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5^

niTiPTIAN

3^
GRAMMAR

WITH

TABLE OF SIGNS, BIBLIOGRAPHY,

EXERCISES FOR READING
AND

GLOSSARY
BY

ADOLF ERMAN.
TRANSLATED
BY

JAMES HENRY BREASTED.

WILLIAMS AND NOEGATE,

U, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON
AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
1894.

Authorized Translation.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
As the outgrowth of practical academic instruction,
this

book

is

designed to facilitate as far as possible,

for the beginner, the acquisition of the

guage and writing, and

is

Egyptian lan-

also intended for those

who

must dispense with the assistance of a teacher

the study.

It

in

aims to acquaint the learner with those

grammatical phenomena which are well established,

and which must guide us in the interpretation of texts.

It further

aims to afford him as correct a picture as

of the general structure of the Egyptian

possible

language.

For those who are familiar with the peculiar

situation

of Egyptian philology, I need not premise

with the remark, that something else

the study of Egyptian

a fruitful study,
Coptic.

viz.

One who

is

grammar

is

necessary to

if it is

to be at all

the simultaneous acquisition of

not familiar with this, the only

phase of the Egyptian language which we really understand, will never properly

comprehend

it

in its older

IV

acthor's preface.

periods, nor, at the

most ever attain more than a super-

capacity for reading Egyptian texts by rote.

would therefore request the student of my book

to

ficial

work through

and

The

selection
offered

book

especially, to note also the

constant cross references

material

Grammar

Steindorff's Coptic

parallel with this

in both.

and limitation of the grammatical

The Egyptian

especial difficulty.

language as we find

it,

presents quite different stages

of development, and even leaving Late Egyptian

still

later

idioms

out of account, fifteen hundred

years of the history of the language

be dealt with.

and

These

difficulties

still

remain

to

have been surmoun-

ted by relegating to certain paragraphs (A and B)

the peculiarities of the

ancient

religious literature

and the inscriptions of the old empire on the one hand,

and those

of the popular language of the middle

empire on the other.

with what

The paragraphs therefore deal

may be caUed

the classic language, the

language of the inscriptions and poems of the middle

empire, with which the idiom later employed as the

learned and official language

The material

is

practically identical.

in the chrestomathy

is

also taken from

texts of this character in order that the beginner

may

accustom himself to their linguistic usage and especially to their consistent

orthography.

have tried

author's preface.

to facilitate the understanding of the chrestomathy

by division into sentences, clear print and explanatory remarks.

In the use of the book

the beginner should

first

it

has seemed to

me

that

familiarize himself with the

most important paragraphs, designated by an asterisk,

and should then work through the

the Chrestomathy.

first

part of

doing this he not only looks

If in

up the paragraphs indicated, but also

a connected idea of the sections of the

tries to

form

grammar thus

referred to, he will then be sufficiently advanced to

take hold of the second part of the chrestomathy,

where as a rule he must recognize the grammatical

forms for himself. The appendix to the chrestomathy
contains the most important of the formularies from
the

list

which must now be mastered,

in order to

understand Egyptian inscriptions correctly.

It

further behoves

much which

is

me

to state, that in this book,

not so designated undoubtedly belongs

But we have so often disamong ourselves, that we could not

our "intellectual property" even if we deemed

to Steindorff

and Sethe.

cussed these things

separate
it

at all important to do so.

SiJDENDE, August IQth,

893.

Adolf Erman.

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
The peculiar

difficulties

experienced by the trans-

in transferring into English the results of the

lator,

grammatical investigations of his honored teacher,

Prof.

These

Erman, render a word of explanation necessary.

difficulties

were due

firstly, to

ter of the language investigated,

that the

new

the unique charac-

and secondly to the fact

science of Egyptian

Grammar,

as

it

has

been created by the German grammatical school in

the last fifteen years, does not yet exist in English.*

The above statement may seem strange to one who knows

grammar of Le Page Renouf was reedited in 1889 ("An
Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language" by P.
Le Page Renouf, Bagster & Sons, London, 2nd. ed.). But this
*

that the

venerable scholar, the Nestor of English Egyptologists, has not

followed the modern development in Egyptian grammar. His book

therefore entirely obsolete. Ex. gr. on p. 1 jou will find the
Egyptian consonants , i", C &c. classified under a list of vowels!
and the statement added, that the "vowels were very commonly

is

omitted",

and

this

about a system of orthography exclusively

consonantal (with the exception of one or two doubtful endings).

On

p. 50

the In of the tn-form of the verb

is

stated to be inse-

parable from the subject and separable from the verb, an assertion
in direct contradiction of the facts,

and due

to a confusion with

VII

translator's preface.

There were therefore no termini

grammar ready
facility

hand

at

expression of

compound

rely foreign to English

for

in

English.

German

with which the

technici of

Egyptian

The ready

lends itself to the

ideas in one word,

is

enti-

and the peculiar phenomena

felicitous compound was always ready in

German were sometimes the despair of the

which a

the flexile

the particle

In.

where the absolute pronoun sHs

by the confusion purely
and corrupt texts, between st, sn and s, for

Or turn

to p. 18

called a suffix, the author being misled

orthographic in late

in the classic language st is

always used absolutely,

i.

e.

separably.

In the same chapter one searches in vain for any paradigm of the old

Those of the 1 c. and 3 m. s. are incidentally

mentioned, the latter being called an "independent personal pronoun", but the 2 m. s., 2 f. s., 3 f. s., and all the plurals are
wanting. But to enumerate forms and phenomena unknown to
absolute pronouns.

this

grammar would be

here translated.

to repeat a large portion of the

work

though Mr. Le Page Renouf has

stated in his "Concluding Observations" that the Egyptian language suffered many changes during its enormously long history,
no hint of these changes appears in the treatment of grammatical
forms and syntax. The entire treatise is therefore as reasonable
as would be a grammar, which, without any distinction of time,
should present the forms of Latin and its offspring Italian in
heterogeneous combination from the Augustan age down to the
present day. If the end of the period thus included were two
thousand years removed from us, the parallel would be complete
and it could be stated with impunity that the Latin article was
il and that the Italian nouns were comprised in five terminationally
inflected declensions. In France the new science is equally disregarded, as the recent "Manuel de la Langue egyptienne" of
Victor Loret

may

Further,

testify.

translator's preface.

VIII

translator. It

is

hoped, however, that such terms have

been made at least

intelligible to the

English reading

student and the indulgence of the reader

is

craved

wherever felicitous English has been sacrificed for the

sake of clearness.

One word has been

coined, viz.

"substantivized", being simply the transferred

"substantivirte".

passive" for the

With the

German

translation "uninflected

German "endungsloses Passiv"

the

writer was not at all satisfied, but could find nothing

and

better

after

consultation

with the author,

The term "pseudoparticiple"

stands.

rectly transferred

word

for

be found;

both

in conjugation

it

is,

is

another

it

di-

which nothing better could

and meaning,

very similar to the Assyrian "permansive", but to have

used this term would have been a liberty not justified

in translating.
It

only remains

to be

hoped that the

results,

achieved within the last fifteen years, which render the

grammatical structure of the ancient Egyptian tolerably intelligible, and which are herewith presented for
the

first

time in English,

structive to the English

may be

as interesting

have been to the translator, from the

to

whom

and

in-

and American student as they

lips of the

man

they are almost solely due.

Berlin, Nov. 11th, 1893.

James Henky Breasted.

CONTENTS.
GRAMMAR.

INTRODUCTION

13

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS.

1.

2.

In general
Phonetic Signs.

12

a.

The Alphabet

1327

h.

Special Points in Phonetics

28

c.

Syllabic Signs

32

3.

Ideograms

31
35
36 44

4.

Determinatives

45

52

5.

Orthographj'.

5^

In general

h.

54

c.

Orthography of the Ideograms

Purely phonetic Orthography

d.

Abbreviations

63

e.

Inversion of the Order of

59

6^

68

Words

Unusual Styles of Orthography

Rules for Transliteration
f.

G.

53

a.

69
70

71
72

PRONOUNS.
1.

Personal Pronoun.

79

a.

Personal suffixes

73

&.

Old Absolute Pronoun

8083

c.

Later Absolute Pronoun

84

d.

Expression for "self

85

2.

Demonstrative Pronoun.
a.
h.

Forms with m. pForms with n-

i.

8690

t-

91

94

NOUNS.
1.

Substantives.
a.

Expression of Gender

h.

Forms

c.

Expression of Number.
a. Plural
/?.

y.

e.

The Article
The Absolute Substantive

f.

Apposition and Coordination

r?.

g.

2.

3.

Dual
Use of the Singular, Plural, Dual.

98
103

95
99

of the Substantive

104106
107109
110112
113116
117

118

119

121

124

The Genetive.
a.

Direct Genetive

122

yS.

Genetive with n

125127

Adjectives
a.

Adjectives without Ending

h.

Adjectives in ?

c.

Appendix

{ir'i,

128 131
132

138

Imy, ns)

137

139

Numerals.
a.
h.

Beal Numerals
Appendix to the Numeral

145

140

146147

VERBS.
1.

In general.
a.

The
^.

Classes of the Verb.

Usual Classes
Rare Classes and Irregular Verbs

y.

The Causative

a.

2.

b.

Voice

c.

Expression of the Subject (Inflection).

Usual Inflection.
a. In general

148154
155

160
161

162
.

163169
170

171

XI

CONTENTS.
6.

The Formation sdmf.

a.

The Forms
A.

Its

B.

Use

of the First Group.

173
176
177 178
179 180
172

Formation

174

as Indicative

C. In the Conditional sentence

D. As a Subjunctive
E. In a Final Clause

181

/3.

182

A. Its Formation

184186

B.

Use as an Indicative

c.

187

C. In Conditional Clauses

188

D. Dependent upon Verbs

189

E. Dependent
y.

183

As an Optative
The Forms of the Second Group.

F.

upon Prepositions

190

Appendix

191

193

The M-Form sdmnf.

a. Its
/8.

Its

194

Formation
Use

195

196199

203

d.

The <-Form sdminf.

200

e.

The /^r-Form sdmhrf.

204205

3.

The Uninflected Passive

206207

4.

Old Inflection.

(Pseudoparticiple.)

a. Its

Formation

h. Its

Use.

a.

208215

In the Active-Transitive

Form
Form

216

^. In the Passive- Intransitive

5.

Compounds with Forms

a.

Introduced hy
a.

^.
b.

a.
/3.

y.

219

220

222

of the Usual Inflection.

"it is".

The Forms iw sdmf and tw sdmnf.

With the Auxiliary Verb wn

With Double

217

223

Subject.

224227

iwfsdmf.

The Forms tcnf sdmf and

The Form Jjrf sdmf.

icntnf sdmf.

228
229

XII

CONTENTS.

c.

With a Verb
a.
/3.

(I.

of Motion.

230234
235236

With ChCn and ChC

With In, prn and Iw

The Form sdmf piv

237

238239

6.

Compounds with

7.

Compounds with the Pseudoparticiple

ir

"make"
or Infinitive.

a.

Without the Auxiliary Verb (Improper Nominal

b.

Introduced by Auxiliary Verbs.

240245

Sentence)

a.
/3.

8.

Compounds with r and the

9.

The Imperative

250

252
264

253

Infinitive

255257

The Nominal Forms

10.

246249

With the Auxiliary Verb Iw

With the Auxiliary Verb wn

of the Verb.

258261

a. Participles
b. Infinitive.
a. Its
/3.

Its

y. Its
c.

/3.

y.

ii.

Substantive Nature

Use

Substantivized Forms.
a.

d.

262268
269271
272281

Formation

282

In general

To Denote the Action Itself.

To Denote a Person or an Object.

Verbal Adjective

Appendix to the Verb: the Object

283288
288292

293295
296299

PARTICLES.
1.

Adverbs

300

2. Prepositions.

301

305j

b.

In general.
Simple Prepositions

306

c.

Compound

3153171

a.

Prepositions

Z14

CONTENTS.

XIII

3.

Conjunctions.
a.

In general

b.

Enclitic Conjunctions

c.

Non-enclitic Conjunctions

318

322
323 326

319

THE SENTENCE.
1.

The Nominal Sentence.

a.
b.
c.

2.

331
333
335

The Simple Nominal Sentence

327
The Nominal Sentence Introduced hy iw and wn. 332
The Nominal Sentence with pw
334

The Parts

The Order

6.

Emphasis.
a.
/3,

y.
C.

3.

of the Sentence.

a.

of

Words

336342

In geneial

343

346
347 350

Without Introduction
With ir, Ir-, r and in

The

344

351355

Ellipses

Kinds of Sentence.
a.

Interrogative Sentence

b.

Negative Sentence.
a.
/3.

y.
c.

d.

With n and nn
The Circumlocutions with
The Negative Adjective

im-,

Dependent and Substantivized

Temporal Clauses

e.

Conditional Clauses

f.

Relative Clauses.
a.
)3.

y.
8.

tm-.

Clauses.

Without Connective

With the Substantivized Verb

With the Passive Participle
With the Adjective nt'i

TABLE OF SIGNS
BIBLIOGEAPHY

m,

356

363

364

372

373377
378380
381

383

384

385

386

391

393
399
400
401 404
392

394

Page
I7i

i94

XIV

CONTENTS.
Pace

EXP]RCISES FOR READING.

FIRST PART.

3*

1.

Canalizing of the First Cataract

2.

From

3.

Medicinal Receipts

6*

4.

Cosmetics and Domestic Receipts

8*

0.

From

the Address of Thutmosis'

I.

to the Priests of

4*

Abydos

the Proverbs of Ptah-hotep

11*

SECOND PART.
From the
From the
APPENDIX.
1.

Story of Sinuhe

17*

2.

Story of the Eloquent Peasant

28*

1.

Writing of Thutmosis'

I.

to the Authorities of El-

37*

phantine.
2.
3.

Examples of the Royal Titularies

Examples of Grave Formulae.
.

GLOSSARY

39*
.

40*
42*

ABBREVIATIONS.
AZ.: Zeitschrift

W.

Br. Gr.

Wb.

Br.

fiir

agyptische Sprache (Bibliography C.)

Brugsch, Die agyptische Gi aberwelt, Leipzig 1868.

Brugsch, Worterbuch (Bibliography Ab).
:

Butler: Papyrus Butler (Exercises for Heading p. 28*).

C. Steindorff, Coptic Grammar.
:

Copt.

Coptic.

Eb.: Papyrus Ebers (Bibliography Be).

Feminine.
LE.: Late Egyptian.

LD.: Lepsius, Denkmaler (Bibliography Ba).

Leps. Ausw. Lepsius, Auswahl (Bibliography Ba).
M. or Merenre': Pyi-amid of Merenre' (BibUography
:

Bf).

m, masculine.
Mar. Ab.: Mariette Abydos (Bibliography Bd).
Mar. Cat. d'Ab.: Mariette, Catalogue des monuments (Bibliography Bd).
Mar. Mast. Mariette, Mastabas (Bibliography Bd).
Math. Hdb.: Eisenlohr, Mathemat. Handbuch (Bibliography Be).
m. e.: Middle Empire,
n. e.: New Empire.
Old Empire.
Peasant Story of the Eloquent Peasant (Exercises for Reading p. 28*).
:

Pepy I. Pyramid of Pepy I. (Bibliography Bf).

Papyrus Prisse (Bibliography Be).
Pyr. Pyramid Texts (Bibliography Bf).
RIH. Eouge, Inscriptions hiroglyphiques (Bibliography Ba).
3in.: Sinuhe (Exercises for Beading p. 17*).

P. L, or

Prisse:
:

Siut: Griffith, Inscriptions of Siut (Bibliography Bd).

Totb.: Totenbuch, ed.

Una: Inschrift des

Westc.

NaviUe (Bibliography

Wni

(AZ. 1882,

Isq.).

Papyrus Westcar (Bibliography Be).

Bf).

INTRODUCTION.
The Egyptian language

to the

related

is

mitic languages (Hebrew, Arabic,

Aramaic

&c.),

Se-

1.

to

the East-African languages (Bischari, Galla, Somali

and

others),

Berber languages of North-

to the

The language of

Africa.

as far

and

its

oldest

monuments belongs

back as the fourth millennium B.

C.

and did

not entirely die out until three centuries ago.

We

distinguish the

following

chief periods of

the language:
1.

The Old-Egyptian^ the oldest language treated

in this book, the

employment of which as the learned,

Roman

literary language continued into

culiarities of its oldest

"pyramid

texts") are

form (found

times.

Pe-

in the so-called

noted in the remarks "A" under

[the different paragraphs.

2.

[of the

)ular

3.

The Middle-Egyptian^ the popular language

middle empire and the Late-Egyptian

the po-

language of the new empire the most important

;

livergences found in this period are noted in the reErman, Egypt, gramm.
\

2.

INTRODUCTION.

marks "B".

It

is

more

2.

3.

Erman

treated in:

fully

Sprache des Papyrus Westcar (Gottingen 1889) and

Erman, Neuagyptische Grammatik (Leipzig

^.

1880).

The Demotic^ the popular language of the

last

pre-Christian centuries, written in a peculiar ortho-

graphy.
lin 1855)
5.

Cf.

The

"Grammaire demotique", Brugsch (Ber-

of course obsolete.
Coptic^

the language

Egyptians written with Greek

grammar,

of

the

Christian

letters.

Cf.

the Coptic

parallel with this book,

by Steindorff, which

I hereafter cite as "C".

3.

Since the idioms cited, from 1

without vowels,

(cf.

4,

are all written

14) the Coptic affords the only

possibility of understanding the structure of the

tian language.

It is therefore necessary,

even for the-

beginner, to acquire a knowledge of Coptic.

one who

is

Egyp-

Only

already proficient in Old-Egyptian and

Coptic should venture into Late-Egyptian or Demotic.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS.

1.

*4.

IN GENERAL.

Hieroglyphic writing consists of pictures of men,

animals, plants,

&c.;

their

number

is

very large,

though only about 500 are in frequent use. The alphabetic

and

syllabic signs of

i5

13,

33

-35,

and the

determinatives of 47 are sufficient at the start for

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS.

the beginner;

the

1.

other signs

IN GENERATi. 5

7.

he will best learn

through usage.

The writing properly runs from right

to left,

and

5.

only exceptionally (when employed for certain decorative purposes)

from

left to right; nevertheless, for

reasons of convenience we always write

direction.

Whether an

the right or the

left,

inscription

face

in the latter

easily determined

is

heads of the animal and

it

to be read

is

human

figures,

from

by the

which always

toward the beginning.

The signs stand

in part vertically

in part horizontally _,f_ <cz> 'wwvv

as M

^^;

H^'

almost the

only ones used in both positions are the especially

'requent signs <=> or
47).

'cf.

and ^^-^ or

Ci "great"

The frequent abbreviation ^:=^ | mBC-hrw

"justified" is preferably written

or
]

|.

Caligraphy demanded that a number of conti-

guous signs should together form an approximate

rectangle.

Hence the words

rpCfi "hereditary prince",

"nearest friend"

and

/?s

only be written as follows

smr

tvQ'i

arrangements like
)e

barbarous.

<:::>

At

"^

the present day

would

,pf--rr

ilosely follow this caligraphic

could

"praise",

we do not always

law but to the Egyptian

;

A*

7.

4
it

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS.

IN GENERAL.

8. 9.

was so important, that out of respect

for

1.

he

it,

sometimes departed from the correct orthography.

For example,

in almost all cases

and

"prince", hCh "to play"

i^&c,

r^,

rmt_

he wrote for

"man"

because the correct writings

Jl'
is

"^-^

^<.

were unpleasing.

often written for the

rvt

It is

*8.

and

for

sCJi

\shc, \

K'X-

"

Similarly

^^

more correct but unpleasing

5^;^=_ hft.

customary to sketch the hieroglyphs exactly,

only in large ornamental inscriptions; in most cases

it

is

regarded as sufficient to outline them in a con-

ventional

manner with a few

strokes.

The beginner

should take as his pattern practically the writing in

Brugsch's Dictionary, and should especially familiarize
thimself with the abbreviations for the different birds

there employed.
9.

From the earliest times the individual signs were

very much shortened and rounded off, when written
upon Egyptian paper.

We have

accustomed ourselves

to contrast these abbreviated hieroglyphs as a sepa-

rate writing

writing

the

of

the

so-called

monuments.

correct, for they have

with

the

however

in-

"hieratic"

This

is

no other points of distinction

than are presented by our printed and written

letters.

2.

PHONETIC

SIGNS.

a.

THE ALPHABET. 10

knowledge of the Hieratic

13.

not an immediate

is

necessity for the beginner.

The
two

hieratic writing

varieties,

is

subdivided further into

10.

a more angular uncial, in which the

individual signs remain for the most part separated,

and a more rapid cursive, which often contracts an

entire

word

one ligature.

into

writing, out of which the

The hieroglyphic signs

was

It

Demotic (cf.

this

cursive

2, 4) finally grew.

fall into

three classes ac-

11*.

cording to their meaning:

1.

Phonetic signs, which are alphabetic or syllabic.

-2.

Ideograms, which represent a certain word, but

are also very often employed for another

the

same consonants
3.

So-called determinatives,

a word, to indicate

word having

as the first.

its

i.

meaning

e.

signs placed after

in a general way.

As may be seen from the table of signs these

12.

classes are often not to be sharply defined, for ori-

ginal determinatives pass over into ideograms

and

original ideograms into syllabic signs.

2.

PHONETIC SIGNS.
a.

The alphabet

em)

is

THE ALPHABET.

(the

as follows:

arrangement of which

is

mod-

13*.

PHONETIC SIGNS.

2.

i
t

II

__fl

THE ALPHABET.

(Eagle)

14.

j^

(Reedleaf)

('Ajin)

-^

UP

^f
AAAftAA

^==^ k

"1""

To these are further

to be

added two secondary

signs

(j(]y

B. Since the
tw

14*.

and %/

ew empire

(s is

also written for w,

for

for n.

Our transliteration of these signs must be regarded

only as an approximate equivalent of the respective

sounds; but by means of the Coptic

(cf.

C. 15)

and

2.

PHONETIC SIGNS.

manner

the

15.

16.

which Semitic words are transcribed

in

in Egyptian,

THE ALPHABET.

and Egyptian words in Semitic,

an

it is

established fact that all signs represent consonants.

The vowels,
dicated.

just as in Semitic writing,

For the

are not

in-

exceptional use of some few con-

sonants for the indication of certain vocalic endings

cf.

15

16;

18;

on

cf.

27.

i probably corresponds approximately to

But

in

many words

15

^^v

a,

is

[1

^.

written ra

^^ ^^^

2).

In

(1

i,

a pronun-

by the addition of uU

^^V

^'

15**

*^"J^ ^^pt.

the later syllabic writing

y,

n. e.

g Al

(cf.

(cf.

70)

also used for indication of a vowel.

etymologically corresponds to
i,

e. g.

But with most words

^^ irp

imn copt.
1

became

^^ "husband" (*ha^), since the

words always remained a

EICDT.

early

often indicated

ciation,
6- g-

n^

ii.

and

in

it

was early

(from *^mon,

In certain endings

oldest orthography to indicate an

orthography indicates by

many

(1^ It "father", copt.

lost,

"wine", copt. hoTT (from *ierp), or

AMOyN "Amon"

and Rem.)

(1

Cf.

i,

"^ (cf. 27),

(J

was used

cf.

15

a,

in the

which the later

16*.

*17.

ciation

corresponds to Semitic y and this pronun-

ffl.

was very long preserved

\:>

22,

PHONETIC SIGNS,

disappeared.
18.

THE ALPHARET. 17

2.

Cf.

but in Coptic

it

has

Rem.

15

corresponds to Semitic

Copt,

1,

oy;

in

the syllabic orthography (Cf. 70) and in a few end-

ings,

is

also used to indicate a vowel (something

like u).
2i\^=>-

19.

/about corresponded

S. Cf. C

to the Semitic

<=^

20.

r^

represented

certain words
like

an

/;

ru h is

2j^

German

cli

as well as

Qj?

r, cf.

8.

Heb. n, arab.

M)

and

and

h differ like

(something like

in ach)\ nevertheless in

many words

appears to have also possessed a softer sound, for

interchanges with

In

2.

(something like

arab.

/";

n also was probably pronounced

aaaaaa

8a,

to our English

12bc.

s.

h
it

^-=> was originally a special

merged into one sound that

but both were so early

we transliterate them with

one and the same sign

Cf.

sound, standing very near to

~~*^~

'22,

^^^

'

were

h.

likewise

14.

originally

different

sounds; but they were also so early merged into one

sound that we transliterate them both with the same

sign

s. czszi] s

corresponds to

it

our

sh.

Cf.

13.

PHONETIC SIGNS.

2.

k corresponds to

z]

very near to

Cf.C

23

27.

p,

^C3^ ^ to d;

S^

is

s=5

ints ^.

Cf.

'W^

o in the

like

f\

s=

n. e.

But

at a very early

had, in most words already passed over

11a,

2.

a special modification of the

i? is

which must have sounded something

period

{1(1

texts,

is

still

Cf.

t,

11a,

so that

But

at.

in

c=^3. In the
it

coincides

4.

the indication of two

(In

e. g.

becomes

<:=^>

in Copt.

25.

same sound,

like

most words 'W^ very early passed into

a special 24

/ is

d corresponds for the most part to Semitic

e^i^i

with

a sound 23.

same sound, which must have

of the

sounded about
period

latest

but not to be defined more closely.

p,

corresponds to Semitic

<^ t

THE ALPHABET.

10,24.

modification

t3

U.

