on the tall building, the automobile, and
the
h limited-access
li i d
hi h
highway.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 28
Le Corbusiers vision
of Paris, 1955
Tenement
T
tH
Housing
i and
d th
the Breakdown
B kd
off A
American
i
communities (1912(1912-1960s):
Radiant City
attempted in
Brasilia at
huge financial
costs
t and
d
environmental
costs(forests)
New Towns
Movement in
the US
Frank Lloyd
y Wrights
g
Broadacre Cityy
low density
low-density
car-oriented
freeways +
feeder roads
Multi-nucleated
Henry Wright
g (1878(1878-1936)
Efforts
Eff
t were cutt short
h t by
b Great
G t Depression
D
i
Wrote book New Towns for America (1951) which
was inputted into the US Housing Act of 1954.
Regional Planning
Movement
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 43
Scottish
S
tti h bi
biologist,
l i t sociologist,
i l i t and
d city
it planner
l
responsible
ibl ffor
introducing the concept of "region" to planning and city architecture;
Known as the Father of Regional Planning
Famous Books
G
Geddes
dd stressed
t
d th
the social
i lb
basis
i off th
the city
it the
th relationship
l ti
hi
between people and cities and how they affect one another.
Geddes focused on individual action and voluntary cooperation
tempered by attention to relations with the physical environment
American thinker called the Last of the Great Humanists, Father of HistoricalSociological Approach to Planning. Wrote Technics and Civilization (1934),The
Culture of Cities (1938) City in History (1961)
Th City
The
Cit iin Hi
History
t
was sweeping,
i
masterful
t f l hi
historical
t i l analysis
l i off city
it d
development
l
t
all over the world, describes why cities came about and what their continuing
function is.
planning
g as multi-disciplinary.
p
y Was extensively
y involved in Regional
g
conceived of p
Planning in the US East Coast.
Mumford believed that society is dehumanized by technological culture and that it
must return to a perspective that places emotions, sensitivity, and ethics at the
heart of civilization
civilization. Urban and regional planning should emphasize an organic
relationship between people and their living spaces.
saw the city not only as a place with poor living conditions, but also as a threat to
democracy and the breeding place of fascism, as the masses of people in the big
city could be kept ignorant and were to easy to mislead.
recognized the physical limitations of human settlement and urged that
fundamental basic needs of society be the bases for the judicious use of
gy;
technology;
advocated harmonious life among civilized groups in ecological balance with the
place they occupied.
the modern city (New York 1960) is following the patterns of Imperial Roman city
(the sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on
in the same vein, then it will meet the same fate as the Imperial Roman city.
City Functional
M
Movement
t
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 49
Reacted to preoccupation with urban design of the City Beautiful Movement in US and
Garden City Movement in UK
Greater concern for the functioning of cities rather than design aesthetics -- function over form
Govt efficiency,
Govt.
efficiency progressive education and recreation
recreation, good,
good affordable housing
Enlist businesses & civic organization
Emphasized opportunity rather than focus on economic and social evils of city
aligned planning to broader fields of public service
2. Focused on utility infrastructure and on land use zoning rather than master
planning
l
i
Don Arturo
Soria y Mata
Linear
City
City
Ci Efficient
Effi i
Movement
C. Britton
Harris, ( 18952005) University
of Pennsylvania
health
safety
convenience
economy
amenity
centripetal forces
Spatial Modelling
Gravity Model by Robert Garin and Ira Lowry
Ed Logue
Rexford Guy
Tugwell
(1891-1979)
Robert
Moses
Moses,
New York
Richard King
Mellon,
Pittsburg
Catherine
Aldo Rossi, 1931-97 Bauer
Wurster
Abraham Levitt and William Levitt
(1905-64)
founded Levittowns in Long Island,
NY and in Pennsylvania
Gentrification
iis a mode
d off urban
b renewall which
hi h
entails up-scaling previouslyblighted areas to attract new
business and new occupants; the
Elite and their money would be
motivated to return to the inner
city
g
revitalization of blighted
waterfronts and inner cores of
industrial cities which had been
previously abandoned by the Elite
and consequently invaded by the
urban poor
Tends
T d to
t result
lt in
i Yuppification
Y
ifi ti
(e.g. condominium clusters) and
in social exclusion of lower
classes.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 66
Montreal, Quebec
it
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 67
Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff (1965): father of advocacy planning, idol of
Barack Hussein Obama during Obamas community
development work in Chicago. Called for development of
plural plans rather than a unitary plan
plan, claimed that public
public
interest is not scientific but is political.
Paul Davidoff
Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) Conflict
Pragmatics or Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in
Community Organizing highlight victimization
victimization of the last,
last
the least, and the lost.
anarcho-syndicalist community-organizing and mosquito-like mass
mobilization that confronts the State and dares the State to live up to its
principles
p
but without Marxist/Maoist ideology
gy of taking
g over the
own p
State
t (1977)
Norman Krumholtz originator of transactive planning and
became President of the American Institute of Certified
Planners
Thomas Reiner A Choice Theory of Planning
David F. Mazziotti - The Underlying Assumptions of
Advocacy Planning
Norman Krumholtz
Allan
H ki
Heskin
New
N Urbanism
U b i or
Neo--Traditionalism
Neo
Environmental Planning
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 74
Dr. Herbert J.
Gans, pioneer of
Policy
Policy Planning
Planning
and Blueprint
Planning
James Howard
Kunstler The
Geography of
Nowhere, The
Rise and
Decline of
Americas ManMade
Landscape.
1993
Outputs
Energy
Solid wastes
Food
Waste heat
Water
Raw
materials
Air pollutants
Water pollutants
Greenhouse gases
Manufactured
goods
Manufactured goods
Money
Wealth
Information
Ideas
N i
Noise
79
92
92
33
33
85
85
29
29
Downtown
Urban
Park
residential
Suburban
residential
Rural
farmland
Ambient temperature
p
is highest
g
at the
Central Business District
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 80
La
ate afternoo
on tempera
ature ((C)
Late
e afternoon
n temperature ((F)
Megalopolis
g p
term byy Jean Gottmann
Sprawling Metropolis with more than 10
million population
Hyper-Urbanization or Over-urbanization
means that the rate of population growth in
g
exceeds the increase in the
megacities
capacities of nature (carrying capacity -food,water,air,land) and the caring capacity
governments/LGUs to mobilize resources
of g
and personnel to address peoples problems.
It is also related to the phenomenon of Urban
Primacy occurs mostly in Third World
countries where a large metropolis enjoys
extraordinary share of a countrys population,
resources, and investments by reason of
hi t i l or political
historical
liti l precedence.
d
Urban Primacy exemplifies the economic
polarization of a country.
False Urbanization
Premature Urbanization
Forced or Premature
U b i ti occurs as the
Urbanization
th main
i
result of land conversion wherein
prematurely
y developed
p
rural land is p
for urban uses an irreversible
change in land use -- even though
the populations meant to use or
benefit from such urban land are
not yet present.
If you build it, they will come,
catchline from the 1989 Kevin
Kostner movie Field
Field of Dreams
Dreams
Uncontrolled Urban Sprawl
Spa a p
Spatial
proximity
o
y
Infrastructure
Historical association
Concentration of socio-economic activity
C t
Centres
off creativity
ti it
Social practices and the built environment