(I's

in the oldest 26*.

ms^Y (something like *mesioi "I bear",

Ill

cf.

WiUy msis

down
1,

(cf.

it is

i.

e.

*mesios "she bears").

written for

(j,

in so far as this

16), only, however, at the

in certain endings
N\

i'

is

From

we then

the m.

e.

has remained

end of word stems and

transliterate

a sign used since the m.

e.

quently recurring grammatical ending

it

with

y.

for the fre- 27*.

i;

it

cannot

stand at the beginning or in the middle of a word.

Concerning

its

origin

cf.

108.

10

PHONETIC SIGNS,

2.

b.

PHONETICS.

b.

C.

SYLLABIC SINGS. 28

SPECIAL POINTS IN PHONETICS.

Certain sounds, for which a sign

28.

32.

wanting, are

is

Such

expressed by a combination of several.

kind of <^:> r occurring as the final letter of

words, which interchanges with
<^^^^(1;

is

written

and

and further the combination

for initial

(1

a-

^^

The weakness of the breathing

29.

and

[1

is

many

peculiar phenomena.

In

many words

it

i produces

stands, some-

times as second, sometimes as third consonant; t^m

mi

and

"pleasant", k:$m and

lumn" and

rv^hi "hall of

km^ "create";
Ami

"create",

with sm9 "kill", wh^h with wh^ "seek";

many words

very

i was also

further interchange

sh, e. g. ssp, ssp

shtn
31.

Remarkable

is

s;

and

ss9

In

Similar

also.

and

is ss, ss

and p "receive",

and hsm "holy of

(I

sm^m

157.

cf.

early lost.

phenomena appear sometimes with

30.

Along with

columns" &c.

these occur forms like km:$m with

"co-

tvh:^

also hs

and

s^i "wise",

holies".

the writing of

[{'='

it

"father" (copt.

EIODT) which since the oldest times appears also as

c.

32.

SYLLABIC SIGNS.

Along with the simple consonants, syllabic signs

were also used which, according to

40 have become

PHONETIC SIGNS.

2.

SYLLABIC SIGNS.

C.

11

33. 34.

pure phonetic signs from original ideograms.

^^,

really an

ideogram for wr

Thus

appears as a

''great",

syllabic sign in swri "drink", wrs "spend time", writ

anoint" &c.

i^^^^,

really an

ideogram for mn "re-

main", appears as syllabic sign in hsmn "natron", mnli

"wax"

For further examples

etc.

the

cf.

of

list

hieroglyphs.

The
^^,

syllabic

is 33*.

are of importance for the beginner, for such

i,

syllables

the

for

most part must be written with

To be noted are:

these signs.

--
{]

whose second consonant

signs,

l^vs

y mS

TV^

#^i

&i

Of these kB and

*^

sB

LToTsi
tB

U
O

r^^tS

occur also in syllabic writing

others the syllabic sign must be used.

probably

jn^

i^

t^

(^C3:^^^^5^^^^) occasionally also hB\ with

ceptions (like

J.

in s&i

indicate peculiar

all

the

The rare ex-

"door" and dhB "restore")

phonetic conditions in

these words.

The

syllabic signs in

the above

may

are almost as frequent as 34*.

for these, however, the alphabetic writing

also be used:

12

^^ Iw
If^

37.

nrv

frv

and Sw

JB^,

Note further the

*35.

35

IDEOGRAMS.

3.

hw

rm

il

syllabic signs:

or sometimes also

probably

^^^

'

^^^'

perhaps

IS^

(l-

^v

'

^^^^

^^^'

sign of the ending fiw

^^^^

^^ ^^^

early

initial ,w (cf. 102).

(like the sign for i) or

(cf.

%,

(cf.

43), the

133), incorrectly

also

fi.

IDEOGRAMS.

3.

The

*36.

g7\

ri.

used in many words as

for

sw

sw

(J

li

ideograms

originally

denoted the objects

which they represent:

tiTD

pr house,

nt city,
O K sun,
tQi

v^^^

M wood,
lir

face,

1^ m&c

tb heart,

soldier,

&c.

Since abstract conceptions and the like cannot

37^

be sketched, concrete objects in some way suggestive

of

them are used

Scepter
I

is

as ideograms for them:

the ideogram for

Mi

"reign",

IDEOGRAMS.

3.

Staff of
*i* Plant

office for

38

40.

13

hrp "lead",

used as the arms of upper Egypt for rs

"south",

^,

Sacred falcon for Hr

Target for

st

"God Horus",

"shoot".

In a few cases more than one sign are found united

to

form one ideogram, as _y^

(of Egypt)"

')^'^nn "this"

An ideogram
word but

is

sm^rvt'i

"the

uniter

etc.

used not only for one specific

from

also for all forms derived

it, e.

g.

not only for nt "city" but also for the plural

"cities",
its

as well as the adjective

forms.

verb

Mi

39*.

ntvt

"urban" and

nt'l

all

likewise, is used for all forms of the

"reign" and the substantivs

"ruler" (fem.).

38.

Mi

"ruler"

Mif

The ideogram therefore denotes only

the consonants forming the stem, and not in any

a special vocalization of

way

it.

Although, according to the above remarks, only

words belonging to the same stem

written with the

same ideogram,

may

properly be

nevertheless the

Egyptians from the oldest times transferred

signs to such words as accidentally contained the

many
same

consonants, without belonging to the same stem.

40*.

14

3.

Thus

e.

IDEOGRAMS.

41. 42.

g.

[3Z: pr "house" transferred

r-^i-.

pr

to

"go out",

htp "offering" transferred to htp

"rest"'.

nfr "lute" transferred to nfr "good".

mia

>i

n mic^ "truth".

hpr "beetle"

?:

H hpr "become".

si "goose"

55

wr "dove"

91

55

"flute"

si "son".

wr

"great".

&c.

In this manner ideograms for

conceptions were

stract

obtained.

all

sorts

Many

signs were further transferred to so

of ab-

of these

many words

that

they eventually became purely phonetic syllabic signs,

thus

^^^

e. g.

"great"

rvr

1^ pB "fly" &c.

Cf.

32seq.

Since words like "good, truth, become, son, great"

41.

&c. occur

much more

frequently than words

like

"lute, flute, beetle, goose, dove" &c. the original con-

meaning

crete

in the case of

many such ideograms

was therefore nearly forgotten.

42.

A
e. g.

few ideograms really have double values, so

"head".

which
In

is

employed

many

apparently occurs

for tpt "head"

and dBdB

cases however where a double value

it

has been caused by the subse-

quent merging together of two originally different

signs.

Thus, in the merging together of the signs

3.

()

and

Y?

IDEOQRAJIS.

which meant hrp "lead" and the other

0116 of

shm "mighty", one sign

its origin,

15

43. 44.

with both meanings found

()

&c.

similar confusion of different signs occurs so 43.

frequently, that

it is

o/ten no longer possible to deter-

mine the correct form of a

sign.

Note especially the

difference in:
*

5^.

2\

nst "throne", /H hr "below,

kd "build"

&c.,

I
I

hrtv "voice",

ist

mdw

"troop",

"speak"

^^and^/)>.,^and^n^,
which are regularly confused

in the inscriptions.

The following frequently recurring ideograms are

formed from

differently

J\

Irv

"go",

[j

others:

all

i "go",

[^ sm

"come",

s^^

"rob",

~7T" sh "walk through",

in

which one sign of going

is

il

separated into different

ideograms by the addition of consonants.

Similarly

differentiated are:
l\

j4j

In "bring", '^^^ &s "bring in",

rs "south",
rnj)t

"year",

-^ kmC
|

tr

"south",

"time",

"I

rnp "bloom".

44.

16

4.

4.

DETERMINATIVES.

The determinatives, the

45

47.

45

DETERMINATIVES.

latest part of the Egyptian

writing, are intended to facilitate the reading; with

very frequent words, which every one recognizes of

himself, they are not used,
Irt "do",

A.

^^

Tvr "great",

e.

g.

(l^/^w,"tobe",

"in" &c.

The determinatives are

far rarer in the

still,

pyramid

texts than later.

B.

At a

later period there is

determinatives to a

comes

after the

*46.

ject

word

more

an inclination to attach several

in this case the

more general

which their word denotes

e.

g.

^^px

's:s=='

the determinative

and important, which

meaning of

hr

far

more numerous

indicate only in general the

their word, like that of the tree in

"tamarisk".

^p^heaven"

nish "crocodile".

But those determinatives are

*47.

47)

few determinatives represent exactly the ob-

of heaven and of crocodile in the words

and

(of.

special.

Note especially:

man,

woman,

^people.
revered person,

goddess,
animal,
bird, insect,

"^

plant,

(I

l<zz>0

DETERMINATIVES.

4.

tree,

s;

(late

V)

land,

r\^^^ desert,

foreign

and,

dust,
fluid,

J\

go,

.^^

see.

what

done with

is

city.

the mouth,

house,

barbarian,

(late

n)

(late e) flesh,

"^

fire.

.-^^ abstract.

time,

When

a determinative

St "Isis"

for

jj

that

which demands strength,

cially in manuscripts,

water,

AAAAAA
AAAAAA

17

48. 49.

bad,

little,

is difficult

to write, espe- 48,

an abbreviation \

is

used,

e. g.

^ ^

Exact scribes, especially those at the end of the 49*

m.

e.

distinguish

mination. They
to render its

still

closer difi'erences

mark a determinative with

meaning general,

in

deter-

m, in order

e. g.

L^9 B^r "roast" but (1^ /w/

2^0\^ pnw "mouse" but "l^"^ Cwt "cattle"
"flesh"

'^T /rr# "flower" but (1

Brman,

Egypt, gramm.

"^

_^o "^^'iAr^'onionY?).
III

18
50.

DETERMINATIVES.

4.

50. 51.

These scribes further add the sign

minative, in order to restrict

meaning,

its

""^^^O rk "period of time", but

%^

1^

Ji

-^nn^

to a detere. g.:

hrw "day",

''\
'
^"^s/Wi^^e "northern", but "~^il[l'^ mry? "dyke".
^

In the

B.

n. e. these

incorrectly employed.

'

additional

To the m,

signs

occasionally furnishing the determinatives

feminine ending

(^'

as if they

.).

and

are often

@ and fw^ with the

were the substantives nt

smt "land".

"city',,

*51.

belongs the rare practice of

e.

The stroke must be regarded

determinative which
are written with
determinative,

^^ dw

is

as a special kind of

added to substantives, which

only one sign and have no other

e. g.

"mountain",

"^^

ri (?) "mouth",

'^'

c "arm",

or (with the feminine ending

dt "hand",

si "son",

i):

smt "desert" etc.

Nevertheless the usage varies

much here and two

ex-

ceptions to the law here given are found in all texts:

J^

word

hr

is
~~^

1.

"face", 2.

"upon" with

even when the

a preposition, not a substantive.

s

"man" with

notwithstanding the other]

determinative which follows.

cf.

also 58.

5.

ORTHOGRAPHY,

determinative

tt.

is

IN GENERAL.

19

52. 53.

frequently transferred from 52*

one word to others, which have the same consonants,

even when

it

does not suit their meaning.

the syllable kd

written

is

kd

"circle"

written:
written:
A.

(1

or

\^^^ because oilh

^1

Ih "to thirst"

"'calf";

^^"eternity"

because of dt "landed property",

Especially to be noted in the old texts

twf "he

from hcf

is

etc.

the writing

which has taken on the determinative of

is"

e. g.

because of

and kd "make pottery";

Thus,

flesh

"flesh".

5.

ORTHOGRAPHY.
IN GENEEAL.

a.

The orthography, which experienced great

trans- 53.

formations in the course of time, determines in an

manner how

often arbitrary

far phonetic signs, ideo-

grams, and determinatives must be employed in writing

different words.

The most widely spread and import-

ant system of orthography which

as classic,

is

found

scripts of the

m.

may be

designated

in the greatest purity in the

e.

manu-

with this system the beginner

should seek to make himself as familiar as possible,

before he approaches texts in another orthography.

B*

20

5.

A.
able,

ORTHOGRAPHY,

ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE IDEOGRAMS.

b.

The orthography

of the p3ramid texts

is

exceedingly vari-

and renders the understanding of them very

but for us

of importance, because

it is

distinguishes

consistently

often

it

difficult

indeed;

even though not

grammatical forms which the

orthography leaves undistinguished.

54. 55.

classic

The orthography of the

o. e.

seeks the greatest possible brevity.

OETHOGRAPHY OF THE IDEOGEAMS.

b.

The majority

54

gram, to which

of

words are written with an ideo-

added an indication of

is

Whether

ciation in alphabetic signs.

word are

ants of the

all

its

pronun-

the conson-

to be written, or only a part;

whether they are to stand before or after or on both

sides of the ideogram, is decided

The following paragraphs present

separate word.

of the classic orthography.

the usage

moreover often the motive

7) is

(cf.

by usage for each

Caligraphy

for the selection

of a given writing.
*55.

Usually

To

added.
is

it

is

only the final consonant which

biliteral

ideograms the

subjoined,

e.

^^J\ pr

"go out",

r\\ms

"to bear",

tipr

^7\^

"become",

^-'^

consonant

g.:

^^yv,
t

'^

to triliterals the final consonant,

final

"stand",

^h "go in",

M "white",
e,

g.

T | ^^^ "lay",
'^ rvSd "green",
I
^1

is

5.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

or also

ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE IDEOGRAMS.

5.

but more rarely the

last

21

56. 57.

two consonants,

e. g.:
AAAAAA

/->

--

More

rarely all the consonants are written,

\'^ZE^

still

more

n^ J

e.

g.

56*.

"times" (germ. Mai),

(^ ^^

"feast",

hi)

^ ^

rarely only the initial consonants^ as in:

llgrg "sieze possession",

s&i "star".

In the oldest orthography writings of just this kind are

A.

AAAAAA a^^^

frequent,

ChC

n
l<zi> rvsr "strong".

nfr "good".

and

n
"1

Cn?i "live"

cf. e. g.

"stand"',

n
9

AAAAAA

and

nfr "good",

AAAAAA

ChC "palace",

classic writings T

'

'

"Lord'' instead of the

'

^^

Mt^.

Finally in some isolated cases the initial conson-

ant of the ideogram or

placed after

W'

it,

its

entire phonetic writing

^(J "to

command",

^^

jj[ ur-3 Cr "storehouse", ?

mA

A.

This

'"^
is

is

e, g.

dmd

"unite",

^^^^^''

"'^^ sick",

"pyramid".

also a

remnant of the oldest orthography;

pyramids such writings are frequent.

in the

57.

22

OETHOaEAPHY.

5.

C.

PURELY PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY.

Only a few especially frequent ideograms

*58.

the abbreviations of 67

are

left

58. 59.

except

without any pho-

netic addition, as:

hr "face",

pr

ss (?) "scribe",

nb "every",

"house",

'^^nir

iM

msC "armv",

2i

"god",
'=s.'

nb "lord",

mh

"fill",

\\\

and the feminines

^

^
^

ht "house",

mrvt "mother".

St "Isis",

Jmt "woman",

etc.

I
c.

PUBBLY PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY.

All words for which the orthography possesses

59.

no ideogram are written with purely phonetic signs

i.

e.

without ideograms.

These are in part very

frequently recurring words, like:

(1^
^^^

tw "to be",

A.
is

^^'^

^ rn "name",

n^^(l^

Jl^
^ %, V
(]

"^^^"'
^^^ "lion",

STvrl "drink", &c.

In the oldest orthography the purely phonetic writing

very frequent.

Note the rare cases

wd:$ "sound, healthy",

'^^

also occur occasionally later.

^ for

l\

"^^

v\
|

for

v\

i/jf "field",

^^

which

OKTHOGRAPHY.

5.

C.

PURELY PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 60

62.

23

Since the syllabic signs employed in these writings 60*.

ideograms, the

were, according to 40, originally

pronunciation
is

mostly the

is

added to them

final

mr,

mn^

ms,

But

in

many

'^

hr,

same way.

in the

consonant which

is

^^

written,
rvn,

e. g.

&c.

cases the initial consonant also

written (and such syllabic signs are thereby

inguished from the real ideograms,

cf.

56)

As a rare writing note that of the

w'^

Y>, in

It

is

dist-

e. g.

syllabic sign

which the phonetic value

is

indicated by means of another frequently recurring

sign for nw.

few syllabic signs moreover are

employed without phonetic addition, thus

LJ

6i,

^j>^ [q] 5J>^

O ^^

often also 61*.

e. g.

tirv,

those derived from sub-

stantives then receive a stroke according to 51.

Note the writing of the words mln and

p^^O

and

'Ij

is to

be inserted within the syllabic sign.*

f^n-l,

* according to Sethe.

sS-i,

in

si^ :

which the subjoined

[1

62.

24

6.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

d. ABBREVIATIONS.

63. 64.

ABBREVIATIONS.

d.

Since the Egyptian writing was naturally intended

63.

only for such as were familiar with the language, the

Egyptians omitted much as dispensable, which seemed

to

them

self-evident.

written

e. g.

J)

all

grammatical changes

take place within a word are

therefore which

unindicated,

Almost

hmrvt plur. of

J) Jimt

"woman"

(that is without indication of the

left
is

tv).

But further, the grammatical endings are also often

omitted, where

it is

supposed that the reader himself

them from the connection:

will perceive

for the plural sr{w) "princes",

"every

woman"

consonant

is

many

phonetically written words a

regularly or often omitted. Note especi-

used words:

ally the frequently

for llf h

"father", n

for sms "follow".

for iht "thing",

v^ s^

oQ

^_^

Jl

^^^

^^-

"^^"''5

for hCp "Nile",

Hi

^^37 for hmt &[^]

&c.

Further with

64.

n.

for f^sr "desolate",

for htm "to seal",

for

j]

mr

"stone",

^^^

for

hrd

"child",

for sm^ "land",

for ptr "see",

|| for c^i "correct",

ORTHOOKAPHY.

5.

'^

d.

n T;^

for dfS "food",

65

ABBREVIATIONS.

67.

25

for shsh "walk, run",

&c.
A. Belonging to the earliest period, but sometimes occurring
later also, are: c^ for Iao^

longing to", also

\\

"^^

Here belong

for

tt

e.

(a

tr'i

\\

\\ "^^

also the cases

iwf

"flesh".

where only

triliteral

"be-

ideogram

its

second

65.

in violation

g.:

for

jf

,.
(J

consonant is added to a
of 55,

"father", <^II> for

stn "king of

^^^

for

upper

Egypt",,

^^^ "to reign",

"o"
I

^^'^

oD

for

'^"^^

"offering",

l<=r>;sr "strong",

for shmt

()

"name of a goddess", &c.

In frequently used

titles

arbitrary

abbreviations

"prince",

diction nr

1 0|

|l

and formulae,

still

more

^^^

for

hCfi

occur,

like:

66.

for rpCtt "hereditary prince", the bene-

for Cnh

wdB snb

"living, hale, healthy",

for nhh "eternity".

Further, the old divine names, titles &c., which 67.

are written with only an ideogram are abbreviations,
like:

^^^

tvp rv^rvt

"opener of ways" (a divine name);

26

e.

INVERSION OF THE ORDER OF WORDS./. UNUSUAL STYLES. 68

Toq"^]

for

^"^^^^^

hCwf-RC

70.

his

diadems are those of ReC" (royal name) &c.

Finally, a

68.

word which

is

obvious from the connec-

tion, is very often so abbreviated that only its deter-

minative
s

for

is

inserted,

^^

"statue" &c.

e. g.

for

nht "strong",

S>j kBt "labor",

| for s"^"^!!

(For the most important cases

cf.

trvi

the

table of signs).

INVERSION OF THE ORDER OF WORDS.

e.

*69.

In

titles,

formulae, names &c. words which desig-

nate the king or a god are inserted in the writing

before the others belonging thereto; in reading, the
correct order

1 "^^ sB
I

restored,

e. g.

stn "son of the king",

hn-ntr "servant of the god, priest",

y
'^

Sci 1

oQ
/.

70.

must of course be

mi RC

J}n-ntr

Hkt

"priest of the goddess Hkf",

"like ReC".

UNUSUAL STYLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.

Since the m.

e.

there developed along with the

usual writing, a syllabic orthography, which nevertheless

was only used for the writing of foreign words,^

proper names &c.

It consists of

the syllabic signs

/.

UNUSUAL STYLES.

treated in 33

35 and of other

The sounds i and

TV.

RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.

71. 6.

The

syllables

^,

the

for

f_TV-pB-'irB

syllables in i

27

and

evidently serve as the approx-

rv

imate indication of the vowels

^,

72.

of.

e. g.

s=>

Hebrew nsb

^ A^

"scribe" &c.

and j'TT ^ employed therein,

er and en.

)'r^(i)

seem to correspond

to

Sportive methods of writing, in which ideograms

71.

serve as simple consonants, determinatives and un-

precedented signs are used as ideograms, are found

as early as the m.

e. cf. e.

g.

^C^^

msdmt cosmetic", wherein

\\

2j)

for

as determina-

tive of m5 "child" represents this syllable, c^:^ drv

tain^ represents d,
mt.

But

this

\\

mrvt

wanton method

"mother"
first

HI

"moun-

the syllable

attains importance

from the fact that such an orthography gradually

superceded the old hieroglyphs in the Greek period.

A summary

of these signs

may be found inBru^sch,

Verzeichniss der Hieroglyphen mit

Lauttvert (Leipzig

1872).

6.

RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.

The orthography so often leaves the phonetic

form of the words uncertain, that a transliteration
free

from some arbitrariness

is

impossible.

accustom himself to the following rules

One should

72.

28 PRONOUNS.
1.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN,

1.

texts of the

e.

already become

and

ra. e.

transliterated

n. e.

73.

j| w^r but

-^li

and

ci^^i,

in

and d should always be

cases of doubt,

in

employed when s=> and

2.

PERSONAL SUFFIXES.

Since most s=>'s and '^"^'s according to 24,

25 had, in the m.

Hence

a,

'^-=^

and

and d only

are actually written out.

<zr> nirt}

In the case of omitted consonants ( 64, 65)

and grammatical endings

( 63), only those

should be

supplied which occur in parallel cases really written

out,

and rather too

Hence nk ^\

restored.

3.

little

than too much should be

according to 133

imi,

but

Words in which the order of consonants changes

should be written, when in doubt, with the form

( 29, 30)

in

which they oftenest occur. Hence

only i^m
4.

In

when

r)

first

mi andj

this reading is phonetically written outj

compound words

the component parts should

be separated by a hyphen:

fn

'1

v^

R(^-ms-sw

"Ramses".

PRONOUNS.
1.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

a.

*73.

The personal

PERSONAL SUFFIXES.
suffixes,

which are subjoined to

tl

noun, the prepositions and the verb, to express poa

1.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN,

session or the subject

tt.

(e.

PERSONAL SUFFIXES.

g.

29

74.

pr-k "thy house", hr-k

"upon thee", sdm-k "thou hearest"), according to the

orthography are:

classic

Sing.

c.

2 m.

^^

(^'^)

Plur.

r:z::y(>

1.

c.77; n

2. c. ^-'^^'^tn
'

f.

.=

'

m.

^^ f

3. c.

P
to

1/

/^~^
5[/wsAAA

They are written

word

(--)

f.

j
I

(O)

n A/\AAAA
3

jaa^aaa

V/WWVA

'

after the determinative of the

which they are subjoined,

rdk (copt. pATK) "thy foot",

e.

glj

g.

S'^"^
mr/t "thou

^^^z::^

lovest".

The
(e. g.

suff.

XODI

e.

down

according to the Coptic an

it

is

or

"my

l^mt\l\

it

mostly indicated by determinatives,

^^Ji
is

^^

"^^ Ji

sometimes

also, especially in the

according

an exception
B.

pAT

left

it

(I,

"my

son".

and

(cf.

194).

this writing occurs

later also.

After consonants the suffix later

"fuy foot"

s^l

as

unindicated here

-form of the verb

A. The pyramids aways write

as

from the

office",

man, a woman or a god speaks, read

Nevertheless

in the o. e. it is always left

To

g.

e.

^^ ^

' g-

is

"my head");

unindicated,

m.

sg.

cf.

5).

falls

away

(e. g.

copt.

74.

30

THE PERSONAL PEONOUN.

1.

s=

ready passes over into

In the m.

75.

e.

PERSONAL SUFFIXES. 75

tt.

of the 2 sg.
t

f.

nevertheless

79.

and 2

pi, al-

= and

are often written later also.

Late writings of the

B.

this suffix has lost the

The

76.

m.

sg. is

used for the neuter

of

it"

the 3

2 sg.

(-E), cf

sometimes and the 3

The

"^1

"it", e. g.

where we would expect the

77.

and

jlJ

f.

On

78.

more than one person,

were early superceded

"between them both"

the other

when they

sg. often

hrs "on account

o^'''^

by those of the plural, nevertheless "ir^.

A. The pyramids have 3 du.

in Copt,

3 plur.

suffixes of the dual

ImitTV-sni

50.

occurs even for

f.

d 3\

are

f.

***
]

hand the

still to

is

[]'

be found.*

snl, 2 du. f^AA^^f^tnt.

suffixes of the singular,

are subjoined to a

noun

in the dual or

having the dual meaning, very strangely take the

dual ending

i,

e.g.

though

it

Cw?/'"his

is

two arms",

"thy two lips",

'V

legs",

snnrv/'i "his

v::.

not always written out,

,,

sptw'iki\

TvCrftfi ""his

^^i'C^^^

two|

second".

The pyramids write such a

suffix

*^-

[l

fc.

These suffixes are not used as object. Nevertheless]

79*.

as

possessive suffixes
* Todth.

7,

5.

attached to infinitives

(e.

g.j

1,

THE PERSONAL PROHOUN.

^[j^l""

THE OLD ABSOLUTE PRONOUN.

31

80. 81.

"when they draw thee"

Ithk

/?r

b.

"at

lit.

thy drawing") they represent the object to our grammatical sense and the Egyptians themselves later
conceived them as such.
Since the forms of. the copt. verb are

B.

with the

infinitive,

ject suffixes in Copt.

b.

mostly

made

these suffixes have therefore become real ob(cf.

174).

THE OLD ABSOLUTE PRONOUN.

which externally at least are identical

Its forms,

80*.

with the suffixes in the plural, are:

Sing.

c.

'^^

Plur.

?v2

1. c.

2m.t=>^tTv.i::^^tw

^^J n

AftAAAA tn aaaaaa
2. c. '^-^^^
I
1
1

III

{1m or Inl)

f.

3m

SW

3. C.

f.

Neutr. 3 c.\\c^

'

I
I

They

tn

/WWVA^^

III III

SI

St

are

still

employed

only in a certain few cases

(cf.

as

subject,

almost

166, 328, 369, 383),

on the other hand regularly as object.

The

and the 2

-The

when the

sg. is

written in the

pi.

in the

f.

is
is

fji

of course

m.

e.

o. e.

^.

The

2 m.

are already tw and

trv 81.

tn.

always to be read , even

not written.

32

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

1.

C.

LATER ABSOLUTE PRONOUN. 82

The pyramids write the

A.

v\

1 sg.

have two forms tw and kw, and for the

The form \\^

*82.

the 3
the

f.

but

st

is

it

f.

tm and

m. they

tn.

perhaps originally belonged to

nevertheless regularly used, from

time of the m.

e.

down, for neutr.

used with decided preference and

a number of persons

(cf.

It is

"it".

may even

refer to

76); the pron. 3. pi. sn is

by

almost entirely superceded

St

For the

(1.

84.

"they turned themselves

(lit.

Cf.

it.

e.

g.

Cnnsn

"it") about".

Along with the above, the pyramids have also

83.

further forms of these pronouns which they employ

with special emphasis, like

m.

pnt, 3
still to

sTvt,

f.

stt.

Of

be found in the m.
c.

1 sg. wll,

these, only

m.

f.

swt

is

fwt,

^^

e.

LATER ABSOLUTE PEONOUN.

These forms are only employed as emphatic sub-

*84.
ject,

and correspond to the emphasizing of the sub-

stantive
Sing.

by means of
Inwk

1 c.

In

(cf.

350).

Plur.

1.

AAAAA^

2 m.

oi

ntk

f.

ntt {latter ntt)

Zm.
a.

'^^
-^

ntf

f.

nts

They are:
c.

AAAAAA g
)
^wvaaa
c.

nttn

(later n^^w)|

c.

ntsn

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

2.

As may be seen, the

and the possessive

M^i.

Prom

103)

still

rare.
1 sg.,

(J

these forms the copt. pronouns have descended,

cf.

51.
d.

THE EXPRESSION FOR

The word

p|

ds-

with the

(hi "myself", dsk "thyself", ^5/"

B.

The word hC "body" with

for "self"*; this expression,

(cf.

33

86.

little syllable nt- (cf.

an inclination to write the

later

is

t-.

suffixes.

A. In the pyramids they are

B. There

p-,

an exceptional form,

1 sg. is

the others consisting of a

WITH

C.

52), later

"SELF".

suff.

means

"himself

or -without

from which the

"self,

e. g.

85.

etc.

suff.

occurs rarely

copt. ^(3i(Xi' descends

becomes more frequent.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

2.

FORMS WITH MASC. J9-FEM. t-.

The most common demonstrative "this",
a.

pn

Sing. m.

f.

Ipn (pn)

f.

AAAAAA

Plur. m.

[1

AA/SAAA

The plural forms

solete,

the

after

Iptn (ptn)

(i

are, in the

and are replaced by nn

stands

(cf.

m.

LD
1

AAA^/W

Sin. 66.

Erman,

Eg^pl. granim.

It

pr

substantive:
ht in

already ob-

e.,

91).

house", J

is:

always

j9n "this

AAAA/VN

"this castle".

In cere-

86.*

34

2.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

monious language

O.

WITH

p-,

t-.

87

90.

names of

also follows proper

it

persons, especially in direct address.

A. The pyramids use
substantive also;

B. In n.

m pn gs

prv^ occurs

2. in

almost only in this one form and then only

ceremonial address

Tnw"

the prince of

A. In the pyramids

tw

for "this" (following its noun)

Ppy

in apposition; (^mw'i-n-sl,

3.

f.

lost.

in the cases in 237, 239, 334;

1.

n-Sl,

with especial emphasis before the

almost entirely

e. it is

The weaker word

*87.

it

"on this side".

plur.

m. ipw

f.

(lit.

it still

prv "o Pepy"

hhB

"this prince").

survives: sing.

it is

also

occur,

with the old

i/"

*^-=--,

tive

(also p,pi),

(1

pwy,

f.

o^

(J (1

and are properly perhaps identical

prv.

The old word

89.

pw

entirely lost.

In the archaic language m. lJX\i\

trvy

m.

Iptw.

B. In the later language

88.

prv n Tnrv ^'Cmwi-

for "that" is sing.

(properly p/?? //i?), which

1^ \\

^h^

P^f'i-

is

m.

pf,

also later written

It follows the substan-

and often adds an implication of despicableness.

The

plur. is replaced

by

w/i, cf. 93.

A. The pyramids have also the plural ipf and also place
(like

"90.

f.

pn

86 A) before the substantive.

The usual later demonstrative

is

sing.

m.

it

pS,

91. 92.

35

which, differing from the others,

is

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

2.

o^.

f.

t^i

FORMATIONS WITH U:

&.

D/>^^^

always placed before the substantive:

v"^

^^^^

pi*

pw Wslr

as a substantive (jai

then has also a plural,

the plural

is

The

Q/^^

replaced by ni,

A, In the pyramids
B.

article

is

pB

4-4- ^^
I

^^

It

is

"this

is

Osiris")

i-

^^ ^

also used

and

Usually

94.

cf.

does not occur.

developed from p^,

later

later demonstrative also pB'i

b.

"thi&_book".

S/drv

c.

TTAl (C 68)

FORMATIONS WITH

is

the

113;

cf.

descended from pB.

n-.

properly a substantive, "this":

ddnf nn "he said this"^

But

it is

91.*

for the

most part connected by the genetive n with a following singular or plural:

"these peasants"^

(lit.

^ nn

aaaaaa
|j^[j|j

sht'i

"this of peasant"); this combi-

nation replaces the plural of j9

B. Later the genetive

falls

(cf.

86).

away: nn (4-4-)
and

^^^^ "these

are
AA/v^A^

AA/\A/W

incorrect writings for nn.

D v\ (older
nn; as a substantive
>

Sin. 32.

\\) nn>
it

Bauer

means
75.

is

used precisely

"this", in
^

Westc.

5,

nw n
12.

C*

like 92.*
.

it

36

NOUNS.

1.

SUBSTANTIVES,

EXPRESSION OF GENDER.

a.

95.

AA/ViAA

the plural

replaces

J|

WW n

of prv

(cf.

87):

ntrw^ "These gods". It

is

more archaic

way

replaces the

than nn.

LA

B. In

it is lost.

^^^^

^^'

plural

of/?/", e. g. w/j?

*94.

^^^ ^^ '^^ same

i "this"

is

n c^wt "those swellings (?)"^.

also

a substantive,

"this";

the combination wi n with following plural,

as the plural of ;?i

K^

(cf.

90, 113),

"V

e. g.

it

''^'^

in

serves

/'^wT

III wi n gmhrvt "these wicks" ^

A. To the pyramids nB

is still

B. Here also the genetive n

unknown.

falls

away

in the n. e.; hence

AAA/SA^

the

article

for

is

the most part

''K^

wi,

cf.

113 B.

NOUNS.
1.
a.

95.

SUBSTANTIVES.
EXPRESSION OF GENDER.

The masculine and feminine are distinguished.

The feminine has the ending

-t

and denotes

1.

the naturally feminine;

2.

various inanimate objects, which are conceived

as feminine, like nst "throne", wCrt "leg";

t

Eb.

2,

5.

Eb. 108,

20.

Siut

I,

297.

1.

3.

37

SUBSTANTIVES. U. EXPRESSION OF GENDER. 96. 97.

Collectives, like Cs^t "multitude", rhyt ''huma-

nity";
4.

Expressions in the neuter, like ntt "that which",

and the
5.

like;

Abstract conceptions,

like

"kingdom",

stnyt

JmtC^) "evil".

The masculine originally had an ending

was denoted by

rv.

It is nevertheless

u,

which

96.

only rarely

written, chiefly
1.

with divine names

etc.:

vx^^wpw Anubis,

[I

^^^^=3% Mntw Month, ?]\, Hnmrv Chnum.

2.

with substantives which denote a person and

are derived from an adjective or verb:

M+i

hrvrrv

V^

cf.

"pauper" (from

Q^^""^^^

s;sw "follower" (from

^^^^^^

/?wr "poor"),

sms "follow")

ny J\

also 282, 292, 258, 395.

3.

with various substantives like

Itrw "stream" (pronounce *jotru,

also those with n like

CTZ]

hnw

''-'

c.

(]

Fioop), especially

D%>.5 hnw

"jar",

^^O^

"interior".

A. In the pyramids this ending

B. In the n.

e.

is still

more

frequent.

the ending was probably already

The ending of the feminine,

-^,

is

lost.

always written,

97.

38

a.

EXPRESSION OF GENDER. 98.

and only disregarded

It

FORMS OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.99.

in abbreviations (like

"house

ntr

ht

|n^

6.

of god"),

The

for

collective

rmtt "humanity", which seems to have super-

"^ rmf "man",

ceded the plural of

written

is

almost without exception

at
S=rr>

B,

From the

n. e.

wrong
98.

is

.
1

down, the feminine ending loses

feminine substantives end in

the fem. ending

or a long vowel

often omitted in the n.

(cf.

e.

its

and

t,

Hence

61).

or added in the

place-

The names

of foreign lands, like ^:z:^

v\

J^^s

"Ethiopia" are treated as feminines, although they do

not have the feminine ending; probably because

smt "foreign land"

We

understood with them.

FOEMS OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.

noun

b.

99.

is

perceive from the Copt, that the

ed various definite formations

(cf.

C 63

possess-

seq.);

but

these are not to be recognized in hieroglyphic ortho-

graphy, because they are for the most part distinguished

only by different vocalization.

*sm (cim)

O K =

"herb",

^rn =

E. g.

*ran (oAN) "name",

(HOn) "wine",

?^^

dnh

*reC
(1

*denli

^.

(oh)

sm

"sun",

:^ lrp=*ierp
(TNg) "wing",

1.

SUBSTAKT1VE8.

yC^ ^^^

h.

FORMS OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. 100.

"" *^orA (^(Dps) "night",

'^^'^^

*spir (cnip) "rib",

"blood",

^%^

large

trvt

== *?;5^

number

others by the ending

with

ical

/'^^

snf

^-^^ spr

*snof (CNOq)

(TOYa)T) "statue, figure".

of substantives

ending

l\ this

is

derived from 100.

probably ident-

is

the adjectival ending of 132.

writing of this ending,

names, like ^w^ u

flri

is

<*,

39

101.

The old

found later only in proper

"the one belonging to Horus"

(German "der Horische") from ^^, Hr "Horus".

In

most cases these words have taken on a peculiar form

in their orthography: in the o.
f.

wt (pronounce

So

e.

ui^ uit'^),

in the

e.

they end in m. w,

m.

e.

in

m.

?/,

f.

yt.

g.:

ningstar"
II

^ "^ ^ Im^hw
mrrvt

On
tives in

an

(1

.^(1

fl

l\l\ci

Im^Jiy "revered"

mryl "love".

the other hand, with the numerous substan-

m.

ai,

f.

yt^

the question seems rather one of

belonging to the stem, than of an ending; in the

older period the ending of the masculine

cases not written:

,
QUI

sC'i

\v
fl

III

is

"sand"

in

most

(0)0)),
""^

loi.

40

1.

SUBSTANTIVES,

aaaaaa

A^/^A^A

"negro"

nhs'i

n \\

FORMS OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.

b.

r\

r\

iJ

f]

Those

in

rv'i

^ i=^

like

102. 103.

nJjsyt "negress".

Mwi' "darkness", are

perhaps old duals.

A number

102.

of substantives

derived from verbs

is

by means of a prefixed m. Since the m.

is

35):

All

"ihst "scales" (from h^ "measure"),

msdmt "eye cosmetic" &c.

Note further the prefix

(like the

German

".

nt-^

"Rechnungswesen")

place"

e.

it

is

prefixed {nt-hsb

and the expressions, made with

A remarkable form

"the good").

frequently recurring

-^^ ^^
AAAAAA

probably: "it

is

used

is

"place", for abstract ideas {bw nfr

in^
i.

which

wesen",) to express the nature

or practice of that to which

this prefix

written preferably with the syllabic sign .=^^

(of.

103.

e.

true"),

which

wn m^c

"good
is

the

(properly,

is

used like a substan-

tive "truth".
A. The prefix

tl

"belonging to"

nevertheless found in the

to him",

i.

e.

title

follower of the king.

v\

is

entirely obsolete;

tt-sio

it

is

"the one belonging

SUBSTANTIVES.

1.

C.

EXPKES8I0IT OF NUMBEB. . PLURAL. 104. 105.

41

EXPRESSION OF NUMBER,
a. PLURAL.

c.

Apart from the ending, the plural

orthographi- 104*.

is

cally indicated:
1.

by a threefold writing of words written with

an ideogram:

^P

"houses",

prw

ntrrv "gods",

nwt

"cities" (archaic,

but

still

retained

with some words).

by threefold

2.

=^wiM^wi

of

the determinative:

"princes" (obsolete).

hCt'iw

by means of

3.

writing

III,

i,

(more rarely

), which

follows the ideogram standing alone: !^i

lions",
4.

by means of

minative:
of

"gods" (abbreviation of

ntrrv

III,

l<rz>^|^

is

5r/y

"princes" (abbreviation

often found in the pyramids also the threefold

repetition of phonetic signs,

1.).

2.).

A. There

"mil-

which follows the deter-

i,

Mw

U
.

hkSw "charm",

(j.

www mnw
000

^^ ^^ ^^

df^to" victuals",

"monument"; they

also

put

o o o after purely

cellent"

e.

(pi.).

phonetic writings:

Such writings

(1

^^^^ "^"

also occur sporadically later.

The plural of the masculine ends

in

tv

(about 105"

42

1.

like

SUBSTANTIVES.

^w

C.

C 109

cf.

EXPRESSION OF NUMBER,

good manuscripts,

in

which

seq.),
e.

g.

PLURAL. 106.

a.

consistently written

is

v'^

'^^.

sww

"herbs".

Note especially:

The w

1.

is,

most

for the

part, not written with

words which contain no phonetic

"heads",

ntrtv ''gods",
|

With words which

2.

in V^, the

^^

hrrv plural of

The

3.

hrw

adjectives

^i,

those in

firv (cf.

133

and

4.

On

jv

not written out:

is

in

fi

(cf.

write

133)

it

take plural

with the sign

""^^^

^
cf.

97; that

ofl
(1

(1

probably because the word already ends

in the sing.
B. In the n.

e.

there are also plurals in

(J

adjectives in

ti

ends later in

^\

(I

lA

C
1

109, 116 seq.),

Eb.

58, 12.

e. g.

(J

y; that of the

^W-

The plural of the feminine ends

cf.

end
''-'

43, 61).

the plural of

stnyrv,

dSd^w

[^^^ Miw "rulers".

"king of upper Egypt" has the form 1

stn

"106.

''day".

in

ending,

in the singular already

of the plural

rv

signs, so

in

rvt

{*wetj

'^|J^^w^&wr'necks"i

SUBSTANTIVES.

1.

C.

EXPRESSION OF NUMBER.

P.

DUAL. 107. 108.

43

CI

(horn nhbt),

from rnpt pOMNF),

(from

^^P^^ "years"' (pMnooyp.

'^V'||i

c^t)

In

&c.

'^

"swellings (?)^

Cj^tvt

classic

orthography these

endings are nevertheless rather seldom written,

being usually written for

|3.

The dual
by

1.

"women"

DUAL.

-ending

mrfi{l) "the
is

two eyes".

107*

with words

of the sign,

repetition

written with only an ideogram:

lands"

&c.

orthographically indicated:

is

the

Ijmrvt

t^w'i

In

"the two

this case the

not written.

With other words the determinative is repeated:

2.

^ '^'^\y

thnwi "the two obelisks",

^^-^

nn III tit

two members", wwva^^^ mnti "the two

ending

is

legs".

"the

Cfi

The

written for the most part.

Just as there

is

a determinative,

ill,

in the plural, 108.

by which the threefold writing of the ideogram or

determinative

is

avoided, so also in the dual there

was a corresponding

sign,

or

\^,

which

as a determinative in the oldest texts,

Grave in Assuan.

Eb. 108,

19.

is still
e. g.
5

used
or

\\

44

USE OF THE SINGULAR, PLURAL, DUAL. 110. 111.

Y-

W ^(]

CrvU "the two arms", (for

~^),

gmhrvTi "the two door jambs".

v:^ U

m.

(j

e.,

this

meaning of

I,

\>v

S^ |

But since the

forgotten and

is

it

has

the value of a vocalic sign for the dual ending

which

The dual ending

"109.

masculine

is

is

properly an

ings of these endings are m.

ov c^ tl\

from the m.

we expect the
is

e.

t.

^Ol]

ed) from

The older

V^

or

is

is

the

writ-

tvli^

^'

I1h

rv'l

often employed collectively, where

plural, especially

all

^^

where
e. g.

^^^::^

"600

nb "every"

men

(select-

kn nb "every brave one"\

i.

e.

the brave".

Differently from our conception of

111.

m, in

on, they are written

subjoined to the substantive,

"from

which, in the

USE OP THE SINGULAR, PLURAL, DUAL.

The singular

110.

joined to the masculine ending

feminine to the feminine ending

f.

i,

then also employed for every similar ending?.

is

it,

the plural

used:
1.

with abstract nouns,

LU

II 122 b.

e.

g.

m^^^

h^f

"time",

45

SUBSTANTIVES, d. THE ARTICLE. 113.

1.

^"Ix^nil

"^^^^.^^^fkBrv

tSw heat",

"reward" &c.
2.

with names of material

\\ =0==D==D=

"water",

Irpw "wine" &c.

But plurals of
singulars also

mw

g. aaaaaa

e.

(e. g.

sort

this

early treated

are

as

mntv "monument", hrw "height",

With words of material,

mw

"water").

the

names of the metals, are used

which, like

in the singular,

the plural denotes separate pieces of the material;

e. g.

nb "gold", nbw "gold nuggets".

The dual
pairs.

only used of persons

is

It early

became
d.

extinct;

cf.

or things in
121.

THE ARTICLE,

The older language has no expression known

stantive,

and the popular language of the m.

begins to employ the demonstrative pi

an

to

definiteness or indefiniteness of a sub-

us for the

The forms

article.

Sing. m.

^^

(cf.

e. first

90) as

are:
i>^,

f.

^^

t^'

AAAAftA

Plur.

'Tk

'^"^ nB n ("the of

.
.

')

with following

singular or plural.
AAAAAA

B. Since the m.
instead of

nB

n.

e.,

cf.

112.

"^

C 112

n^ with following
sq.

plural

is

written

113.

46

SUBSTANTIVES, d. THE ARTICLE. 114

1.

This popular language of the m.

114.

116.
further, re-

e.

gularly omits the article with certain words.

are

names of

the

1.

parts of the body,

all

designations of localities,

and the kingdom,

cult

These

many

2.

the expressions of the

3.

a few words occurring with

4.

especial frequence.
f

In the later language, the expression pByf "his"

115.
(lit.

nCDq

"the his") copt.

(cf.

from

54), originates

the combination of the article with the possessive

suffixes.

Before a substantive

relation

and replaces the possessive

where the

in all cases,

a^^;^(1(1j^^^

the plural nByf n

B. In the n.
"possessive article"

The

116.

e.

suffixes

(cf.

73)

would be used,

e. g.

The feminine

the

plural

is

nByf; in Copt, this

HEq-, TSq-, NEq-

(cf.

tions

tongue of the m.

\\ 'ww^
I

rvCro

"one of.

e.;
.",

the combina(masc.)

fit

The

"one of

"

indefinite article

wCw n

in the n.

Jl

AAAftAA

B.

the

is

55).

later "indefinite" article also, does not yet

'^'^'^

wCt

tByf^

is

denotes the possessive

(really "the his house")

"his house".

exist in the popular

of this

article

pSyfpr

^^ prf

for

it

e.

(fem.) still

wC

copt.

OY

mean
(cf.

o^^i

"any'

C 122) grew out

e.

THE ABSOLUTE SUBSTANTIVE. 117./. APPOSITION A. COORDINATION. 1 1 9. 47

e.

THE ABSOLUTE SUBSTANTIVE.

The substantive stands absolutely:

r

r\

for designation of iime^

the time of",

e. g.

rC nh "every day"

very often

1.
'^"'"^

(lit.

117.

n "at

tr

"every sun"),

(dIIII fnpt 4 in the fourth year".

designation

3. for

<^ hnt "in front",

expressions like

of place in

mht "northern".

in expressions with sp "time"

3.

spw 4

"four times".

Here

also,

belong the numerous cases where a

118.

substantive follows an adjective in order to specify

that to

which the quality of the adjective

^
/.

ikr shrw "excellent in plans".

"^

APPOSITION AND COORDINATION.

an

In

refers:

the

apposition,

substantive

explaining

stands after the one explained. The following peculiar

cases are important:
1.

it

specifies material: n
^

hd, krs "white stone,

a sarcophagus",

i.

1^

^^ Inr

e.

a sarco-

phagus of white stone ;^

2. it specifies locality

'

Sin. 49.

Una

5.

-^ ^ Jc^%\@

Tm{7)

119.

48

/. APPOSITION

Bhdrv "Thinis,

nomos
3.

Abydos'V

i.

e.

Abydos situated

number and measure:

specifies

it

^\^^^^
number

in the

Jisb,

"Beer, 22 jars",

[It]

22 jars of beer^;

e.

rmt 600 "number, 600 men",^

of

series

coordinated words,

usually left unconnected:

Jj

^^"^^

"women and men".^

hmtvt t^yw

to be closely connected [dC

e.

i.

they

are

U U \>i^=fi>

Things which are

hr hrvyf "storm and wind")

are joined by the preposition

n

i.

S^

consisting of 600 men.

In

sition

121.

of Thinis;

^^^hkt my 22

120.

AND COORDINATION. 120

while the prepo-

/?r,

AAAAAA

hnC permits each of the connected words

ft

to stand forth individually {Itf hnC mrvtf "his father,

as well as his mother"^).

A.
tsf,

The pyramids

which comes

cooi'dinate also

after the

The expression

121.

words

hnms

dv^v r-jow (older

for "or"

comes after the words

sn,

to be separated

by

"or":

r-prv "as lord or as brother or as

In rare cases r-prv

friend"".

particle

to be connected.

D^)
nb,

by means of the

is

repeated after every]

word.
1

AZ

Westc.

29, 120.

11,

14.

2
6

glut

I,

293.

Leps. Ausw. 8

d.

LD

H, 122
"^

a.

Prisse

9,

9.

Sm. 132^

THE GENETIVE.

g.

g.
a.

DIRECT GENETIVE. 122

a.

124.

49

THE GENETIVE.

DIRECT GENETIVE.

This older kind of genetive

is

apparently express-

122*.

ed only by the position of the two substantives, in

which the governing word stands before the governed

til It

mil

i-\

pr imn "House of Amon." The connection between the two

loose, that they

=^

words

may be

ihrvt Is

for the

is

separated,

pw

e.

g.

most part so
.,-n-^. ,-^-^

[l

pr-hCfi "but they are not

things of the prince's house" ^ where the genetive Ihrvt

pr-hCfi

is

On

divided by

is

pw.

the other hand, in other cases the two words 123*.

in the combination cannot be separated,

ed as a compound word,
mr-shi'irv

^1

e.

g.

and are

treat-

^ JlM^ M..^

mnh "an excellent

overseer

of peas-

ants".2
B. This last case persisted
the Coptic forms
suffered

down

into the Copt.

(cf.

show that the former of the words

shortening,

as in

the ans^logous form

C 140);

so joined

of the Semitic

"status constructus".

The
1.

direct genetive is especially preferred:

After general designations of locality: ^^. "="^

Siut

Erman,

I,

288.

E^ypt. ^ramni.

Sin. 244.

124.


50

INDIRECT GENETIVE WITH W. 125.

|3.

^"^cz^^^^

^jS k.^

'1

m hrdwf

"at the head of

his children".^
2.

After general designations of time

3.

^\

rk hnf "at the time of his majesty".

After certain frequently recurring words, like

"overseer", ^^37 nb "lord",

mr

si "son":

e. g.

^^\

nT)

pr "house",

^^

^^^ "overseer of

the works".
4.

Where 1

'^

"king" and

s/;z

T AAAAAA

governed words

On

hmt

stn "wife of the king".

the written order of these words

B.

The

?r "god" are the

direct genetive

cf.

69.

was gradually superceded by the

later indirect; in Copt, only the cases of 123 are preserved, cf.
140.

p.

*125.

It is

INDIEECT GENETIVE WITH

n.

formed by means of an adjective *m, which,

according to 135 means something like "belonging

to"; "the priest belonging to
of

Amon".

Amon"

it

belonged;

according to classic orthography, are:

Sin. 78.

for "the priest

This adjective agreed in gender and

ber with the noun to which

its

num-

forms,

p.

INDIRECT GENETIVE WITH

Sing. m. /wwv^ n {*ni)

nw

Plur. m.

nt {*nii),

f.

{*niw),

51

126.

tl.

nt {*nijvt,

f.

106).

cf.

/WNAA/v

A. The old writings are:

also

),

pi.

m.

nt (in the m.

'^ nw.

v\,

was further a dual m,

m.

sg.

In the older period there

its inflection;

first

it

then (already in the popular language of the m.

Since the LE,

able particle, like Copt,

The
1.

once

mv'i.

B. This word early lost

also the feminine.

e.

fj; cf.

e.)

lost the dual,

the plural, and

n became an unchange-

aa^w\a

C. 141.

indirect genetive ?nust be used:

to designate a part:

126.

smmf

^P^ ^^

'"

,^;;j^

"'

"the

first

2. to

of his harvest,"
hip CB ni sst

designate material
C^

AAAAAA

"a great offering tablet of alabaster."^

3.

to subjoin that which will

the noun, where

^^^^

111

we would

^^^

v^

LD
LD

define

employ an adjective:

3000 "an army of 3000,"^

c^:?.

^"^^ ni Kht'irv "the city of Coptos,'

s

^'^

often

more nearly

ni

mSQ

IT,

138 d.

Slut

II,

149 d.

LD

"a

man

I,

310.

II,

122

of truth".

b.

Una
6

43.

Mar. Ab.

II,

24.

52

ADJECTIVES,

2.

On

127.

a.

ADJECTIVES WITHOUT ENDING. 127. 128.

the further optional use of the indirect gene-

note especially, that

tive,

2. to

M ^"^^^

^, t

W."^

express the idea of appurtaining to or hav-

^^

ing source in a place:

jQ

aaaaaa

^
|

Snd

WSw^t "Acacia wood from Nubia".^

ADJECTIVES.

2.
a.

128.

J| ht ntr ni Wnn-nfr "the temple of

ni

preferred:

to designate the possessor

1.

'^^^

it is

ADJECTIVES WITHOUT ENDING.

These adjectives, perhaps derived from verbal

stems, had various forms also

tives (cf. 99)

common

to substan-

e. g.:

*wa/r (NOyqE),

nfr "good'

"bad" Holn (bodcdn),

|

^v

ndm

[I

"sweet"

^^J)ln
"^nodm

(NOyTM).
2.

^^ wr

3. ^^zz7 rib

"great" *mer (-oyHp).

"every"

*m& (nIM).

Ci "large" *Coi (-0).

Eb. 75,

13.

Una

Cf.

C 146 sq.

46.


2.

ADJECTIVES,

They follow
in

53

ADJECTIVES WITHOUT ENDING. 129. 130.

a.

their substantive

and agree with

it

i29*.

number and gender:

III

1^

V ^^^^ ^^^^

<$=lv

1^1

ndmt "sweet beer'V

^^kt

[v^

%"

"many

ten thousands",^

^^^^ 5ww?(?) "all bad

^'5^^

things",^

^^^
AAAAV

YV

C 3

bhnt'i wrt'i
^

\\

iCIi

"two great towers".*

Nevertheless most texts are not exact in the writing of these endings,

self evident of course to the

Egyptian reader; the ending of the

sing. fem. is often

wanting, that of the plur. fem. always, and for the

most part the sign

B.

the plur. fem. was

Of

Most adjectives

also.

later

first lost,

become unchangeable

y nh "every" only the fem.

^^

(of.

C 147);

being replaced by the plur. masc.

survives.

Rarer combinations of the adjective are:

1. it

forms one word with the substantive: c\^H^

tB-M-sn "their white bread".^

U|l
2.

130.

The possessive

with the adjective:

suffix of the

"^^

rh

2^^^=^

Cf.

noun

C121,
is

1.

repeated

sSfrvrf "his great

"""^
son".

Eb.

11,

LD

ni, 24 d.

15.

2
5

Una
Siut

14.
I,

225.

Eb. 30,

LD

II,

15.

124, 54.

54

b.

It

131.

^^^

ADJECTIVES IN

is

employed

;r

"the great one",

1).

On

the

They are
positions by

with

substantive^

On

ti,

and the

'i

its

^^

ending

ADJECTIVES IN

(Plu-

tv'i

cf.

300.

cf.

?.

means of an ending, which

^

from a feminine, there

if

written

is

the adjec-

arises a final

from the junction of the feminine ending

of the adjective.

As may

the Copt, this ending was accented,

"133.

g.

the employment of

and in Coptic has the sound of

syllable,

e.

derived from substantives or pre-

all

tive is derived

-t

employment of the adverb

b.

132.

133.

TIT nfrw "beauty"

the adjective as predicate and

331.

131

as

also

ral according to 111,

?.

This ending

only written,

is

forms the end of the word, that

is

cf.

be seen from

93.

where

really

it

only in the sing.

masc:
Sing. m.
f.

Plur.

derived from fem.

\\

(i),

(it)

(irv)

m..^

^
g

(ii)
(tit)

(?w,

^^

(tiwt).

cf.

43.

61.)
f.

In the

(iwt)
0. e.

the

was

left

unindicated even in

the sing. masc. and such writings are often found in

later texts also.

Thus:

ADJECTIVES IN

b.

hnti "existent before"

"existent at"

Iri

55

134.

?.

AAAAAA

m.()'^,

Sing.

(j

Plur. m.

A.

fl^^^"^

The Pyramids write

and ^^,

V\

^^.

m.

B. In the

m the

V\

for

e.

V^,

v\

l\l\.

n. e. also, since

for

fl

for

and

fi,

V\ vX

(according to 104 a).

already occurs incorrectly for the sing.

n. e. the plur,

[\l\,

masc.

is

also written

confusion between

and

and

^|

begrins in the

they were pronounced about alike according to

97 B.

Since the adjectives derived from feminine sub- 134.

stantives were identical in form with the dual of these

substantives

"two

cities"),

from nt

(e. g.

"city"

|l[|w^^

note:

"urban".

"urban", and

ni'i

corresponding adjectives:

A few such writings occur

|^

ntr

nt'i

^^^ or

^^^

Jlr

horizon."

nt'i

such duals, in the oldest orthography,

are often written for the

"the

urban

Iht'ii^)

(i.

e.

later also

native)

god",

"Horus dwelling in the

56

b.

135.

ADJECTIVES IN

'i.

135.

Those adjectives which are derived from a preposition, like:

~[F^^^"[1"^'

m "existent

(J'^(y^)

^
"^

'

ij^

(from m),

at" (from r),

"existent upon" (from

^''^

/ir),

^^^ "existent under" (from hr),

IJ

^"11") ^"*^ "existent in"

tp'i

"existent upon" (from

(^^^(rffi^i^)

tp),

hnti "existent before" (from hnt),

125) "belonging to" (from w),

/wwvA ni (cf.

likewise a few others, like:

"not being" (Copt. AT-,

Irvii

mit'i

o\\

cf.

89),

"being like",

ss.mht'i

"north of" &c.

very often govern a following substantive or personal

suffix (like the prepositions etc.

derived),
=^

"^

imt Ibf-'the one (fem.) existent in his heart".^

ir'i

LD

from which they are

e. g.

ni, 24 d.

"belonging to the house",^

Louvre C

172.

b.

ADJECTIVES IN

57

136. 137.

?.

^.

-H

hr'isst^

"one supervising (lit. "over")

secrets"/

"resembling him".^

mlt'if

All that

is

stated in 129, 130 concerning the 136*

adjectives without ending,

tives in

of.

i,

Imirv h^rvsn

valid also for the adjec-

is

/^ ,^ f ^

ru
I

^ rn

^^^^^ -^i-

"the priests serving in their times''^

"existent in their times"),

^
M

oo

smwt

mhfirvt

hr'i

"their

gs

hri-sn

III

jgv

f=^

"northern lands'V

upper side

(lit.

gssn

likewise

"their upper-side".^

Very frequently they are employed

stantive,

like a sub- 137.

^ \>- Q Arjfws^ "those existent upon

<= JK 000'

e. g.

the sand"
lira

(i.

e.

the Bedouins),' - - \^^/wvaaa

n dirt "the interior of an onion

Vo

(?)",^

III

mit'iwk

"one like thee"^ (with masc. substantive end-

ing according to 96, 2).

In this

manner many new substantives

ed, especially those in

Mar. Ab.

<

Sin. 72.

Eb. 36, 16.

II,

ti\

24.
5

LD

III,
9

e. g.

lD
6,

149

II,

24d.

Prisse

^^.^^

lb.

^^

hft'i

e.

Eb.

originat-

70, 4.

"enemy"

Siut
7

I,

Una

311.
13.

58

c.

((^Aqx),

APPENDIX

(iri,

imy,

ns).

Imntt "the west"

ft

(emnT, from smt

Iwtt "nothing" &c.

Imntt "western land"),

APPENDIX

c.

139.

138.

imy, m).

{iri,

The following remarkable unchangeable expres-

138.

sions are probably descended from adjectives:

Iri

1.

ir'iw (?)

[1

(J

"belonging

to,

sponding to" (properly probably the adjective

correiri) in

expressions like

^\ J^gj^;

(1

isw'i Iri

"as corresponding

reward, as reward therefor'V

^v

\\

Iri

St

"in the corresponding

place, in proper condition".^

2.

l\

changeable

^A\i\ ^f

I'^y

"belonging to him

'

with

suffix, e. g.

ra^AAAAAA

^^<S^

^^ ^^^

''^y

"^^ oldest

one belonging to them, the oldest of them".^

On

139.

the other

hand the word

often translate "belonging to",

and

in the old

language

is

is

still

s,

which we also

really an old verb]

construed as suchj

e. g.

LD

III,

24

d.

prisse 13, 11.

Westc.

9,

11.

3.

^i
zon"

(lit.

NUMERALS,

59

141.

^^ ^^ f'h^O) "belonging to the hori-

"the horizon possesses him")'/

T^"^

(I

REAL NUMERALS. 140.

a.

\sm

[I

are from one stone"

(lit.

irv

ns

St

mr wC

"they

"one stone possesses them")^;

ns s'imr-pr "it belongs to the house-

P
overseer"

(lit.

3.
a.

The numeral

it")

NUMERALS.

REAL NUMERALS.

figures are:

units,

\3

"the house-overseer possesses

140*.

thousands,
tens of thousands,

tens,
I

hundreds,

"^^^^

hundreds of thousands.

The greater number precedes the

ITT

12,635.

In

cated by horizontal strokes

less:

dates the units are indi(

IZ &c.)

In so far as they are known, the numerals run

thus:
\

wC

4 fdrv

2 sn
3
1

5 drv^

hmt

Mar. Cat. d'Abyd. 999.

6 sis
2

lD

III,

24 d.

Peasant

16.

141.

60

3.

XUMERALS.

a.

REAL NUMERALS.

142. 143.

hmn

1000 h^

10000

^&<:

100000

h/'n

9jos(^

10 m^

Of the

tens, 30 is mCb^; for the others the plural

of the units was used.

142.

100 ^C

7 sfh

Cf.

157.

The numeral follows the noun and the

most part

for the

stnyjv 8 "three kings."

in the plural:

latter is

^S V^'HI
On the other hand the noun

stands in the singular

1.

with the numeral

2, >J>ii

2. in specifications of

wl:^

rnpf iiO "110 years'

accounts,

2 "two ships"

measure and time, also in

^^||||

inh

"4 ell8^
A.

The pyramids

suhjoin to

it

treat the

numeral as a substantive, and

the numbered word as an apposition: fdwf ipiv ntrto

"these his 4 gods'',

(lit.

"these his four, the gods").

tion has been preserved in the expression

rnpt "the

five,

the ones upon the year",

^
i,

e.

This construc-

v\

hriw

the 5 intercalary

days.

B. In

LE

the numeral precedes the noun, which

most connected by

143.

for the

n\ only in the specifications of an account and

with the numeral two, does the old construction remain.

C 162

is

Cf. also

sq.

The numeral

'^^^''^

wC "one", which

is

mostly writ

APPENDIX TO THE NUMERALS- 144

b.

ten out, agrees with

its

noun

146,

in gender:

61

SI-

rnpt

wCf "one year";^ the other numerals perhaps did the

same.

On

tvCrv

an adjectiye or verb,
"

lative:

116.

cf.

its

tvC

The numerals are

Ml"

hi

The

ii

By

meaning

rendered super-

used

also

substantives:

as

144.

"thousand of bread".

ordinal numerals are formed by the ending 145*.

may

they

is

before

rvC

Ikr "the only excellent."

Aw/w "the third"

snnw "the second",

nw.

placing

precede or follow their noun;

supplanted by

tp'i (cf.

135),

jective always follows its noun.

&c.:

"first" is

which, as an ad-

They are

all

used

as substantives also.
A, In the pyramids the ordinal numbers are entirely written
out: in like

manner

\\Ml^ snntv "the second" is

later, still

found.

B. They are early supplanted by a circumlocution with

"fill

up" (the third"

b.

= "that which

fills

up three");

cf.

Kzzy(>

(]

ky,

kt (for ktl) "the other" is construed like the

pyramids

Una

47.

mh
165.

APPENDIX TO THE NUMERAL.

The probably dual word: m.

in the

also

(cf.

142 A)

f.

numerals

146.

62

THE VERB.

^^(jlj^^^^

The
first

a.

USUAL CLASSES. 147. 148.

^ ky gsw
^ "^55

"another salve"/
ktyf

word

real plural of the

ruBt

"his other way".-

\^ ar

is

A-wj'

the old determinative of the dual);

is

frequently a circumlocution
kt-ht "another

is

used for

hody" and

it

^ o

kt-lht

(the

more
i

II

"another

Ill

thing",
147.

i.

e.

others.

The substantive

tfiff)

"number

"number", with following

means "every";

plural or singular
l/vww\

pirv

cf.

M[sn "every one of their revolts"^

(lit.

of their revolts").

THE VERB.
1.
a.

IN GENERAL.

THE CLASSES OF THE VERB.

USUAL CLASSES.

o.

The verbs are divided

'148.

into various classes,

ac-J

cording to the number and character of their consonants, the so-called "radicals". These classes differ
in

manner of
1

Eb. 26, 13.

inflection,
2

and how considerable these

Butler IG.

Una

28.

THE VERB.
-differences were,

a.

may

USUAL CLASSES. 149

still

be seen from the forms of

the verb preserved in Copt.

signation of these classes

63

151.

cf.

C 185

sq.

common

that

is

The de-

to Semitic

grammar.

The most common

verbs (abbrev.: II

^^

mh

their

"fill",

lit.)

class is that of the bi-literal 149*.

as

e. g,

^^unmr

rvn "to open",

Jd^^^rp M"build"&c. They retain

consonants in

all

forms unchanged.

Cf.

186 sq.

The verbs

'''secundae {radicalis) geminatae'' (II ae 150*.

gem.) are properly triliteral verbs having the last

two radicals alike

kmm "become

e.

black",

g.
"

^^rvnn
AAAAAA

zl

|\)

"to be",

^nlX
WVV

"become

kbb

WS>

cool",

-*^^^\ V\ in^^ "see". But as these similar rad<s>- >>^ yy^

icals fall together where they are not separated by a
vowel, in most forms they resemble the biliterals

full

km

{mn,

&c).

Cf.

199.

The very numerous verbs

inf.)

have as third radical an

less is visible only in certain

cases they

show only the

also the second:

mr

^^terdae infirmae" (Illae 151*.

"love",

fflfl

wr,

""j

which neverthe-

forms:

first
\>-

or

(1(1;

in

most

two radicals or double

mrr.

qa

e. g.

ms "bear", ^~~^ J\ j9r"goout",

Hj'

64

THE VERB.

a.

j^ hS "descend".

USUAL CLASSES. 152

154.

C 213. The frequently

Cf.

re-

curring verb Ir "make" writes the forms Ir and Iry:

and

.<2=^

on the other hand the form irr

<2>-(l[l;

is

written
A. With a part of these verbs the third radical was origin-

a M or

ally

The

152.

m;

which

verbs

triliteral

Cnh "live

(I'll lit.)

nhm

or \

like the II

lit.

( 149)

"rescue",

^
'

C 200 sq.

Cf.

The verbs

became

'Cv

Stp "load".
153.

as a rule

'"''tertiae

geminatae" (Illae gem.), which

correspond to the II gem. ( 150), and the verbs

'''quartae

Illae

infirmae" (IV ae inf.) which correspond to the

inf. ( 151),

as a rule are not to be distinguish-

Both double the third radical

ed.

(I

5p<? "prepare": Hc^ii

"be revered":

>

ii

spss)\ only

1)

in certain forms

spdd\

ffflfl^

which an

is

written out

safely classed with the

The

154.

and

quadriliteral

lit.)

IV ae

and

isolated examples

^y
inf.

Cf.

can be

227.

quinqueliteral verbs (IV

correspond to the II

like these, their

ips'i),

lit.

and

III

lit.

h^l

ppl

in

lit.

and

consonants remain unchanged. They

'

RARE CLASSES AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 155

p.

are mostly derived from II

^ hmhm
nhmhm (from
and V

lit.

"low, roar'

(from

and

III

*/?w),

Rj^:^

lit.:

^^1^

According to the Copt, the IV

nhni).

seem

lit.

65

157.

had the same form

to have

(cf.

lit.

224. 226).

p.

BARE CLASSES AND IRREGULAR VERBS.

Beside these ordinary classes there are apparent-

distinguished with

recurring verbs

present

155.

smaller groups, which, however, cannot be

ly other,

many

other II

lit.

certainty;
y

III

the

g.

dd "say" and

points

and

e.

frequently

ndr

"strike"

which distinguish them from

lit.

Moreover, within the

above contrived classes, further subdivisions

exist,

by

reason of the special phonetic character of one of the

radicals.

The verbs mediae

i,

which have an ^^, for the

second radical, like Hi'^.

\j\

hBb

"send",

rvM "become green", have apparently early

Occasionally

as

it

appears

at

the third radical: H]

smB "unite" along

Egypt, jfiamni.

^1

lost the i.

orthographically

IH^ A&i for Ai&,

withT'^^;

The verbs uUimae i

Erman

least

ise.

sBm.

T '^^

Cf. 29.

(Ilae i, Illae i), as

is

also 157.

66

RARE CLASSES AND IRREGULAR VERBS.

p.

158. 159.

evident from the Copt., had various peculiarities

C 221. 222;

Note

208).

(cf.

especially, that (according

a few verbs Illae 9 (mostly those in -mS)

to 29)

second radical after the

repeat the

in

i,

certain

forms

kmB

"create"

These forms are possibly to be read k^m and

and the syllabic sign

for the

is

customary orthography.

The verbs primae

158.

;,

are, in part, also written

w;,

rv

write the

probably early lost

ways written
for <rz=>

Copt, because

159.

rvsh "be far"

by many texts without their

it;

may

e. g.

The verbs

make

only rarely,

hence

^.

part

in

^t "die"

is

al-

"^^

The existence

of

only be conjectured from the

the probable form ris (according

is

Ilae

r^

The verbs
and

C 192) and often

rrvd "grow".

pOFlC "wake")

as a rule

rv

for mrvt (cf.

verbs mediae I

to

%>

like

in certain forms; cf. especially 161.

mediae

rvSh

only retained out of preference

always written

gem. in

the form^s^^

i,

like

7vss^

"l

rs.

ps "divide",

insdead oipH,

wU\

p.

cf.

IRREGULAR VERBS. 160.

30.

On

"cook" has

pfs and

\\

hand

the other
1

THE CAUSATIVE.

f.

ps (older

\\

[ 11

67

161.

fs)

psf.

Entirely irregular are:

TT

160*.

In "bring" (properly Illae inf.)

A AAAAAA
in^

jj

sometimes

Iw "go", sometimes
I

"go" sometimes

and especially rdl

rdl,

dldl{J)\

the

int,

y\^ ^w, sometimes 7^^

li

Ui^\ sometimes

\\J\

0,

\\

^w;f,

H,

which has the form <ir> A

"give",

A,

last

sometimes written

.a

dl

and A A,

corresponds to the reduplicated

forms.

Y.

By means

THE CAUSATIVE.

of the prefix

there

may be formed

from every verb, another verb with causative meaning.

E.

g.

with intransitives

lir

"fall": sTir "cause to fall",

nfr "be beautiful": snfr "make beautiful"; more rarely

with

swallow"

know"

(i.

transitives
(i. e.

e.

Cm "swallow":

s^^m

"cause

to

"wash down"), rh "know": srh "cause

to

inform against). These causatives do not

remain in the class to which their stem verb belongs

thus the causatives of most biliterals have feminine
infinitives {hr "fall":

shrt "to fell",

cf.

231),

and

161*.

68

VOICE. 162.

b.

EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT (iNFLKCTION). 163. 164.

C.

the causative of
the last

mn

smnt) furthermore doubles

(infin.

consonant in certain forms (smnn

The causatives of the

quadriliterals

the

238).

With

%P

232).

are treated as

verbs primae w,

according to the old orthography,

TV,

e. g.

(cf.

triliterals

cf.

falls

away;

n;sbefar, broad": Hfl ssh "broaden";

a few of these writings occur later also.

6.

VOICE.

It is certain that the transitive

162.

verb distinguish-

ed an active and a passive, and not improbable that

intransitive

the
(1.

verb

was

analogously

incipient, 2. continuous condition);

171. 182.

Nevertheless,

obscure, and the beginner

ize himself

all

cf.

details

divided

241. 242.

are

as

yet

must be satisfied to familiar-

with the forms thus far known to us,

without being able to understand their systematic

connection more exactly.

c.

EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT (INFLECTION).

There are two methods of inflecting the verb.

163.

The
is

earlier,

which reminds one of the Semitic perfect,

employed in the

still

classic

language only within

restricted limits (as pseudoparticiple,

164.

The
73.

later

Cf. e. g.

cf.

method uses the personal

sdm "hear":

208).

suffixes

of

EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT (INFLECTION). 165

C.

Sg.

c.

2 m.
f.

^^. ^

^^^^

,v/

*^^^

^v^^^

^^\

PI
2

A^)^

c.

m. ^^^\
f.

On

^^\

2^-^

rvAAAAAA

sdmf

sdms

the writing of each sn ffix

A. Dual forms

occiii-

in the

74. 75.

cf.

pyramids

also,

B. Apart from the uninflected passive

inflection

was

'V'^^^^sdmtn

g=> sdmt
g)

69

167.

first lost

with IV

lit.

and

If the subject is a substantive,

(cf.

206 A),

this

lit.^

no

suffix is

employ-

165.*

ed and the substantive follows the noun unconnected:

hears thy voice".

^ ^^^ V V S()^^~^ sdmtw

hrrvk "thy voice

is

heard".

An

absolute pronoun

(cf.

80) is,

employed thus as subject: hpr

also

by exception,
si

hsbt

166.

"it

changes into worms" (for hprs).

When

the subject

is

a substantive or an absolute

pronoun, the verb frequently receives an ending

According to Sethe.

167.

70

EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT (INFLECTION). 168. 169.

C.

shdw

srv

r itn "he illuminates the earth better

t^Tv'i

than the sun"/

The impersonal use of the verb (without

168.

occurring in

all

(1^

especially:

cf.

^w

frequently met with.

amounts to"^;

amounts

hprhr

to"^.

The

employed with especial preference,

indefinite subject (Germ, "man",

o y\ rhtrv "it is known"^, y

dd

"it

is

narrative

($r-form,

passives

are

to express the

French "on"):

o\> ^^^ntw "one stands"

is

designation of the

furthermore, often a respectful

On

cf.

This impersonal subject

said"^.

king.

(w-form,

irn

"it is"^;

Note

AAAAAA

"that

204)

is

Jl

194) "that

forms,

subject),

the omission of the subject in animated

cf.

353;

rdlln "they caused"^

is

probably also to be explained thus.

A second

169.

actor,

is

often

(logical)

subject,

to indicate the real

added to a passive or intransitive verb

which already has a grammatical subject.

done by means of the particles

In

This

is

and hr:

\
*

Mar. Abyd. II,

Math. Hdb. 26. 41.

Sin. 263.

'

25.
5

Sin. 43. 225. 216.

sin. 243.

Sin. 55.

3
"

LD

III 24 d.

Math. Hdb.

49.

2.

nM

hr

USUAL INFLECTION,

"some

a. IN

71

GENERAL. 170.

(of the fruit)

is

chewed by the

man"^

3^

^^P

^^

t'^

^^

arm

" ''by

is

siezed &y Re^"^.

manner the

In the same
to infinitives

'wwvA

[1

^^

logical subject

and participles by means of

^;>^

^j>^

ifi

hmti "working

is

added

^w:

(lit.

making

work), on the part of the artificer"^.

2.

USUAL INFLECTION.
IN GENERAL.

a.

The

later inflection of the verb falls into a series 170*.

of forms,

which are

part indicated by endings

in

attached to the stem (like sdmnf, sdmlnf)^ but in part

by the vocalisation

distinguished

are

also,

only.

These latter forms have orthographically, essentially

the same external appearance (sdm/"), in the case of

most verbs,

them

so that

correctly.

forms,

is

Any

for us to distinguish

it is difficult

exact separation of these various

therefore not attempted in the following,

and only the two great groups into which they

fall,

are distinguished.
A. The most important aid for the recognition of the verbal

Eh. 47,

19.

Ppy.

I,

97.

Br. Gr.

W.

139.

72

h.

THE FORMATION Sdmf.

forms,

a.

THK FORMS OF THE FIRST GROUP. 172.

afforded by the pyramids, which often prefix a

is

the indication of the prosthetic vowel

with two consonants:

/(

orthography

Q J(

new empire

'

V\

);

trv),

which

is

is

left

to the fornas beginning

pronounced something like

unindicated by the classic

it

by means of [I

^7\.

later inflection ends in

t (tl,

attached at the end of the word, but

precedes the suffix: sdmtwf^ sdmntrvf, sdmintrvf.

first

for

on the other hand the manuscripts

again indicate

The passive of the

*171.

V\

'

This prosthetic vowel

''Smok.

of the

(I'

e,

[]

made with

transitives

It is

and causatives, then also

impersonally with intransitives, for the expression of

an impersonal subject (Germ, "man", French "on"):

Tis

'

V ^^^^ "they (impers.)

written,

always

or tw in the m.

The Copt, has

a.

172.

e.,

and

The ending
in

the n.

e.

irv.

A. The pyr. write the ending

B.

live".

It

tl

or

c:^ t,

lost this passive.

b. THE FOEMATJON sdmf.

THE FORMS OF THE FIRST GROUP.
A. ITS FORMATION.

apparently includes three or four frequent

forms, the differences

be determined.
follows

11

Its

in

which,

are

no longer to

most important classes are as

b.

THE FORMATION Sdwf.

II

lit.

III

THE FORMS OF THE FIRST GROUP. 173. 73

'kdy he builds"

c^> FM '^^_,

s'dmf "he hears":

lit.

^^^.=^,

III ae inf. m'rr/' "he loves":

the

^^^-^^-5

is

nevertheless, only occasionally written by the pyra-

mids
n

0''^^=)

(1

in the

^^

In classic orthography

).

sg.

and by the manuscripts of the

l^M^

it is

only written

rn'rl^i, cf. 26.

The position of the vowel, indicated

denoted by

is

"

this

{'Mof, s'dmof, m'rlo/',

forms nothing
cf.

is

in 170 A,

vowel was in one case (with the

verb dependent upon rdl "cause

6

cf.

that'', cf.

C 234

known about

it.

sq.)

179) an

with the other

(Concerning TTPXACl

247).

That

may be

this

seen

group really includes different forms,

e. g.

in the case of the II ae

gem. which

in certain cases separate their like radicals:

wnnf "he
K..=^

n, e.

wnf

is" (cf. 178),

(cf.

180).

but in others, do not:

sometimes

both forms:

Itv

l\

-^^

Furthermore, with irregular

verbs: in "bring" sometimes has

180),

-^^^.^^

Inf

(cf.

/\

<^

178),

"go" varies between

Int/'

(cf.

sometimes

7^^

Ifvif

173.

74

THE FORMATION Sdmf. B.

b.

an d

_A^2^-=^

Irvf;

rdif{% 174) and

rdl "give", between

^^/

(cf.

178. 180).

ITS USE AS INDICATIVE.

B.
*174.

ITS USE AS INDICATIVE. 174.

In the old language sdrnf of the

I.

group,

the

is

usual form for the chief events in ordinary narrative:

me

nt smr "His majesty established

friend"'.

in the

forms and constructions for narration

230. 239),

sdmf

is

retained in

tences, in which the action

gress.

rank of a

In the later language, which prefers other

This

more

(cf.

222.

descriptive sen-

makes no

essential pro-

especially the case at the close of a

is

short paragraph:

mr-pr

Tvnln

hr srht "the house overseer complained

of (the peasant)

they said, ("he

ddlnsn nf

is

justly punish-

ed &c".)
gr-prv irn mr-pr

the house overseer was there-

upon

silent.

TT

wshf n

srn>,

Una

2.

sht'i

\\ r

n wsof n nn n

YiP
3

Jr/

/\AA<V\A

pn "He did not answer the

princes,

C.

m THE

75

CONDITIOKAL SENTENCE. 177. D. AS A SUBJUNCTIVE. 179.

(The last two clauses

(but) answered this peasant''^

simply enlarge upon the fact of the silence already

stated.)

Here belongs also the formal ^^^.^^

used where a fact

It is further

descriptions, assertions

belly

^
e. it

(i.

find

it

(1

<=^
Ir

^^Z3?6

then say

(cf.

grows upon

it

gmk

389):
st

its

you see");

^give", the

-D.

It is

ddhrk

1^^
you

"If

m^^k

in this case {Ir

"bring" has the form

In

form

<^:>^'i>^

(1

I\

AS A SUBJUNCTIVE.

very frequently dependent upon rdi "give,

new causative
>

Bauer

50.

178.

rdl

cause that", a combination which led to the formation

of a

177.

&c."^.

The Ilae gem. are doubled

*if

176.

"The plant snwtt

used in conditional clauses introduc-

expressed, in

creeps)"^.

d by the particle
.

like:

is

IN THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.

C.

and the

rrvds hr hts

It is further

Ick

175.

which introduces direct discourse.

said", "he says",

"^

ddf "he

C 230b. E.

in Copt., cf.

Eb. 51,

16.

Eb. 37,

18.

g.:

179*.

76

E. IN A FINAL CLAUSE. 181. F. AS AN OPTATIVE. 182.

"

'

Vff^

rdlnf stpl nl "he caused

that I choose for myself (of his land)"^

In this

180.

case the

II

"bring" has the form

"come"

j'^^

The

according to the Copt.,

cf.

rdl "give"

vowel

was

here

very frequent form

without introduction

come

to me,

sw hrs that

may

It

Jj

^^zi:^

therefore send

him

^ \\hMnk

to you^.

AS AN OPTATIVE.

mrk hmtk "Love thy

qA

Ih dds nl "let

It is often

wife"^.

introduced by means of the particle

stands

"You might allow your servant

Probably identical with the preceding:

^^zi:^

6,

probably identical

is

ra^ Jj^W _ 1^
E.

*182.

an

Irvt

C 234 sq.

with that of the subjunctive and optative.

to

IN A FINAL CLAUSE.

E.

This

*181.

gem. are not doubled; In

Ih:

(]

^^^

her say to me"^ or by means of a

preceding Ir "do" (impv.):

-^^^-^^^^^^

i^

mBSk "see"^
1

Eb.

Sin. 79,

75,

12.

Peasant

38.

Prisse 10,

9,

Sin. 172.

THE FORMS OF THE SECOND GROUP. A.

p.

B. Since the n.

"cause that",
for

it

cf.

(J

tml (imperative

^^\

256) with following verb

tmi mdicf ni "let

V\

e.

FORMATION. 184. 185. 77

ITS

him speak with

is

me''

rdl

of

often substituted
(lit.

cause that he

speak with me).

The word

for "behold" undoubtedly belongs to 183.

the optative:
Sg- m.

1;^, In,
^^

f.

(and the

v\

Plur.

p.

f,

In,"!'

rnk (mik^ cf. 35).

like) m?,

(and the like) mtn.

THE FORMS OF THE SECOND GROUP.

A. ITS FORMATION.

The forms of

this

group may be recognised with

certainty, only with those verbs which are

by the doubling of the

185.

184*.

marked

consonant according to

last

In the case of most verbs they are not to be

recognised from the orthography.

A. There are also found forms of this group in

(J [J

y, especially in old texts, e. g.

comest down",

^^

(I [I

Rj^^v

-^~^ ddyk "thou

only with verbs which have a

V,-
saj'est",

^^

and

lo

^^^^ "thou
but probably

or (according to 151 A) a

?&

as

the last radical'.

The form with the

*

According to Sethe.

final

consonant doubled,

is 185.

78

A. ITS FOllMATION. 186. B. USE AS AN INDICATIVE. 187.

found in the case of the Ilae gem., Illae gem., as

well as

two

the Illae

it is

and IVae

inf.

With the

inf.

especially easy to recognise

last

for they are

it,

not doubled except in the case of 259. 289.

It is

to be noted that, in the case of the frequently re-

curring verb Illae

Ir

inf.

"make", the form Irr

is

indicated by

In place of the form with final consonant doubled,

186.

irregular

the

\ or

A,

B.

The

187.

verb

i.

rdl

{di)

e.

didl(i)

160).

(cf.

USE AS AN INDICATIVE.
of

significance

emphasis

the form

"give" has

form

the

apparently

is

with reference to the future

it is

used very

often, in promises, threats, directions, questions &c.:

sndt'i

gL

prr grt

nb ''These three days (rations)

to every s.-priest"

-H

drop

^ ^^

'^^^^

<^=><;^>0'"

(lit.

^^

come out

will

Siut

I,

296.

for)^

nn pssf "he shall not

Siut

I,

311.

pn

be delivered

in"^.

hrrv 3

Eb.

7,

22.

divide"-.

C.INCONDIT.CL. 188. D.DEP.UPON VERBS. 189. E. DEP. ONPBEPS. 190.

C.

IN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.

further used in conditional clauses, where 188.

It is

the particle

precede

gmfnk

79

Ir

(cf.

fitf

does not

389)

/^-^^ f\

js

immediately

^^

ddhrk "If you find that his body ..

.,

then say &c."'.

D.

DEPENDENT UPON

It further follows the

^^

'^'^v

mr "wish"
tvd

"command" and
v\

rh "know", 189.
likewise

"find";

ff"^

^^ ^

snd "fear", |

"^

the like:
n,

^^

"love"),

(lit.

verbs

"see", Z'^^O)

VERBS.

r sw? ^w "His majesty

wdnnnfprri

<cz>

commanded

that I go to this

mountain"^.

nirrf

"My

majesty knows that he

QO^'
E.

It is

is

a god"^.

"I desire that you say"*.

^^(jO^^^^^==^

DEPENDENT UPON PREPOSITIONS.

dependent upon various prepositions, which

govern a sentence after the manner of our conjunctions

the usage seems to vary. E. g.
1

Eb.

36, 15.

LD

II,

149

e.

LD IH,

24 d.

Weste.

9, 8.

190.

80

Y.

APPENDIX. 191193,

"let the patient drink this

<:z^%'^^

'"'^

wssf

he urinates"^

"till

'^

\^ \^

\>

hr mB^f ml "because he

sees me"^.

1^=^^^^ ml hccfm

IBhti^) "as he shines

in the region of light"^''Be

hft

not haughty toward him

hssf when he

is

Y.

191.

^^^^

wretched"*.

APPENDIX.

Beside the cases cited in 172190, the for-

mation sdmf

where

found elsewhere,

is

it

not

is

possible to state anything definitely concerning the

forms employed.
282 sq.,
192.

On

the substantivized forms

on the relative forms 394.

The form sdmf,

in contrast with

sdmnf

( 197),

sometimes present in meaning; so especially in

tive sentences,
193.

All that

be seen,
In the

is

first

the Illae

cf.

is

stated in 172

group the II

make

lit.

Eb.

6,

15.

Sin. 117.

LD

lU, 24d.

'kd^twf,

\i^\

may

171).

t (cf.

the form

H 0%^*^-:^ msiwf, rdl\

rel

191, as far as

valid also for the passive in

inf.

ie

396.

dltwf;

|||

cf.

Prisse

c.

THE w-FORM sdmnf.

in the second

a. its

81

formation. 194. 195.

group however rdl has the form

A

"^"^

dldltrv/'.

c.

THE n-FOKM

sdmnf.

ITS FORMATION.

a.

In this form the stem receives an ending w, which 194*.

is

written after the determinative:

"he loves".

may
it:

It

belongs inseparably to the stem, as

be seen from 338sq.

/*-n\

Note

^. '^^

'

the passive ending follows

Qf^ntws "she

is to say,

found".

is

form began with a simple

further, that the

consonant (that

mrnf

Q7\

without the prosthetic vowel,

170 A), and that:

cf.

the II ae gem. contract their consonants:

1.

^^

mBnf "he
the Illae

2.

inf.

mrnf\

^\
according to

sees

show only the second consonant:

-<2>-

Ir

"make" has the form

B.

The M-form had,

(cf.

<iz>/\

for the

most

160) nearly

Ag-ypt. Granim.

always
j.

part, already lost its

e.

Ermaa,

A^AAA^

151,

has the form

the n.

the verb rdl "give"

3.

.^

J"

in

195.

82

ITS USE.

p.

This form, which

^gg

served

iginally

196198.

USE.

p. ITS

only used independently, or-

is

narrate events

to

with animation;

an old text, which otherwise usually employs

e. g.

in

sdmf

for narrative, the events of

war are recalled with

by means of the n-form:

liveliness

/i Hr'irv-sC

"This army came,

^^'^^^

f^

^^

Mt^

cut to pieces the land

it

of the Bedouins."^

Thence further

and the

like, e. g.

extracted hair,
ly) will
ra

"Lay

this

Oo

>CZI>

^^

explanation

upon the place of the

"

.^.rUv

nrrvdnf^ii (certain^

not grow (again)".

.a

know

also, in asseveration,

>

rnntn

rnin

/www

"behold,

ye,

that etc." (in ceremonious style).

It often indicates the past, especially in relative

197.

clauses

(cf.

220. 283)

but occurs elsewhere also

in contrast
.

396),

majesty came in peace

shrnf

hft'iwf "he

after he

Una

S^

had overthrown

e.

the -form

part, in an entirely
1

with a preceding verb:

^"'"^

"His

^ f^
/R

his enemies"*

(i.-

e^

had overthrown them).

Since the m.

*198.

(cf.

22.

Eb. 63,

different
17.

is

used for the mc

manner;

siut

I,

310.

it

adds to

LD

H, 1221

p. ITS

83

USE. 199.

preceding word or sentence, an accompanying remark

more particularly explaining it (circumstantial clause).

So

in descriptions:

'^

''The

mouth

is

.,_jv^

silent

c::^:>

V^

upon

it

And

jiL^_

Iv

^vwwv

(longer)".^

likewise in narratives

srv lir

is

"Then

^^

/^^-O)

this

peasant

prt and found him as he came out &c".^

As may be seen
question

^^a_^

n skdn dpi hrf and no ship sailed

went to implore him

gmnf

^ fndrvnf

^'''

and he does not speak".'

"He found the canal obstructed

>j2i:,

in the case of the last clause, the

no longer one respecting an unimportant

accompanying circumstance, but the second occurrence (he found), overagainst the preceding important event (he went),
in a stylistic

manner

is

pushed into the background

only.

A. The pyramids already employ the above also.

It is

a remarkable

fact,

that T

seemingly always takes the w-form:

place

is

good'V nfrn Ppy "P.

nfrn

drv

"The

is well".^

Prisse

4,

4.

Inscription of Sehel.

Prisse

9,

10.

Pepy

].

nfr "be good" 199.

i69. 170.

F*

Bauer

34.

84 d THE

iw-FOEM sdmlnf.

That which

sdminf.

stated in 194, 195

is

for the formation of the In-iorm:

^^.

is

sdmlnf

whom

/jn/ "the

respect

due,

is

e. g.

(I

a/wwv

is

it

fore especially preferred where the subject

to

valid also

IJ

Originally this form was ceremonial;

201.

204.

the /ir-roRM sdmhrf. 200

THE (n-FOEM

d.

200.

e.

there-

a person

is

rdlln

king occasioned"^ (sentences of the context

with other forms).

But many texts of the m.

202.

where

also

e.

it else-

in narrative, especially in the case of the

words: ^^ dd "speak", <2>-

mon

employ

"go" and

Ir "do",

com-

J\\^

Itv

in "bring".

]\
A/VWAA

203.

It is further, often
[I

AAAAAA

or in

[I

^j.^,,^

used in directions,

srvrlln s

v8j

"Let the

e. g.

man

drink",^

"when water comes out of

<3>- h

it,

irlnk ns then

1^^

make
e.

for

(the receipt) &c".^

it

THE ^r-FORM

sdmhrf.

This rare form also corresponds to the w-form in

204.
its

formation.

It is

[1
1

Sin. 243.

employed in descriptions: -^^

^^
A/V

Eb. 32, 21.

wn^irf
3

w3d mi wnn

Eb.

56, 9.

tp

THE UNINFLECTED PASSIVE. 205.

3.

^i

"He was green

Here

earth".^

throve) like one

e,

(i.

who

putation) and

"they say to her") "her

upon

<rz>

name

com-

(Ellipse for ddhrttv rs

is".^

occurs more frequently in directions (like the 205.

m-form

203), e. g.

^^

'^ o %^

to her"/

Kzi:^<zi>Uddhrk rs "say

ddhrirv "let there be said".^

THE UNINFLECTED*

3.

PASSIVE.

This formation, which when written,

classified

is

one in doubt whether

like the active, leaves

be

is

probably belong the formulae

also,

Jiprhrf "that is"^ (as result of a

'i^-^^

It

86

206.

exactly 206*.

it

should

with the earlier or later inflection.

It is

only to be found with certainty, with nominal subject, e. g.

AAAAAA

^^

S)

1
1

ms

yt

hrdw 3 "Three

child-

ren are born to thee",^

*

The word

"uninflected" does not adequately

term used by the author,

translate the

viz. "endungslos" as distinguished

from

but "endungslos" has absolutely no

equivalent in Eng., and as this passive can with certainty be found
only with nominal subject, it may be stated with the greatest

the passive ending

in tw;

probability, (as far as inflection involves pronominal endings) that

it

was

uninflected.

of grammar,
1

Eb.

Eb. 36. i4.

2,

It

certainly

is so,

for the practical purposes

transl.
4.

Math. Hdb.
5

Eb.

16, 3.

41.

3
6

Eb.

Westc.

9,

20.

11, 5.

86

4.

OLD INFLECTION (pseudoparticiple).

a. ITS

and occurs with unchangeable stem,

The

impersonal verbs of

formt'n. 207. 208.

in one

168 also,

form only.

are probably

to be explained in part as uninflected passives.

A. There are a few obsolete passive forms with
hrss "she

e. g,

was buried", ^ and these may

uninflected passive

would then belong

where the

ally

latter

cumstantial clause
ChCn

(cf.

On

230).

(cf.

would be

The

to the later inflection.

place of the passive in

It often takes the

207.

suffixes, like

also belong here.

t^

especi-

in the -form, in a cir-

198) or the combination with

the other hand,

it

cannot be

used in dependent clauses, so that, for example after

rdi, the passive in

4.

OLD INFLECTION (PSEUDOPARTICIPLE).

a.

*208.

must always be used.

It is

ITS

FOEMATION.

found in only one form, the so called pseudo-

participle, the formation of which, in the m.

cording to the usual orthography

is

e.

ac-

as follows:

1*^"^

Sing.

mnkrvlijnnkwTj "I remain"

1 c.

2 m.

\v\
AAA/V\A

mntl

f.

AAAAAA

13

AAAAAA

mn

3 m.
AAy>^A^

f.

mntl

Ol

Mar. Mast. 201.

^u^
\\\

mntl

4.

OLD INFLECTION (pSEDDOPARTICIPLe).

AA/V\AA

c.

'^
'^

mnt'iwm

mn.

A. The original forms of the 3

e.,

few

f.

sg.

f.

pi. (cf.

212) and the forms

mntyiv, mnty) were early

lost.

other forms also begin to drop out; in Copt,

C 181) the 3 m.

(cf.

87

of the dual (m. tnnivy,

B. In the n.

211.

mnwin

c.

2c.

FORMT'N. 209

AAAAAA

Plur.

a. ITS

has supplanted

sg.

all

the others and only a

are preserved with them.

The ending of the

and many texts seem regularly

certain verbs

writings are

-^^
,

-^ziiPt

B, In the n.

to use this

r\\T\,

(o. e.), v^:^

e. it

also written ^zi::^^ 209.

sg. is

>t

form with

v\ and rarely

was pronounced

In the case of the endings

C)ther

^-i:

-Ic.

ti,

the writing

is 210.

o:,

customary, especially in the manuscripts of the m.

B. Vulgar writings of the n.

e.

are sr=D

the ending was at that time, already spoken

The
rarely

^
M

m.
:

^^? jQ

-^^^^ "(^^

and IVae

inf.

sg.^ originally

inf.

^^)

^^^''

caixed"

^^)

(I

anointed",

more

"^Q

in the case of the Illae

the g, with the final ^

Details according to Sethe.

tio;

-t.

had the ending

"(^

v\

and c^

e.

becomes (1(1

211.

88

4.

OLD INFLECTION (pseudopahticiple).

n(l(l msil

[1 (1

(1

"(he

In the m.

born".

is)

are frequent, those in

formt'n. 212

214.

the writings in

e.

not rare, but those in

have disappeared; the ending of most verbs was

probably already
^^

^^^-

may
*'

lost.

also be written for

was originally in the plural a

in

a. ITS

AiJ ^^;

v\
JL

;
\

the'^e

v\ and a

3 m, in

3 f

but both were already lost at a very remote

period and only the 3 m. occasionally occurs in the

m.
^213.

e.:

0^

Ifv

"they come".

The pseudoparticiple apparently had

originally

two forms, an active-transitive and a passive-intransi-

But the

tive.
214.

first

was very early

lost.

The vocalisation can be restored only

in the pas-

which are retained in the Copt.;

sive-intransitive forms,

thus restored, in the most important cases

it

runs

about as follows, the endings being added according

to the later pronunciation, as -e
j II
^,

lit.

m. mene,

II gem.

(III inf.

f.

and

-te:

mente ("remaining")

m. kebe ("cool")

m. mosje ("born")

m. sodme,

^sdomte ("heard")

llll

lit.

(III

gem. m. sepdode ("prepared")

(lY

lit.

f.

m. hemhome,

f.

hemJiomte ("roaring").

>

b.

ITS USE. a. ACT.-TRASS.

PASS.-INTRANS. FORM. 215

p.

217.

A. The pseudoparticiple of the transitive of the II

pronounced something

the forms

inf.,

occur side by side, but the latter

Of

form

rdlrv, also

o^

"go" makes the 3 m.

b.

a.

IN

|T|

l^and

215.

the more

is

the irregular verbs, rdl "give" has the

Vs>

%:v dldlrv;

was

like erJj'w ("knowing").

In the case of the Illae

frequent.

lit.

89

dlw and

0()(l7]\5

otherwise

ITS USE.

THE ACTIVE-TRANSITIVE FOEM.

The few old

which

texts,

the pseudoparticiple, employ

still
it

make

this

form of

2J6.

as a narrative form,

and preferably at the close of a short paragraph, from

which

it

draws a conclusion.

curs, only in the

^^ y^

shikrvl

seemingly,

s^till

Irkwl "and I did",

sg.:

"and

It,

caused to descend".

verb rh "know", although

it is

ed a living pseudoparticiple;

oc1

fu

Only the

transitive, has preservits

use corresponds ex-

actly with that of the passive-intransitive form

(cf.

217sq., 241).

p.

IN

THE PASSIVE-INTRANSITIVE FORM.

The pseudoparticiple
sives, as well as that of

of the intransitives

the transitive verb

and pasrh

217.

90

"know"

THE PASSIVE-IKTRAKSITIVE FOKM.

IN

p.

216), is still used as an independent

(cf.

verb, almost only in the

hskrvl hrs

A. The pyr.

still

"and

have,

1 sg., e. g.

to a substantive or

we would,
"This
ChCktvi

m.

(8

for the

pronoun a closer

me,

to

du.)

(as)

and the

like.

annex

limitation,

where

participle. E. g.

re

midst of

stood (in the

praised".^

in order to

most part, employ a

command came <iz>^

l90''^^~-^

hfpwci "he satisfies

e. g. sJitpf vtrwi'',

more frequently employed

It is

was therefore

the two gods, and they are satisfied" 2

*218.

218. 219.

my

tribe)".^

fl
lyAAA^AA

sole hot

hugmmk drwfsm,

and

his

htf khti "If you find his

body cool"

"if

(lit.

you find his

sole,

it is hot)".''

STV slsy

"Look

at

him stretched

out".^

B. In Copt, the remains of the pseudoparticiple have entirely

219.

gone over into

On

participles.

Cf.

C 181.

182.

the use of the pseudoparticiple as apparent

predicate

cf.

LD

Eb. 37,

II,

240 sq., 246 sq., 233, 234, 402.

122 a.
3.

Pepy

Eb. 36,

I,

7.

348.

Sin.

199.

\
5.

COMP. WITH FORMS OF THE USUAL INFLECTION. 220. 221.

5.

91

COMPOUNDS WITH FORMS OF THE USUAL

INFLECTION.
INTEODUCED BY "IT
THE FORMS Itv sdmf AND

IS".

a.

a.

With

impersonal auxiliary verb

tiie

made two

there are

is",

sdmnf.

itv

(1

irv

"it 220*.

forms, which as a rule are

distinguished in usage as follows:

sdmf "he hears (heard)",

irv

irv sdm7if"-\s.Q

(had) heard" (past,

cf.

197).

With the first, both passives occur with the second,

;

only the passive in

run:

irv

With nominal

t.

sdm ntr "the god hears",

irv

subject, the forms

sdmn ntr "the god

heard".

In contrast with the simple forms sdmf and

^dmnf

these have a certain independence (like other

clauses introduced by

irv cf.

-ed

in

fl^

N^

irv

"This plant

is

^n^^^~^(j; o'^'tl:!, /wwva^

J)

grt srrvdtrv sn n

"further, the hair of a

means of

to be express- 221.

is

a single independent remark:

used so and so

woman

is

st

made

to

tSyfprt

grow by

its fruit'',

"The prince came

%
'

246, 332).

where a fact

It is therefore used,

Eb. 47, 19

irv

inni

(cf.

to the king

Ddi

115).

and

said,

(I

have brought Ddi

2

Westc.

8,

8.

^A
hither".'^

92

fEKB

a^. AUXILIARY

It,

222.

ha..

THE FORM iwf

Sclmf.

222

225.

used especially at the beginning of a narra-

is

tive or of

tVU.

one of

its

paragraphs:

"My

^w Ai& w^ w&^

^ fU^^

(1

lord sent

me

out &c."

(Beginning of the narrative).

p.

WITH THE AUXILIARY VERB

vm.

The corresponding use of the auxiliary verb -^^

223.

Tvn "it is",

is

more rare and probably archai

far

There are found -^^

AftAAAA

^^ ^ ^>^
^ ^v

'^^^

'^w^w sd'w/'

&.

This form

[1

sdmnf "he heard" and a -^^

irv

ntr

",

^.

"he heard".

THE FORM

^ ^^

he hears"), means "he

nominal subject

sdmf "he hears

tvn

W\S-

WITH DOUBLE SUBJECT,

a.

224.

^\

it

is

iwf sdmf.

^^^ srfw/

is

"he

accustomed to hear".

runs as follows:

sdmf "The god

(lit.

(1

J|^

accustomed to hear".

is,

With
^n.

"When

a number of verbs in this form follow one another,

Iwf

is

225.

used with the

It is

LD

first

of

them

only.

used (similarly, the forms of 221) in

II,

149 e.

re-

p.

THE FORMS lonf

sdntif

marks, in which a fact

DO V^ l^S

its fruit is

Irv

is

stated: U

228.

93

q\^

y>

grt prts dlttvs hr tB "Further,

accustomed to be laid upon bread".^

"He who has

^^^

book (j%>^^^_-^

K^m

"^

^^

'--'

Irvf

ckf

rhf hprrvt nf nbt goes in and out ....

irvf
all

this

f^

prf ....
he knows

AND wtiinf sdmf. 226

that happens to him".^

But on the other hand

the forms in 246

249)

it

also

is

employed

(like 226.

and des-

in descriptions

criptive narratives:

V^- ^
fl

^^'^^ /vwvAA

(I

?^ ^^

iTvl dll

mrv

"I gave water to the thirsty".^

\n lb

It is especially preferred in the case

correspond-

227.

ing to 249, for the continuation of a relative clause

ior the like:

~^ A/vwwv'v\

nhbtf

"^^^^ ^7 s^^ "^ nhbtf, Irvf

"A man on whose neck

there

is

mnf Cfi

a swelling and

"who has pain in the two organs of his neck".'*

p.

THE FORMS wnf sdmf AND

The form

Eb.

51, 18.

-^'^^ ^^==_

^ V\

Totb. 15 B,

6.

5^^=.-

wrdnf sdmf.
rvnf

Sin. 96.

sdmf
*

is

very 228.

Eb. 51, 20.

94

bf.

THE FORM hrf

sdnif.

en.,

with chon> and OlC- 229. 230.

rare; another, rvninf sdmf, which only occurs where

one of the words for king, forms the subject:

majesty sent to me'V

Y-

229.

is

and

like

it,

=^ hrk

is

hrf sdmf.

evidently related to sdmh?f.

used in directions

is

(1

AAA/VV\

explained by 346.

THE FORM

This rare formation

-^"

^:zi>

fi

'^cn^

roBhk dtk "lay your hand",^

o\

1^

l[]

^^^

d^dSs Im "Let the

f* s? 5^55

anoint her head with

o %> A

it",^

c^

\\

hrtw

"Let there be given".^

diirv

c.

WITH A VERB OF MOTION.

a. WITH cAc AND chC-

^^

The very frequent combination y

*230.

woman

CJiCn

sdmnf ("he arose and heard"?), originally markc

an occurrence in the narrative, as significant (some?

thing like 'then he heard"). In the popular language
of the m.

however,

e.,

weakened

is

it

form for narrative ("he heard"),

v
A

ten archaically ^
"'

Sin. 174.

dv
\

Eb.

48, 3.

'A
,

7^

to the usual
is

also writ-

AAAAAA

and ^ i^-^^^^.

Eb. 47,

Aa

21.

Eb.

44,

3.

95

WITH chCn AND C^O 231234.

CO..

compound

still

seems

In the case of the active of the transitives,

Q^w

A. In the language of the

o. e. this

to be wanting.

always has the w-form following:

ChCn rdlnf "he gave",

"The prince

^^^ "=^

f^nn

(-hCn

is

Hi^

house was

V^^

^^^^

''^^'"'

(cf.

''P^

^^

fitted out'V

rdl "they (impers.) occasioned".^

the pseudoparticiple,

is in

^^^

freely used after QiCn

The nominal sentence described

verb

^'^^'^

of the passive in-^ occurs; the unin- 232*.

fleeted passive, however,

sspt ''The

<^=^^

said".

No example

207):

231*.

is

whose

in 240sq.,

employed with

233*.

in-

transitive verbs:

"His majesty went in peace".^

If the subject is a

as suffix:
"I sailed

pronoun,

^ fm^'

it is

Cj/^^^^^^^^H^^^''

CJiCn

intktvi,

up"."*

M^n

^ ^lA chCns grtl "She

Other than in narrative, there

attached to

Westc.

3, 8.

LD

122

11.

b.

2 ib.
5

8, 4.

Westc.

6,

3.

is

LD

ceased".^

also used the 234.

U, 122 a.

96

p.

form

WITH

in,

prn and

the form sdmf

235237.

pio.

which transitive verbs follow in the

^^^,

form sdmf, while

low

d-

iiv.

intransitives, just as with ChCn, fol-

in the pseudoparticiple:

nbt "then he discharges all worms''.^

^^^^^ fi^i^ ^^r ^

"flra'^']|(l^
falls

immediately".^
/J.

The forms

235.

"then she

derived from

WITH

in,

-^

(1

In

prn

AND

and

iw.

'~~'

which

are

"come" and pr "go out", are far rarer

than QiCn, but like

and original

in construction

it

meaning.

2^^-

V ^^
$ ^

"^"

-t=::p5

^^^^

^^

d.

something like
but

it

am

cf.

y\

full".^

THE FORM sdm/ pw.

"it is

in the first instance,

who hears"

he

"When you

(cf.

siibf

pw

find this or that in

then he

well".^

is

form of the second group,

1

Qf,

87

means

on prv)'^

further appears to denote also a condition a^

tained:

like

V\ Vv? ^^^ mhkrvl "then

The form sdmf pw,

237.

employed

Eb.

20, 7.

Eb. 51,

18.

cf.

him

jj

The verb has

thi

184 sq.

Math. Hdb.

35, 36.

Eb. 37,

1^

6.

WITH

Ir.

6.

238.

with pseddoparticiple or infinitive. 240. 97

7.

COMPOUNDS WITH

The combination of
nitive
is

dependent upon

it

Ir

ir

"MAKE".

"make, do" with an

infi- 238.

as object ("he does hearing"),

used:
1.

irt

Often with verbs of going:

<2>-^'^=i ^v

smt "I went"^

2.

With compound verbs

^^zz^^

dr-tS "I journeyed"^, -<2>-

Ov^

=?s=
9

Irni

Irhrk rv^-

dSdi "you multiply"^.

B, This combination

IV

lit.

and cans.

Ill

lit,*,

first

supercedes the inflection, with the

later with all verbs

(of.

C 249).

The strange combination ^^N. D V^

prv Irnf ("it

was hearing which he did"?) which

used since the m.

e.

vs\ AAAA/v^

is

prt

239*.

is

especially with verbs of going.

as a form of narrative,

pr

sdm

is

pw

much more

frequent.

E.

g.

irnf "he went out", because

a verb of going, while the parallel verbs are

expressed by means of sdminf or ChCn sdmnf.

7.

COMPOUNDS WITH THE PSEUDOPAETICIPLE

OR INFINITIVE.
a.

WITHOUT THE AUXILIARY VERB (IMPROPER

NOMINAL SENTENCE).

The model of the nominal sentence

(cf.

327 sq.)

was early transferred to sentences with verbal predi1

Sin. 19.

Erman,

Una

30.

Egypt, granim.

Math. Hdb.

41.

According to Sethe.
Gr

240*.

98

COMPOUNDS WITH THE PSEUDOPARTICIPLE OR INFINITIVE.

7.

cate; the subject (a

241. 242.

noun or pronoun) preceding, the

is

in the pseudo-

participle in the case of intransitives

and passives;

verb following. In general, the verb

and

in the infinitive with the preposition

in

Jjr,

the case of transitives.

B. This kind of sentence was the origin of the late Egyptian

forms twfsdm
241.

More

(qCOTM) and twfhr sdm (qCCJOTM).

exactly,

Cf.

C253sq.

the following are in the pseudo-

participle:
1.

the passives (ph^ "divided", shr "overlaid"

3.

the verbs of going

etc.).

(Ai "descend", Iw "go",

"go", hr "fall"),
3.

the verbs of condition

when they denote

continuation of the condition (mh "be

full",

the

mr "be

sick", ftv

"be broad" &c.); but also hpr "to be" even

where

means "become".

it

rh "know"

4.

(cf. 216),

even with following

object.
f

242.

The

following,

however, are

in

the

infinitive

with hr:
1.

the transitive verbs with or without an object

following, {rdl "give", ssp "receive", hrp "lead",

m^

"see" &c.),
2.

verbs

of

condition,

when they denote the

entrance upon the condition,

ik "diminish", hpr "happen").

{m^rv "recommence",

7.

COMPOUNDS WITH THE PSEUDOPARTICIPLE OR INFINITIVE. 243. 244. 99

verbs of crying and weeping {nml "roar, low",

3.

rmy "weep"

&c.).

A. In the oldest language the infinitive with

have been usage here,

seem

to

ciple

was

still

made with

all

sentence

(cf.

328

( 213).

"No

243.

It is used, therefore in asser-

sq.).

rl

verbs

use corresponds to that of the real nominal

Its

tn

does not yet

lir

for at that time the pseudoparti-

contradiction comes out of

and especially after mk "behold"

<::::>

my

( 183)

mouth'",

where the

old absolute pronouns ( 80) are used:

S^-nht iw

m c^m

"Behold (thou woman), Sinuhe comes

as an Asiatic"^.
V

come

V^tI

a"^^^^^

Y>^^'^^^^^'^^^"B6hold,

"3"*.

It is further

used in descriptions and in the des-

criptive parts of a narrative

^\
on

.,

iBw h^rv

Ihw hr m^rv "Old age comes

weakness(?) recommences"^
AAAAAA

G(
iLDII, 136h.

\i.-\\t^m-^.
2

Sin. 265.

Westc.

8, 12.

Prisse

G*

4,

2 3.

244.

100

b.

INTRODUCED BY AUXILIARY VERBS.

^^
98)

iJl

mBh

hCfi rib

Itl,

hdn

came the people

WITH THE VERB

according to

Tnrv (fern,

t^,

iw. 246.

now

about: "Day broke and

nl,

of Tnrv, while every heart

burned

for

me'" (not narrative but description).

Such a description
conjunction

use

the

ls=s

(1

of

j\

it

also,

belongs

"after" in temporal

_23^'v\'Tr^

hi

had become evening"^.

sentence of this kind

relative clause:

Here

fn-

A -^^

mlrrv hpr "After

245.

Isf ( 323).

^^ ^

V\

clauses:

often introduced by the

is

^'^

ijs^x^v

ft

fl

^^

often also used as a

is

J ^Afl'^?

hnbntsn Sbhw

hrt

"two obelisks

whose summits reach heavenV

or expresses a subordinate circumstance in connection with which an action took place:

^'^--^^(f^\ ^f M^
upon

it,

>ca&;

Wfrv "He

sailed

down

his heart being glad"*.

h.

INTRODUCED BY AUXILIARY VERBS,

WITH THE AUXILIARY VERB iw.

o.

Just as the forms sdmf and sdmnf are introduc

246.

ed by the auxiliary verb

1

Sin.

129131.

Inscription of Sehel.

fi^
Westc.

Iw
3,

(cf.

10.

220222)

LD

IH, 24

fe.

INTRODUCED BY AUXILIARY VERBS. a.WITHTHE VEBB (w. 247.248.

SO the nominal

sentence with verbal predicate just

by

treated, is also often introduced

cation introduced by this Iw^

same.

^^^^,

(j^^^^^

E. In the popular language of the m.

and twfhr sdm,

especially,

later

preserved in Copt, as

hr sdm).

Cf.

It is

becomes

still

FqCOTM

e.

(cf.

^^-A^-

the forms twf

sdm

sq.

the use of twf

They are

more extended.

PqCCDTM

{iwf

is

it,

i-=c

Irv

mrstfi?) ph^tl his liver (?)

It

is

further

expressed in a single

^ '^'^-^

is

"^

divided" ^

employed at the beginning of a

narrative or of one of

its

nb,

Iw twtl shr

paragraphs

Indwtf

was overlaid with gold and

its

(cf.

222):

rv^sm

"My

apron with

statue
silver-

gold."^

Even when the sentence

Eb. 36

17.

247.

221):

(j

to

(cwf sdm) and

used where a fact

"Say concerning

^\

corresponds

C 251, 262 sq.

independent remark

1(1

expressed by

pronominal subject, are already

in the case of a

supplanting the nominal sentences of 240

sdm

both cases the

it is

therefore

,^y\ V
but

The modifi-

irv.

in

is

pronoun,

If the subject is a

a suffix: (1^^^
to

101

Sin. 307.

in

question,

expresses

248.

102

p.

WITH THE AUXU.IARY VERB WH. 250.

only an accompanying subordinate circumstance, this

form

is

"^ .^===^

used like that without

N^ \\

ms^

"she bore upon

pw

Irns hrf^

while

it,

245)

Irv (cf.

Irv

msC pn n

army

this

stn

hr mii

of the

king

looked on"^

When

249.

number

of relative nominal sentences

are joined to one

noun

are introduced by

Irv (cf.

Ir

J^

.<2>-

mBBk

hri-stt

.^-

(cf.

245),

but the

all

227):

<CZr>

OaaaaaaIII

l)

nht hif hrs, Irvf hr

mn

stiff

and who

p.

250.

v,.:^^^

r-lbf "If

see any one with a swelling .... whose body

fore

first

is

you

there-

diseased in his stomach (?)"^.

is

WITH THE AUXILIAEY VEEB

wn.

Here belong the forms, distinguished according

241242, -^^=^1.^^

to

pseudoparticiple) and -^"^^.c^^

mnf sdm

AA/\AAA
'^^

'-==^-'" l-jic^^

nb "He worshipped

LD

II,

149

c.

all

nn

^\

(the verb is

rvnf hr sdm:

l^vz^ rvnfhrdrvBntrw

gods "3

Eb. 26,

4.

Hr-hwf

II a, 14.

103

WITH THE AUXILIARY VERB Wn. 251. 252.

p.

-^
AAAAAA *^^=a

wnn/' Cnh '-He will live"^ ( 184,

187).

A
verb

remarkable formation, in which the auxiliary

is

found in

also in the pseudoparticiple, is

251.

-^^
AAAAAA

-^^ J\

'^^zi^^ VQi jvnkl drvnkrvl "I threw

myself down(?)"^.

The forms distinguished according

^^^

A AAAAAA

^^y

^ ^

wfw/ sdm and

242 252*

to 241
A AAAAAA

^^7

ra

/^N,

-^^^(1

^^
CT

roninf hr sdm, which represent an action or a condi-

tion as the result or conclusion of that previously

more

narrated,

are

employed

for the

They

frequent.

most part,

are therefore

at the close of a para-

graph: "This or that was done to cheer the king

^^

j]

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

U
|

f\ ^^^^^ '^ \\v) "^''^^

WTlln It

tl

llUf Jib

-^ A
A \-J.
and the heart of his majesty was (on that account)

AAAAAA

cheered

But they are further employed

cool)"^.

(lit.

hJ\/\f^f\/\

at the beginning of a paragraph also,

where they

then connect the latter with that which precedes

"The wise man had the children

the

book and said

I

AAAAAA
I

LD

II,

149

c.

them

to
n

M
I

_^

called, gave

i:
I

Sin. 252.

them

New paragraph:

&c.".
|

ml

AAAAAA

\^?s^^

M AAAAAA

AWWVI

Westc.

6,

1.

104

8.

COMPOUNDS WITH V AND THE INFINITIVE. 253. 254.

o rvninsn

c::^

hr sdt

St

that

On

253.

temporarily the most

n. e. this

smr "he

is for

(e.

their

becomes so frequent,

common form

of narrative.

AND THE

the basis of the construction

be something"

will

wninsn

&c."^

COMPOUNDS WITH

8.

it

Toward the end of the

it is

st Jir htvtsn,

"And they threw themselves upon

bellies and they read

B.

hr rdlt

g-

INFINITIVE.
Itv/"

"he

fl%^Pf ^^|^^ V

a friend",

i. e.

"he will be a friend"^),

there developed a kind of nominal sentence, in which

(cf.

240) the preposition <^:^ r, "to", with following

infinitive, indicates the future

-,
Tvi

#254.

^,,

nhm c^k "Behold,

The auxiliary verb

,,^

I will

(1^

mk

-^,

take thy ass"^.

Irv

was early prefixed

to this kind of sentence also (as in 246 sq.)

and the

form thus originating,

^^^

will hear",

(1^

^^k.

''^f ^

has already nearly superceded the simple

form in the popular language of the m.

B. In Copt,

Prisse

"^i

2,

it is

5.

preserved as

sin. 280.

EqBCCDTM

Bauer

11.

e.
(cf.

269).

IMPERATIVE.

9.

The imperative had no ending

^ mh

(something like

"fill"

ended in

or

105

IMPERATIVE. 255. 256.

9.

the singular: 255*.

in

'mho)', in the plural it

In classic orthography,

{'mhorv).

however, these endings are almost never written, and

the plural of the imperative

determinative

i;

ni^\ QA

is

indicated only by the

shBw "remember" or

left

entirely unindicated.
A. In the pyr. the II

lit.

A:
pM.

sing, according to 170

Ilae gem. are doubled,

pyramids ends

in [J(J,

B. Since the n.

i.

e.

imperative; the Copt,

old formation,

cf.

indicate the prosthetic vowel, in the

ihr

"fall"

The

(something like %ro; the

plural of the Illae inf. in the

the third radical

e.

the infinitive

is

and the ending

l.

also used instead of the

possesses but few imperatives of the

still

C 305.

In detail note further:

256.

"make, do",

impv. of

imi incorrectly in the

,

is

(J

^\

^^

older

used as imperative of

Ma,

cf.

C 305; the signs

^^\

n. e.

and the

(1

like,

rrf^"give, cause". (Copt.

n

and

are the deter-

minatives of giving).

^v

ml^

Mar.

Ab

more rarely \J\i

II,

3i;

later .i^^

(1^

and

106

IMPERATIVE. 257.

9.

the like, as imperative of the verbs of coming, (Copt,

m. AMOy,

AMH,

f.

cf.

305).

distinction in gender observable in the two

The

Copt, forms just cited, was probably existent in the

old language also, but

is

not indicated in the ortho-

graphy.
A. The pyr.
(with the sign ^

which

B.

On

e.,

imt loses

its

cf.

182 B.

257.

(I

V\

w\

From

rdi,

"give" in clauses

frequent usage since the

LE. contracted

pronoun

(cf.

to

(J

^S\

^-^^^r^

),

often followed by the old ab-

is

80):

..^Q-J\c^^s
f[

\\

-'^

The words
emphasis

(cf.

trv

"hasten (thou)",

/wvwv rud^rv tn

r-

and

Ir-^

"go

(ye)''^

employed with

suffixes for

348), often follow it also

^^^^'^r^"gehe",
n<zi>^/vwsA

-^^^^sij

^^v
1

inu

it.

The imperative
solute

-0

meaning "give"; imt ditw "cause that

original

there be given" (in the

replaces

(J .a

dt.

the employment of

expressing a wish,

m.

"give" for the most part

they have further a real imperative of

d);

written

is

mi

-write

(I

Sin. 282.

'^'^'^^

ji;ri

sdmw

i^rtn

Irf

Totb. ed. Nav.

"open

in

I,

ye",

"hear ye"^.
27.

LD

HI, 24

d.

107

10a. PARTICIPLES. 258. 259.

10.

THE NOMINAL FORMS OF THE VERB.

a.

The

participles,

PARTICIPLES.

which as a rule are written as 258*

follows

^%\

sdm

^^v

^^^^

for the

most

Sg. m.

I.

may have,
as may be
ending

often
TV

The

j>

part,

(cf.

had a vocalic ending

m.

pi.

The

sing.

^,

m.

masculine substantive

96),

especially where

e.

and

sdmywt(l)

'

the

^^/'^

V'

^^v

has

alone as a substantive,
:getter"\

f-

conjectured from the

furthermore,

^^[j[j^l

Pl.m.

it

stands

Tvttw "be-

g.

"chosen one"

participles occur in active

and passive forms,

of which, those of the present and future, and those

of the past seem to have been distinguished.^

Note
1.

in detail:

The

II ae

gem.

have

sometimes

sometimes contracted consonants:

separated,

-^^ wnn
AAAAAA

"being"
*^

AAAAA^

or -^^

fiethe.

rvn.

Mar. Ab.

II,

25.

LD

11,

122

a.

According to

259.

108

lOa. PARTICIPLES. 260.

The Illae

2.

the active, sometimes double

inf. in

the second radical (present), and sometimes do not

<cz>^ mrrw

(past):

"going out", but

pr "having gone

(T|

out.

"having born"

prr

"loving",

p.

J\

(fern.),

Beside the forms with doubling

(present) there occur in the passive, others in which

the third radical

i (cf.

151) is visible (past):

^^y^ "found"

%J\\^

gmmt "being found"

do",

is

(fern.)

(fern.)

written for

but

A^^

In the case of
and

irr^

f^^nK

<2>-(](|

<2>-

"make,

for

try,

according to 151.
3.

The irregular verb rdi "give" has the

lorm
260.

M^,

The

participle

"giving".

aiat,

is

active

either used attributively like an

adjective:

v^t^^^.^g>-(j(]^^^^

liwwt{l) iryrvt rf "the

wrong done against him"'.

hr liQl "the kings

who were

before me"^,

or like a substantive:

Eb.

1,

13.

RiH

19 sq.

109

10a. PARTICIPLES. 261.

ftiP'^^'^^^'W^

^^^ -^^ "^^^

(fern.),

who

has born a boy"^

^^v
T

sdmytv "the listeners"^.

(l(]'v\ if

^^

^^''^^
^^fc-^

"^^^^

mr n

'^

Ss

iryt rf "pain

about that done to him."^

A remedy v\
that which

made

irrwt n ht oi

for the body"*.

participle,

to

added to a

often

is

indicate

whom

the one, from

e.

III

substantive or a suffix

passive
(i.

is

'^^'ww

.Ms^<z:>

subject

logical

its

action in question

the

proceeds):
(1

mry

(1

^^ K^.^

[1 ]\

iBrvi

"beloved by the two lands".

K.-^ sSf

mryf

son beloved

"his

by him".

The grammatical subject of a verb may

when

retained,

it is

400 and examples

especially

like

(1

.<2>(J

\\

AAAAAA

contra

eum a

Eb.

ffij-f

rf

ifi

done by his brother"

is

ifii

injury

also be

put in the passive participle,

gjif

(lit.

"He

(]

to

f actus

cf.

T ^^^

whom

malum

fratre)^.

26, 16.

Prisse

5,

14.

'

Bauer

Merenre' 465; the whole according to Sethe.

25.

Eb.

19, 11.

261.

110

b.

THE INFINITIVE.

. ITS

FOKMATION. 262. 263.

/www

A. The old expressions

ms n "born

f'^^''^^^

of",

jj

^yiy

"beloved

of",

of" are

pro-

n "begotten

tr
AAAAAA

bably passive participles

THE INFINITIVE,

b.

a.

The

*262.

FORMATION.

ITS

has different forms in the different

infinitive

With the following

verbal classes.

after the

vowel

also.

first

classes

consonant,

it

has the

and no special

ending
II

^^.

lit.,

wn "open" OYODN

(with suffixes

OYON=)
III

lit.,

^^.

sdm "hear" CCOTM (with

^'^^^

suffixes

COTM=);

IV and

"IT^

lit.,

li^^t (cf.

CoAcA, with

suffixes cAccdA*).

An

263.

is

which denote a quality,

III

lit.

dsr

TOGO)

II

found after the second consonant of some

(for *isor)

like

"become red" and

ae gem. of like meaning, like

"become black".
II ae

gem.

like

Whether the

to be vocalised thus,

<z:

f'^O)
is

.>>^
i

^^\

also of the

^.^ kmom

infinitives of the other

wH

uncertain.

"urinate",

are also

h.

THE INFINITIVE,

The Illae

i>,

most part an a
infinitive:

%^

FORMATION. 264

a. ITS

268.

Ill

according to the Copt, have for the 264.

after the second

"^^

consonant in the

wdB "be healthy" oyxAl,

['

sk5 "plow" CKAl.

Certain infinitives, like ? ?

^ '^

"land"

"^''^^

die,

e.

(i.

hM

"seek",

MOONE),

\\

265.

in careful

orthography, end in

The

III ae

i.

have

inf.

ending and the vowel

n.

V\

few III

lit.

^dh

like

or

^:

prt "go out" TTipe,

do", FlpF, rn

infinitives

MICF

mst "bear"

nppF,

trt

"make,

A h^t '-descend" gF &c.

have likewise feminine

^^^^

irregular verbs

H 1^

with feminine 266*.

fl

"^^^''

/\

^-

C^HCl,

iit{^)

infinitives, 267.

as well as the

"come" und

rdit

"give".

The causatives of the

II lit.

have likewise femi-

nine infinitives (according to 161):

"overthrow"

(from

hr

"fall").

j^ ^^

e^
AAAAAA

"establish" from

shrt

smnt
Hi

mn MOyN "remain") CMINF.- Among

the causatives of the Illae

"unbind", but also

inf.

are found

^^'^(1(1^

sh^yt

W
"cause

smsi
to

268.

112

p. ITS

descend",

The causatives of the

with the IV
up", Copt.

The

III

in the infinitive,

lit.

COOgF
p.

269.

SUBSTANTIVE NATURE. 269

ITS

(from

271.
are classified

lit,

/\

sCJiC

"get

*soC}i'C).

SUBSTANTIVE NATURE.
was originally a substantive with

infinitive

the general meaning of the verb. It therefore belongs

to

no

definite voice of the verb

ject; "to kill

him"

hdbf "his killing"

is

and governs no ob-

rendered in possessive form by

(cf. 79),

and

Mh

hffi "to kill the

enemy" was originally undoubtedly a genetive, "the

killing of the enemy",

Of

270.

itself,

meaning "the

is

173.)

hdbf "his killing" may also have the

killing,

^"^ r^^^^^
hearing

(cf.

small"

which he does", as
wsrfr nds

(i.

e.

in fnl

sdmf "an ear whose

a deaf ear), but such usage

is

practically rare (the substantivised form of 283

is

preferred in this case) and a possessive suffix on

the infinitive

is

always

first to

be translated as the

object of the latter.

The substantive character

271.

of

the infinitive

evidenced also by the fact that a plural

it.

In contrast with the singular

by a substantive:
1

Eb. 91,

2.

it is

is

is

made from

best rendered

/. ITS

113

USE. 272.

Plural

Singular

msrvt "birth"'/

""^^o wr^ "to

|-^ ChC "to

"^^^"^mrw^

love"

stand"

-^

place"

^^^ Mr "to hunger"

"standing

QiCrv
;^

V^^

"love";^

likrrv

"hun-

"

ger ^4

With many verbs however,

and of rejoicing) the plural

(e. g.

those of going

infinitive is also

used like

the singular.

ITS USE.

Y-

It stands, precisely like

a substantive, as the sub-

ject of a sentence:

Irt

nf

"My

St

subject,

cf.

wish was to make

it

for him"^ (Irt

is

335),

or as part of the genetive relation

"The day of the lamp-lighting

L
Intr^
1

fj

LD

Westc,
II,

i U=/]

St

10, 8.

122 b.

Erman,

LD

Egpypt gramm.

in the temple",*^

krs "place of burying",'

LD

IH, 24 d.

H, 122 a.

Siut

3
I,

291.

"

Westc. 6, 13,
Westc. 7, 8.
j[

272,

114

Y.

ITS USE.

273275.

or for the qualification of an adjective

T

mg

"

<:=^:3

^ Wj

mdw

w/r

(cf.

118):

"excellent in speak-

Further, as object after verbs of willing, like

273.

"fear", as well as

^^^^=^^^8A

rh "know, be able"

rf&i St "It

mr

"command",

rvd

(cf.

"desire",

^-^

^i^

q7\

snd

"think" and

C 314):

was commanded him

to

pay

the above, the construction in 189

it".^
is

Beside

also in use

with these verbs.

274.

The

infinitive

position

with the

may be dependent upon any premore common prepositions these

combinations have in part taken on special meanings,

which are noted below:

The

275.

infinitive with

^^^

"in",

denotes for the

most part time,

p^mUt when

"They were astonished

theyj

came",^

but nevertheless occurs with other meanings,

V

V ^v

mg

sin
1

^^

^1

^^

^ ^^^ ^^^"^

"free

e.

g.l

from do-

Peasant

75.

Peasant 48.

Prisse

2, 4.

Mar. Ab.

11,

24^

Y-

With
pose (as

<;:::>

still

almost always indicates pur- 276*

r "to", it

in Copt, with e

hntf r shrt 'hfUrvf

115

ITS USE. 276. 277.

(cf. 7)

cf.

C 315):

"He

sailed

/wwv.

^^^

up

to

overthrow

his enemies'V

"He went <=:>

ra r spr n mr-

pr-wr to beseech the chief house-overseer".^

common

In the

to say" the idea of

in the

m.

e.,

expression <=i>

^) r ^<? ''in order

purpose had already disappeared

so that

it,

(like its derivative 2P,

370), only indicates the beginning of direct discourse,

AAAAAA

^=^
TV.

m.^,

1 1
A ^
X
J^ y U ^

while I cried,

With

hr

it

'How

n^

camp

"I wandered through the

Q

J^f'

is this

nhm

r dd: irtrv nn mi

done?'".^

denotes simultaneousness ("while

hu

^-'^

JUjOiv^in

')*,

hr smsf^'I went, follow-

ing him",^

^'^^^l^tS^^'^^'^^^ ^ri?r^"He
found him going out"

On

(''as

he was going out").^

the use of this combination as a substitute

Best rendered in English by the present participle, teansl.

LD

Bauer

II,

122a,

Bauer

33.

sin. 202.

LD

34.

H*

II,

122a.

277*.

116

ITS USE.

Y-

for the pseudoparticiple

'278280.

with transitive verbs,

of.

240. 242.

The prepositions

278.

and ^v

scripts)

/wvwv

n (the

of good

mP, with the infinitive,

manudenote

cause:
"I lived, honored by the king
\

/wwvA

^^

.=^Vi

j\ mC irt mSCt n stn because I wrought

truth for the king".*

2 '9-

"with" connects the infinitive with a

TinC

preceding verb whose meaning

(I

/wvAAA

Q7\

hkt ds 100

sTvrl

"He

iwf hr

(g

it

now

mm

adopts:

500 .... /m^

tS

eats 500 loaves ....

and drinks

100 jars of beer".^

This method of continuation

especially prefer-

is

red with imperative and optative expressions:

/"S
"CH^
^
O "^^''^^^^ dl> AftAAAA
Irhrk
-<2>^d^^
'
X
-y

rf

TinC rdlt

nf phrt "Make for

it

and

give

him

the remedy".^
280.

An

absolute infinitive

for the addition of

Prisse 19,

8.

is

subjoined to a sentence

an explanation:
2

Westc.

7,

3.

Eb. 40,

8.

SUBSTANTIVIZED FORMS,

C.

^^^

ODD

^^^
made

^rws

mnrvs n
as her

(it)

AAAAAA Vj.

*^^=i^

(Li

dJl

Imn^ Irt nf thnrvi wrwi "She

'

itfs

117

IN GENERAL. 281. 282.

a.

monument

for her father

having made two great obelisks for him"^

Amon,
'y

(var.

sQ}C "having set up").

AAAAAA ,^,_n_^ <:
AAAAAA

(|

seethe

AAAAAA AAAAAA

nn rdit Sfryf "Cook

,.

\\\\\^''^^=^pshrmTV^

^C^

in water, without letting

(it)

ijb

(?)".2

The

may be added

logical subject

(especially for the sake of intelligibility)

a nominal subject

is

an

to

infinitive 281.

in this case

introduced by the prepositin

but a pronominal subject

is

In^

expressed by means of

the later absolute pronouns of 84:

ra

"Agreement made with so and

n

AAAA^\A

^<=>J\
.

rdlt

o.

nf

TvCh "that (they) give

and that

him

the priest give

c.

hnC prt ntsn

in, 24 d.

IN

hnC rdit In

and that they go out

SUBSTANTIVIZED POEMS.
a. IN GENERAL.
later formation (cf. 170) 282*.

s^w/and sdmnf^ can be converted

LD

AAAA/\A

."."^
.

The verbal forms of the

A^

^"^h^\

X
.

<CZI^

^^\

AAA/W\

r~\ h.t\N\/^ r\

so

Eb. 42,

7.

into masculine
3

glut

I,

307.

and

118

|3.

TO DENOTE THE ACTION ITSELF. 283.

feminine substantives by adding the substantive endings m. w,

f.

t,

to their stem.

The "substantivized"

forms thus made, denote in part the action

fact that

itself (the

he hears), in part a person or an object, to

which the action has reference (he who hears, that

which he hears and the
B. In the n.

p.

e.

like).

the substantivized forms have disappeared.

TO DENOTE THE ACTION ITSELF.

The forms which denote the action

"283.

itself,

are

especially:

sdmtf "the fact that he hears",

'^'^'^

sdmtnf "the fact that he heard" (with

the meaning of a perfect,

The formation sdmf

is

used

II ae
inf.

gem.

it is

197).

of the first group

in this case with the

,,

form sdmtf

therefore -^^^

Jiv^^=_

prtf, with Ir

with tdl "give"

Irtf,

cf.

o ^^i.^^

(cf.
\

172)

with the

mntf^ with thelllae

"make, do"
rdltf.

Only

^^-^^

in the case

of a future meaning do forms of the second group

seem
tr

to be

employed here,

n rvnntk "the time

when you

will be"^

time of the fact that you will be").

I'risse JO,

10.

-^^

^^zz:^

(lit.

"the

TO DENOTE THE ACTION ITSELF. 284

p.

286,

119

These substantivized forms are treated precisely

after prepositions,

where we would expect a conjunc-

tion with a dependent clause.

^v.
Sw'}
"on

mI

284.

and are used with special frequency

like substantives

V'^

^*

E. g.

^^^^

^^ "when

she bore

<zi> A c^ [331

New-years-day

'^'^^^

nhf when the house gives (presents) to

hft rdlt p}- n

its lord".^

They gave him

<iz>

hnt rdltnf nsn before he

l/wwvA

/wsAAA

rum

this piece

had given

to

tiiem".^

Note, further, the absolute use of this substan- 285.

tivized form.

If it follows a sentence, it

adds to

it

<=> A

an explanatory limitation:
"Agreement, that they give him a loaf
AAAAAA

AAAAAA

i;hem ... for

If,

v dltfif HSH Jivs hc,

havlug givcu

it".^

however,

it

precedes the sentence,

it

contains 286.

a temporal qualification:

^W
'

J^5^

I^Jl

Eb. 95,

8.

c:^::^ 1

IJJEL

1/vwvvA

^^^'^

^^^ ^ rdwil, dmlnl inbw hkB

siut

289.

I,

Siut

I,

276.

Siut

I,

274.

120

f.

"When
came
287.

TO DENOTE A PERSON OK AN OBJECT. 287

had given the way

to

my

feet,

289.
e. fled), I

(i.

to the wall of the prince"/

sometimes stands independently at the he-

It

ginning of a text after a date,

^-^ czsiD
n ^^ X X

n
I

e. g.

in

rnpt 18 Irt hnf tBS

probably to he understood

as:

^ n MM o

lO

i.

e.

is

"In the year 18 (oc-

made the

curred) the cirumstance, that his majesty

southern boundary",

This

rst^.

"his maj.

made

the southern

boundary."

As may be

288.

most

seen, the use of this

form

is

for the

part, identical with that of the infinitive.

In

general they are distinguished as follows: the infini-

used where

tive is

(logical) subject is identical

its

with the subject of the preceding sentence, whereas

the substantivized form
''They were astonished

m
I

when

they came"

^^^

Thus,
\\\\

r.

ItSH.

Y-

289.

otherwise chosen.

but "/ was astonished when they came"

lit,

is

TO DENOTE A PEESON OR AN OBJECT.

The substantivized forms which denote

the person

or thing to which the action of the verb has refer-

ence (he

who

hears, that

which he hears

theoretically as follows:
1

Sin.

15.

LD

II,

136h.

etc.)

are

m. sdmrvnf

m. sdmrvf
f.

sdmtf

in which the n-form

f.

sdmtnf

again used for the past.

is

formation of the second group ( 184)

forms sdmrvf and sdmtf

with the Illae

283);

^^

mtrtf with

ir

rdi "give'

and

III

121

TO DENOTE A PERSON OR AN OBJECT. 290. 291.

Y-

(in contrast
inf.

is

In

The

used for the

with the form of

therefore

"make, do"
dlditf.

lit.

it

is

Irrif with

the case of the II

lit.

as well as with all verbs in the w-form,

these substantivized forms are not to be distinguished

from those of the

On
cf.

first

kind.

the use of these forms in relative sentences 290.

394.

Certain of them are furthermore employed

with definite meaning, precisely after the manner of

real substantives as subject, as object, in the genetive,

or after a preposition.

The forms

sdmtf and

^\

^^^

'^""'^

sdmtnf with the meanings "that which he hears" and

"that which he heard" are the most frequent:

thee

is

^/^ ^^^^^ ^^ "That which I do

good".*

A ^ZXZ H Q
^^^
vhich the Nile brings'.
-

Sin. 77.

LD

II,

mr

Innt hCp '^Oxerseer oHha,t

149 c.

291*.

122

VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

d.

^'^'^'^(j^^

292. 293.

A ddtnfim

which he had said about

it"^

"according to that

(while he was

The not infrequent masculine

ing).

dldisn

fl

"that which they give"^

still liv-

noteworthy.

is

The form sdmrvf denotes persons and

292.

is

used

almost only with nominal subject:

whom his lord lovesV

hssm nbf^^he

ifr^^

"K ^^5^ Vh^

J\

^'v^^-

smwt "he, whose fear comes

sndf ht

tvnnw

after the lands

"

VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

d.

The archaic forms

*293.

Sg. m. sdmtif'i,

f.

sdmt'isi,

sdmttsn

PI.

almost always mean "he (she), who will hear" and are

employed both as adjectives and substantives:

^^

J^
s^l

rib srrvdt'if'i

make

this

tSi

S _^^ Xcm /wwv^

<CZ> Ul iCi "^ W
pn "every son of mine who shall

boundary

increase".^

"as something brilliant

hear
1

LD

e.

(i.

useful) for

him who

will

it".

LD
II,

II, 34 d.
136h.

2
c

gin.

prisse

137,
5,

8.

lD

n, 113f.

<

Sin.

44

APPENDIX TO THE VERB; THE OBJECT. 294

11.

297.

123

In classic orthography, the endings are for the 294.

most part written:

Sg. m.

or

2<..::=_

PI.

Willi

f.

or

or

l\v

^n

till

in the singular, however,

f.

K\^ also occur.

In respect of the formation,

it is

to be noted, 295.

that

the II ae gem. always double the second radical,

^^

rvnnt'isi,

the Illae

stem, rn

do" has

^^
^

inf. in

p^'i.=:^h^rvt'ift

for the ending of the

(ct 151 A); <r "make,

<=> A

rdldfi.

APPENDIX TO THE VERB; THE OBJECT.

The

direct object (accusative)

ed only by the order of words,

a pronoun

it

mina absoluia,

finitive

cf.

is

to be recognis- 296.

337 sq.

If it is

always expressed by the old prono-

is
cf.

On account

rdi "give" has

11.

part take

30.

of

its

substantive character, the in- 297.

could not originally govern an object;

Mar. Cat. d'Aby. 807.

sin. 75.

it

is

124

PARTICLES.

ADVERBS. 298

1.

300.

according to 269, combined with the

therefore,

possessive suffixes, r mrtf "for his loving",

St

"in
l'^

also follow the infinitive, r mrt

82) can

"in order to love

it" ("them).

verbs which have no special object,

Transitive

298.

e.

Only the neuter pronoun

order to love him".

St "it" (cf.

i,

word

are often followed by the

general object,

iht

"thing" as a

not to be translated by us.

Note

especially

^
i.

r^ iht ''the one knowing (something)",^

the wise man,

e.

Irt iht "to

i.

to

e.

make

The

299.

do (something")'- for the god,

offering.

indirect object (dative)

of the preposition

manuscripts,

is

^^aaaa

:_,

expressed by means

306),

(cf.

written

is

which by good

before substantives.

PAETICLES.
1.

300.

ADVERBS.

adverbial formation

special

Beside the prepositions

stantives

(cf.

(cf.

Siut

I,

exist.;

117), the adjectives are used as ad-

verbs, thus:
1

does not

303) and absolute sub-

223.

glut

I,

271.

2.

1.

PREPOSITIONS,

a. IN

With the preposition

125

GENERAL. 301. 302.

in

r,

the masculine or

feminine

AAAAAA

^
2.

mnh

"excellently",'

r CBt "very".^

Alone, in the masculine;

the feminine (especially

or

more

rarely, in

with the intensifying wrt

"very")

vomits often".^

"He wept ^"^'^'^[1^^^

2.

PREPOSITIONS.
a.

m GENERAL.

The prepositions are

"with"), in part

<;i'wwr^ very sorely".^

in part simple {m "in", hnC 301.

compound {m

sB "in the hack",

e.

Since they were originally suhstantives,

"hehind").

as is still clear in the case of

many, they are com-

bined with the possessive suffixes

lit.

i.

{lirf

"upon him"

"his face").

They are
that

is

to say, verbs

Cf. 190

in part

Eb.

and

66, 18.

employed

like conjunctions also, 302.

may be dependent upon them.

for details 306 sq.

'2 Eb.

37, 20.

Eb.

37, 17.

<

Peasant

25.

126

b.

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS. 303

They are very often used

303.

with the suppression of the

306.

as adverbs also,

suffix,

to the connection, they should properly have,

referring to
("into" for

brv

"place"

imf "into

the

or an adjective.
"entire"

frequently subjoined to a

is

we would employ a

boundary"/
V

a;^^_

e.

i.

1/vwvAA

pn

t^

gsw'i

up

ml kdsn "the two sides

i.

"the entire sides".

e.

The prepositional phrase

like a substantive also,

r drf "this land

"this entire land".

according to their extent",^

305.

relative clause

C 152):

(cf.

it)

the preposition and

(i. e.

Note especially the expressions for

<z:>
to its

g.

it").

word dependent

substantive, where

e.

smnf im "he had gone into"

The prepositional phrase

304.

e.

i.

which, according

6. g.

sometimes treated

is

^ QA

hswt nf hr stn "the rewards of the with-the-king",^

i.

the rewards on the part of the king.

e.

b.

306.

AAAAAA

is

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS,

pronounced before nouns, something

C 349); manuscripts
dating from the end of the m. e. and the beginning

like

*'^n,

with suffixes *na-

of the n.
1

Priase

e.

2,

(cf.

distinguish each as
7.

Una U.

('^n)

gin. 310.

and

ll

b.

(na-).

The

original

meaning

of any one"; in particular

1.

to do

something

127

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS. 307.

it

"for the advantage

is

then means:

something for some one, to bring or give

to

some one,

to say something to

some one

(dative),

come

2. to
3.

to

some one (only with

4. in

a period of time.

As a conjunction and before the

it

persons),

because of a thing,

means "because", "because

^^^ m

is

infinitive (cf. 278)

of".

pronounced before nouns something

**?,

before suffixes ^emo-, written

350).

The original meaning

is

(1

^^

of place;

existent m,

(cf.

"within", without any

accompanying idea of direction; itisused

1.

Im-

like 307*.

into

in particular:

something, out of

something (inexact for "r)

2. of time, in the year,
3.

on the day and the like;

among a number, belonging

sisting o/ something,

made

to

something, con-

out o/ something; provid-

ed with something, empty of something

4.

in the capacity of, s; in the

according
5. in
6.

to

manner

of,

like\

command;

a condition;

after the verbs "to be" or "to

make

(into)

some-

128

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS. 308.

b.

(j^^^.^^^'^n^^^

things",

a citizen"

(cf.

iw/'m nds "He

is

350, 4)

occasionally for the introduction of direct dis-

7.

course, where

it

remains untranslated;

by means of a tool.

8.

On m
junction

adverb

before the infinitive

means "when" and "if

it

has the form

it

(1

^v

As a con-

275.

cf.

As an

( 391).

and means "therein

(there), thereinto, thereout, therefrom, therewith (by

means

of)"

it

also joined to a substantive, e. g.

is

^ ^s^s.

^^

^'^

"*^^ servant there" ^ (humbly

for "I").

<=>

*308

(*<^r,

with

suff.

^^ *erof,

cf.

C 348)

origin-

meant "at" or "by" something, without any accom-

ally

panying idea of direction.

2. thither to

into

usual meanings are:

existent at or by something;

1.

ing)

Its

something (the most frequent mean-

something (inexact for m)

to speak to

4.

hostile toward

5.

as far as

some one

3.

some one

(in contrast

distributively of time, ''per day",

with );
'''every

four

days" and the like

6.

especially after adjectives ''more than\

Westc.

7,

1.

gin. 175.

where we

129

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS. 309.

6.

would employ our comparative,

<=:> .-^-^

nfr r tht nbt "more beautiful than everything".^

As a conjunction
on

it

means

use before the infinitive

its

and

"until"

"so that";

276.

cf.

Cf. also

2.53.
A. In the pyr.

also written

it is

(I

<zz>

with or without

the suffix.

hr

(lit.

"face"),

with suffixes

is

hr- in correct orthography (C 351),

written

and means

es-

pecially:

something (the most frequent

existent upon

1.'

meaning); also in inexact specifications of place and

time, in the north

and the

like,

at the time of

and

the like;
2.

down upon something,

3.

to pass by something, to deviate

and the

thing,

in addition to

something

from some-

like;

4. distributively,

upon each one;

5.

anoint, cook &c. with something;

6.

pleasant for the heart, and the like;

7.

because of something (frequent).

On
120;

its

on hr with the

junction
1

use in the co-ordination of substantives

it

means

Westc.

Erman,

infinitive

"because".

12, 8,

Egypt, gramm.

cf.

277.

cf.

As a con-

309*.

130

b.

310.

hr,

SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS. 310

313.

"under" (also of direction),

lit.

used of being laden (because the bearer

burden) and therefore often

sing something".

Cf.

like; also, to receive

and

obsolete

312.

under the

C 352.

some one and the

something /rom some one;

it is

used almost only in specifications

still

of reigns (under King X.).

cf.

also

means ^carrying or posses-

hr, originally, existent rvith

311.

is

is

On

use in the passive

its

169.

mC (perhaps

^^^

arising from

mc

in the arm")

means
1.

in the possession of;

2.

take something from some one, receive from

some

and the

one,

something

4.

because of a thing.

On mC

"m

is

with the infinitive

hft (on

orthography

front of\ but

according

to,

ously with.

is for

cf.
cf.

278.

7) originally

meant

the most part employed for^

corresponding

As

from some one;

done by some one;

3.

o
313.

like; rescue

an adverb

to
it

and

also for, simultam

means

"in front", as

conjunction^ "when".

Note further the simple prepositions:

C.

ir ^v^'^
midst

in the
(1

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.

^^^^^ (^^ *^

Py^'- i'^'f^ii)}

In only for the expression of the subject

AAAAAA

mi

(1

(in the pyr. often

a conjunction, "as, if"

^'^
O

"between, 314.

of".

with the passive and the infinitive.

1)

131

314. 315.

JiB

(lit.

y <:i=>

Cf. 169.

mr)

"like".

As

(cf. 391).

occiput), "behind".

AAAAAA

hnC "together with". Cf. also 120; with

the infin. 279.

Cm\

hnt

nose) "before" (rest or motion)

(lit.

as an adverb, hniw "before".

tp (lit.

head or the

like)

"upon"

it is

obsolete.

dr "when, since"

c.

Many

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.
compounded with a sub-

prepositions are

name

stantive (usually the

of a part of the body).

Note especially:
^iv.^

ward

P*^^ VI ^

^^^ ^^^ compensation), "as re-

for".

))

rCU

"opposite".

315.

132

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. 315

C.

J
skin",

cf.

1=
359), "before

h^h (in the fore-

some one"

(also as

an ad-

verb).

^^(=Qidr

hBh as an adverb, "formerly".

m m "among

m.
-^

n mrrvt^ in the m.

persons".

e^ /ww\a

iju^

(for love), often as a conjunction, "in order that".

^-^ mhCt

C 356),

(cf.

^-^

fir

JiQ,

"at

the summit"; hr hQ^ as an adverb, "formerly".

^^^

'^

mhr

"in front

"^ hft hr "in front

of,

of".

X m

hr-lb: "in the midst of".

y^
C

^ ^^^

"^^ ^^ inside of"

(cf.

357),

J\

ht "behind, after"; as

"afterward"; as a conjunction, "after"

^^ m

s9 ("in the back")

(cf.

<=> ^

an adverb,
244,385).

sS,^^

hr

s9 "behind, after"; r si, is also used as a conjunction,

"after".

As an adverb "afterward",

used, also /wwvA

^
I

si.

r si, hr sB are

COMPOUND PEEPOSmOSS.

C.

^
midst

^ J^

133

316. 317.

^^^ ^"^^ *^ entrails'y "in the

of".

<zi>

r gs ("at the side"),

"^

Jir

gs: "be-

side".

in the

"together with"; in the m.

wrf^'

^^^

LE. frequent

<=>

vK. r

very rare,

e.

(C 359. 338).

cf.

drw ("up to the boundary"), "as

far as".

^^

Tir

With

dMB

("upon the head"), "upon"

others, there

^^

Tvprv

^ ^^X^<cz>
\\\\\

^^

it;

thus in:

wprv r "except".

hrrv r "apart from".

^ <^^> nfryt r

^^

361.

hr "except" (also for "but" con-

and the old

junction),

prefixed to the preposition, 316.

is

a word more exactly qualifying

cf.

"as far as".

some

"before

adverb according to 307

one, something"; as an

^
(j

tp

Im "formerly".

Finally, there are such peculiar formations as:

'=^^:;5;

"between"
1

(cf.

Brugsch,

^ *'^^ ("i order to separate"),

354).

Wb.

Suppl.

s.

v.

317.

134

3.

coNjuNCTioxs. a. in gen.

h.

LM

enclitic conj. 318. 319.

s^c

with"), "from" (cf.

("in

order to begin

355).

mn

m} ("in order to remain with"),

"as far as".

CONJUNCTIONS.

3.

a.

IN GENERAL.

The conjunctions are

318.

to the first
its

in part enclitically joined

word of the

sentence, in part appear at

On

those prepositions which are

beginning also.

used as conjunctions,

cf.

the conjunctions noted

302. 306 sq.

Apart from
there are

the following,

in

and

others which are treated elsewhere, thus

347,

257. 348. 349,

^121,

(^

363.

b.

319.

^s

ENCLITIC CONJUNCTIONS.

serves for the most part (like our "namely")

to introduce an explanatory addition:

C/T

"I

made

it

for

LD

II,

124, 35.

him

4;

'

'^^^

... (I) the king

LD

lU,

24(1.

nf
.".^

..

stn is

ENCLITIC CONJUNCTIONS.

h.

On

the other hand

.:^a_^(1

135

320. 321.

means "but not",

is

as a restricting adjunct.
A. In the pyr. this

is

is

very frequent; on the

of the

is

later language cf. 323 B.

srvt

and

^^

1}^ (like

our "but") ex- 320.

press the opposite of that which precedes:

"All

V^

Jl

men who

>^
C^

rmtt

Ir srvt

\\\

(cf.

who

&c.

but

97) nht

<ci:>

(1

all

men

O:^

(who preserve

But

injure the tomb,

who

it,

&c.)".^

sometimes so weak that these

this contrast is

conjunctions really serve for the attachment of the

clause only.

<=:> grt^ also properly means "but",

eye bleeds, then
Ir grt

hB mrv Ims but

As a

i)^=>,^^ HJ
if

"^ ^^^^

water comes out of

however,

rule,

a continuation,

e. g.

it

"If the 321.

(1

^H

it &c.''^

joins an explanation or

like "further"

or our weaker

use

of "but":

"This plant

^^ IU%
laid
1

ifv

upon bread

upon

b.").

Siut

225.

I,

employed so and

Z\

fruit is laid

is

so,

(1

Vi.

^ ^

grt prts ditws hr tB but

&c."^ (or "Further, its

Eb. 66,

8.

Eb. 51,

18.

f.

its
is

136

CONJUNCTIONS NOT ENCLITIC. 322. 323.

C.

Rarer conjunctions of

322.

1.

The archaic ^\

this
twC^,

kind are

which seems to intro-

duce the sentence as the result or consequence of

that which has been previously narrated;
2.

mnQ()

*s

in direct discourse; designates that

which has been stated as something self-evident or

well known.

CONJUNCTIONS NOT ENCLITIC.

c.

323.

(1P^=

i^h

(IP^ (older H s=5

is()

the

specifies

circumstances under which anything happens

wi

si&

.,

rdl

rvi

hnf

made me
made me f.).

his majesty

maj.

ist^ is

smr

friend"-

was judge

"I

(i. e.

when

.,

then

was j.,

his

especially used, where these circumstances

are to be emphasized as remarkable.

Since the m.

e.

is

it

employed for the introduc-

tion of parenthetical or incidental remarks, especially

with following r/

pn

"this

(cf.

348, 349):

peasant said (this) however, at the time of

king Nb-kr.^
1

Una

5. 45.

2 jb. 8.

Bauer

71.

C.

CONJUNCTIONS NOT ENCLITIC 324 326.

A. The pyr. use

LE

B. In

it is

enclitically also, cf. 120 A.

ist

written

(older

'^^n^ Isk

Is also,

Copt.

Ist.

mostly

Isk)

^=^:=:^

more frequent

(like the

the late Egyptian

tstio\

ElC-> seems to have arisen from

n

137

1st)

designates 324.

the circumstances under

which, or the time at which something occurs:

"He erected

% sk

stv

tomb

for his son

hrd when he was a

^,

this

older

l^z::^

1^ ^v

child".^

[]^^^

duced a substantiating clause

thr originally intro- 325.

(like for or because).

Then, with much weakened significance,

it

also intro-

duces new paragraphs of a narrative and precedes

especially temporal clauses:

hrw

sjv^

this,

then &c."2

hr nn

B. In

LA

hr
7\

after the days

^^No?v,

is

very frequent, with

^i

is

many

ly, I will

^^ Sh

varied meanings.

used in promises, threats and 326.

directions, in order to strengthen that

"^""^

had passed by

^'^''^

which

is

stated:

k^rduhprmTv"S\LTe-

cause water to be".^

Mar. Mast. 200.

Westc.

12, 9.

ib.

9,

17.

138

THE SIMPLE NOMINAL SENTENCE.

la.

Occasionally

it

327. 328.

receives the suffix of the 2 m.

"^^^^ ^ ^^1 ^'v^ "^^^

^^^ ^^^^ "'^^^^ ^^^^^

throw".^
A. In the oldest language kS

is

also used enclitically.

THE SENTENCE.
1.
a.

By

*327.

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE.

THE SIMPLE NOMINAL SENTENCE.

the (pure) nominal sentence

is

understood a

sentence without a verb, whose predicate

is

then a

substantive, adjective or prepositional phrase, while

its

subject

is

a noun or absolute pronoun.

The sub-

ject precedes the predicate.

328.

It is

ImSt

"I

used in assertions:

am

the lord of graciousness";^

^=^T
is

rnk nfr "Thy name

<.

AAAAAA

and

inwk nb

^^^^^^^

is

beautiful";*

'>

especially frequent after rnk "behold" ( 183),

where the old pronouns of

80 are then

employed

as subject:

hShk "Behold I (am) before thee";^

Westc.

3.

3.

Louvre C

172.

Prisse

5, 14.

* Sin.

263.

a.

n ihrvt

THE SIMPLE NOMINAL SENTENCE. 329. 330.

hr

139

hrk "Behold these things

St

under thy charge"*

are

are under the place of thy

(lit.

face).
It is, further, often

<:^>
fruits are

upon

used in descriptions:

^^^ ^ ""^

'

'

'

329.

nb hr htwf A11

</A:r

its trees'',^

and often also as a

relative clause (cf. 393):

man on whose neck

are swellings".^

Occasionally, in violation of the rule, the predi- 330.

cate precedes the subject; the predicate

in expressions with rn "name", like

D v\

name

is

2.

"^

Snwtf ^

when the

QA

is

sm^ snwtt rns "an herb

subject

is

a demonstrative or an ab-

qA ^^

{^

MO

^^'^\\o^

Siat

dpt mrvt nn

n rmtj

"They are not people of strength'"" (for n

Sin. 23.

whose

the taste of death".^

^^^

1^ ^\

(for: rns S7iwtt);

solute pronoun:

"This

thereby

Thus

emphasized.
1.

is

I,

269.
6

LD

Sin. 83.

II,

136 h.

Eb. 51,

19.

st

Is

nt

rmtt ni

St

ift).

Eb. 51,

15.

140

h.

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE INTRODUCED BY

This inverted order

*331.

the predicate

is

is

llV

AND

IVn. 331. 332.

especially frequent, where

an adjective:
c^

}^ ^"^ Vwi

"My way

nfr mint

is

good".*
j

In this case the adjective often receives an ending

rv'i^

which perhaps lends

nfrrv'i

it

a special emphasis:

hrk "How beautiful

is

thy

face!"
A. In the pyr. this ending

h.

332.

is

written

v\

or

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE INTRODUCED BY iw AND

The nominal sentence

the auxiliary verb

(1

Vi^

is

iw

wn.

sometimes introduced byj

"to

be"

220 sq.

(cf.

246 sq.), especially when the predicate

is

a preposi-j

tional phrase:

way was under

mrv "His one

B. In

water".^

the popular language of the m.

e.,

the pronouns

where they would stand as the subject of a nominal sentence

are superceded

by the forms

of this verb

Inwk &c.
1

Bauer

3.

Butler 16.

(1

v\ ^^

for

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE WITH

C.

More

^^
n

rarely

'^v'

333

250 sq.) as

e. g.

^^

in

141

their heart"/ (for st nfr

cf.

\^^^

was good

rvnin nfr st hr ibsn "It

335.

introduced by the auxiliary verb 333.

it is

rvn (cf. 223,

'pW.

wnm

where

330, 2),

for

precedes.

THE NOMINAL SENTENCE WITH

c.

^^^'^d\\ BC pw

Sentences like

^o^
D

^^'*^ ^"^

"-^^ '^

^^^*"''

It is ReC",' 334.

^ ^ ^^ ^

fiwrw prv "They are paupers",^ properly have as

subject, the demonstrative prv "this",

the predicate according to 330, 2

weakened

may be

expression, prv

^^ ^^
truth"

(cf.

B. This
nS'i in

an unchangeable word

to

ing "he", "she", "it" or "they".

tS'i,

ptv.

PJi^t

but this

pw is now

having the mean-

If the predicate is

inserted within

P^

which follows

a long

it:

^f rvn-m^c It is a

D v\

remedy of

103).

yw

is

already superceded by the demonstrative pB'i,

the LE; the similar word TTE,

NE

TF,

probably

arose from this.

This construction

is

then used to emphasize the 335.

predicate of a nominal sentence; in order to render

1

Prisse

Eb. 75, 12.

2, 6.

Mar. Ab.

II,

25.

3 ib.

LD

II,

136h.

142

THE ORDER OF WORDS. 336

2 a.

emphatic the word

is
is

iht "horizon" in

Ipt tht

the horizon", the sentence tht prv "It

made, and

first

Ipt

Karnak'V

horizon, viz.

2.

i.

pw

ipt

"The horizon

"It
is

is

the

Karnak".

to he especially noted, for

is

often the case, that

tence

e.

Iht

THE ORDER OF WORDS.

The order of words

it is

the horizon"

THE PARTS OP THE SENTENCE.

a.

336.

is

"Karnak

then follows as apposition to

^ n'^(l jl'^

prv "it":

it

alone indicates

how a

sen-]]

to be analysed.

is

The sentence

337.

339.

is

divided into two parts: one pre

ceding, containing the verb, subject, direct and indirect object;

and one following, containing

specifi-^

cations of time and place and the like.

In the preceding part of the sentence the order]

*338.
is
4.

in principle: 1. verb,

indirect object
(^

-^

(cf.

FS^

2.

299).

subject,

E.

3.

direct object|

g.

M^^.:^^

rdln stn nb

AA/W\A O O O

bkf "The king gave his servant gold".

339.

But

if

parts 2

are partly substantives an<

partly pronouns, the pronouns precede the substai

tives.

E.

LD

g.

III,

24d.

THE ORDER OF WORDS. 340

C.

me

\Si

AAAAAA

S!l

rdm

1
T

143

342.

ni stn nb The king gave

AAAAAA O O O

gold".
Q
AftAAAA

1
1

/www

/T

AAAAAA

"The king gave

0^^.^^
AAAAAA

If

(^^
_/

w hkf

s/y sifw

to his servant".

it

rdlnf nl

v^
Sr

r<?';i

^Cda

J.

rib

"He gave me gold".

O O O

both objects are pronouns, the indirect precedes

the direct, that

is,

340*.

the pronominal suffix precedes the

absolute pronoun:
a
AAAAAA

it

v^ 1
<^
T

V 4T
11

'"'^^^

^^ ^^ *^^ "The king gave

AAAAAA

to me".
CZIZI^^ AAAA/V\ AAAAAA

vgi

O
I

.C\

v\ rdinf nl

srv

"He gave

Except for the sake of emphasis

(cf.

it

to me".

343 sq.) the

341.

above laws are inviolable; under certain circumstances,

however, for

stylistic purposes,

an expression which

belongs in the latter part of the sentence,

may be

inserted by exception, in the part which precedes:

QiSrvf "1 caused that his

swB ChBrvf

vocative stands as a rule at the end

sentence

weapons pass by me"^

(for

hrl).

Sin. 136.

of the 342.

144

6 a. IN GENERAL.

WITHOUT INTRODUCTION. 343. 344.

p.

^
mk

1,

nhm

rvi r

away thy

hold, I will take

f'=Ti)

c^k,

sht'i,

hr

wmf

"Be-

peasant, because he

ass,

devours &c."^
If it

as in

be placed at the beginning of the address,

'^^:z7

lord, I

J)

(]

"^ A^7\ ^k.

have found",^

it is

^^^ ^^ ^^^^ "^^

somewhat ceremonial;

then often introduced by an interjection, like

ru

K\

hS and the

Emphasis consists
it

EMPHASIS,

in placing before the sentence,

is

and as a rule resuming

ence.

It is

desired to attract attention,

it

by a pronoun

phasized without reason.

p.

The

in the sent-

very frequently used and often contrary

to our sense; thus, e. g. the

344.

word

'king' is often

WITHOUT INTRODUCTION.

original

Bauer

11.

em-

Cf. also 330. 331. 335.

method of emphasis

leaves the em-

phasized word without further introduction,

t^

IN GENERAL.

a.

a word to which

q7\

like.

h.

343.

[1

it is

Bauer

74.

e.

g.:;

""^
?
it

V^

D _SS)fl

reached heaven" ^ (for

st

had done

praise,

As^*' pt).

j97

AAAAAA cii.

ri irni st rf "That which he

to do it to me, I

"My

^s^* i>/* J3^

k^tnf irt

145

WITHOUT INTRODUCTION. 345. 346.

p.

it

to

him"-

'^.^a

had thought

(for Irni kBtnf

Irt st ri rf).

r\

vR
to

[1

^\

which

irni hd

J\

-Zl

^1

2i

smt nbt rrvtnl

I went, I

rs, irv irni

_Zl

cl

AAAAAA

hd ims "Every land

was a hero(?) therein"^

smt nbt, rrvini

CI^I^

(for

irv

rs).

The resumptive pronoun

is

occasionally omitted, 345.

especially in poetry:

mrk "The water

Itrm swrif

thou

(it) if

he drinks

one of the compound verbal

If the sentence has

forms as

in the stream,

wishest".*

its verb,

the auxiliary verb with which

it.

is

formed, stands before the emphasized word:

T
bit'i

f^

hn n sin

(^h<^n

minnf "The majesty of the king of upper and

lower Egypt
1

t!?^

LD

II,

expired".^

122a.

Sin. 144.

gin. 101.

?risse 2, 8.

Erman,

Egypt, gramm.

Yi

Sin. 233.

346.

146

WITH

Y-

wnln hnf tbf

ir,

ir-,

and

r-

"The heart of his

rvS r hrvt(?) hrs

majesty was sad concerning

it".^

V^

AAAAAA LJ

Iht nbt, Tvdt nl linf^ rvn

commanded me,

347.

in.

l\f\f\f\J\f\

rvn

hprnl ml kd "All that his majesty

I entirely

completed".'

Cf. also 228.

WITH

Y.

The emphatic

347.

\r,

ir-,

particle

AND

r-,

in.

used with every

Ir is

kind of sentence; the resumption of the emphasized

word by means of a pronoun

only occasionally

is

suppressed, in the case of the subject of a nominal

sentence^

sdm

e.

St "All

t\<=>

g.

that

is

written, hear it"^

'^[]''^~^^^^n\>^'^^{^

tr firw

/wwvA
1
III (3(3(3 nnn
_zr
r 360 pn> n rnpi "A temple-day, (that)
I

nhtntr,

is

V360

o^ ^^^

year".^

Here

also,

an auxiliary verb

is

treated according

to 346.
B.

m.

e.

This construction

(often in legal style);

is still

i-egarded as ceremonious in thel

but in the n.

e. it

superceded

all

the]

other methods of emphasizing.

1

Westc.

9,

12.

Una

42.

prisse

2,

4.

Siut

I,

30C

WITH

Y-

ir,

r-

b--,

The emphatic word

and

348

in.

<>/,

[1

350.

which, in many texts 348.

(like that of 349), is written

word

to

be emphasized JiT^

147

rf,

the

follows

dsk irf "thou thy-

(1

self".^

It is often

used in interrogative sentences

and with imperatives and optatives;

it

often

still

^ ^.

"''''''^

356)

in the last case

has the archaic form rk

(J

(cf.

(cf.

A):

sdmrv irf tn "hear ye",^

dik rk ni "give me".^

A. In the pyr. this tr takes the suffix corresponding to the

subject of the sentence:

That

r/,

Irt, irk, Irf, Irs.

which

cially those of going)

is

from irf

Mn

AAAAA/v

to the verb (espe- 349.

at the beginning of short sec-

tions seems to be different

T

added

rf

tS

rf\

"The earth became

light'/

A\\

irvin

rf

shti

pn

"This peasant came".^

A. This r- had

originallj'

changeable suffixes also.

The subject of a sentence

'5

1 Westc.
Peasant 52.

7,

8.

LD

III.

24 d.

is

often emphasized by 350.

3

Peasant 29.

K*

Sin. 248.

148

C.

means of

THE ELLIPSE. 351.

In (old writing

\
AAA/SAA

pronoun

tive

(1

^^

the resump-

most part omitted as

for the

is

in)

self

evident:
I

A\'w\A

in

caused that

it

majesty

irtf "His

be made"' (for in hnf rdif

If the subject to be

pronouns

hnf rdi

Q'

emphasized

irtf).

a pronoun, the

is

and the

ntk, ntf &c. are substituted for in

pronoun according to

84:

ntf ssm

wi

"It

he who

is

leads me",^
AAAAAA

r\
I

who do

it

B. In

n
N\fy/\y^

-<2>-|

'^

ntsn irsn ni "It

AAAAAA

is

they

for me".^

LE

this In is written: ^^\

*n according to late

e.

(i.

pronunciation). 4
c.

The frequent

351.

tive

THE ELLIPSE.

ellipses

(i. e.

words as dispensable) often render the under-

standing of the text very

first

the omission of effec-

of all in the parallel

in the

They are found

difficult.

members

in poetry, where,

second member, one or more

indentical words

are suppressed:
5^" AAAAAA
I
I

III

AAAAAA
I

yr
III

Sin. 308.

LD

III,

24 d.

AAAAAA
I

Siut

I,

289.

Sethe

C.

149

THE EIXIPSE. 352. 353.

iml

mi m

r n linrvtn

sh^l hr msTvtn

"Establish
(Establish)

my name in the mouth of your servants,

my memory with your children".^

^ f ^^ ^

tms hrf r

dd m^Q, mkhS

ddrv

grg

"Turning his countenance to him who speaks truth,

(turning) the back of (his) head (to) those

who speak

lies".-

Similar

is

the ellipse in comparisons, where

it is 352.

found in the second compared member:

sfwf

AAAftAA

joices
(i.

(lit.

lb n

bk im ml hkB n.smt nbt "He re-

broadens) the heart of the servant there

mine) like (the heart of) the prince of any land".^

e.

When

several successive verbs have the

the latter

ject,

is

same sub-

sometimes written with the

only; thus in animated narrative:

>

Mar. Ab.

II,

31.

Louvre C

26.

gin. 176.

first

353.

150
inni hrrvsn,

Im

pr

THE ELLIPSE. 354. 355.

r hnmrvtsn^ hrv kBrvsn^ rvhB

captured their women,

"I

went

I led

away

its?i,

rdl sdt

their people,

to their wells, slew their steers, cut

down

their

barley, set fire thereon".^

An

354.
it

may

likewise remain unexpressed, where

clear from that which precedes.

is

"He

object

stole his ass, he drove (him),

"^^

Thus,

e.

s^^k

g.

for

sCk sw, with accompanying ellipse of the subject) into

his village".^

"She takes Egypt like the god

<::^

shprnf (for shprnf

^'^^-^

''Ir-s?i

^^-=^

ffwf

rvtj

/I

he created (her) to wear his diadem

Another form

355.

si)

lO

is

(lit.

the ellipse of

|)

to

lift

up)".^

dd "say" in ex-

pressions like:

<^^% r^w
/wvAAA

[]

^',2

"it is said"."*

jRC "saith Re",

(]/wwv^ Maaaaaa /^^^^

"they

say",

ntrm

]'^
I

These stand
B.

"the gods say"^

lir

(I

LD

QA
II,

Stele from

fiir

later written for Inf.

is

136h.

ddhrtrv, ddinsn, ntrrv Jw dd.

Peasant

24.

lD

III,

24 d.

Eb.

9. 20.

Kuban.

<

INTEREOGATIVE SENTENCE. 356

3fl.

358.

151

KINDS OF SENTENCE.

3.

INTEREOGATIVE SENTENCE.

a.

The indication of the question by the accent alone

is

very rare; as a rule

it is

externally marked.

356.

Fre-

quent emphasizing whether of the verb or of the

interrogative particle,

characteristic of the inter-

is

rogative sentence.

no special interrogative,

If the sentence contains

introduced by means of

it is

Crvitrvl

rf

Jm o
tf

Ji

"Shall

in or

(Jaaaaaa

_M^

2^-=^

[1

v^

^n

robbed

be

[Jaaaaaa

357*.

upon

his

land(?)?".^
n /www

truth?"

[1

v^

^'

^^-^

v^

In

irv

m^Ct piv

PNE,

cf.

C 394.

"Is it

B. in iw

As a

is

perhaps preserved in

the sentence

(cf.

392).

is

v\

rogative pronoun
ing, 34) "what?,

/y

end of

rule, the interrogatives stand at the

The most common

mii^

ml

inter-

on the read-

cf.

who?":

^J^J^^-^f phnk

nn hr m?

"Why

(on ac-

count of what) have you reached this (place) ?''^

"^^^
irtw nn mi m ? "Like what
2 (1

% 1 1 ^^

is this

done?"''

Peasant

18.

Westc.

8,

3.

sin. 35.

<

ib. 202.

358*.

152

LE.

In

B.

"what?";

359.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE. 359

a.

cf.

"~^^

usually emphasized by in
A^AA^A

the meaning "who?",

"^ 1

"^

^^;i//,^^5;y?Whosaysit?''^
irf inf sw

of the m.
AAAAAA PI

is

LE

e.; in

already written

n'im

aaaaaa

3^

at the end

there has arisen from in m, a

new word

jQ

"who"

MIM

(cf,

\^\

60, 2),

what?"

Other old expressions for "who?,

(jg[l^^ m^and^;^ijij|^sy(?).

(Igp^^D^
-75-(l(j

"What

Isstpfv

|d^ /sy(?) pw

"What

is

O^O

e.

are

g.

who

is

it?"^

it?"^

is

{l)-nw "When?"''

V^^=^tn.Qi.:

of the time?").

The interrogative for "where?" is

361.

Cf.

is it?

"Who

Here belongs also TO"

(lit.

brings it?"^ (with doub e emphasis).

B. This in

360.

is

350):

(cf.

m m
"Who

A(l)

Ih

(I

60.

as subject with

'^.

superceded by

already

is

361.

^
I'VI'^^^

AAAAAA

(T^

'|W5f>*V/^w?"Wherei8it?"'

(with emphasis).

^^^^<=>
thou?"^
1

(lit.

^ \%& q^

Irt r

tn?

"Whither goest

"Toward where makest thou";

Math. Hdb.

35.

Totb. 126, Schlr. 46.

Eb. 58,

Westc.

10.
9, 15.

Math. Hdb.
7 ib. 9, 4.

30.

f.

"

sg.).
Sin. 35.

8ib, 12, 14.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

b.

A. In the pyr.

it is

a.

WITH AND . 362

364.

153

written, tnl, tn, and even without a pre-

means "whither?, whence?"

position,

B. In LE. tmc, Copt.

TCDN.

Cf.

C 364.

The common word, archaically written

ptfi, pif-i

hut generally

-I

QA

(1]

pi'i^ is

Q7\, 362.

pro-

bably not an interrogative, but something like an

imperative, "show" or the like.

It

always stands at

the beginning of the sentence

(^'^'^1'^--

field?"

^W

Pt'i

"What

is

his

f^^^^l^

P^'^

^f ^^ "What

is it?" 2

(with

emphasis).

As a characteristic of the interrogative sentence,

note further the particle trw^ which follows the

363,

first

word

shJnk "Didst thou remember?"^

A. B. In the pyr. and in LE.
b.

"WITH n

The usual negation

in

written

trc.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
o.

in

it is

AND

v^ii-^

nn.

(more rarely /

appears 354*

\)

two different forms, which are usually distinguished

good orthography:
1

Math. Hdb.

49.

.^n_

and

'^'^.

Their pronun-

Totb. ed. Nav. 17, 31.

Eb.

2,

3.

154

NEGATIVES SENTENCES.

6.

was perhaps

ciation

0..

WITH n AND nU. 365

approximately

367.

and nn or

similar,
A. In the pyr. both forms are written c^JU^.

LE. always has

B.

N-.

as

365.

(Cf.

,^-A-^ is

as

it is

^;;0^; in Copt, the negation

is

preserved

C 389).

used with the verbal form sdmf, in so far

not future in meaning, and always with the

w-form

mw
"Lay
(]

^v

n prnf im then

however,
it

it

will

know him

hole, .^n^

cf.

J\

used with the form sdmf^ when

is

is,

belongs to the

184sq.):

nn pssf "He shall

-^
AA^/^AA

not".'

not come out".^

has the meaning of a future (that

second group,

367.

srv "I

upon the snake's

this

366.

n rhi

(will)

not di-

M-

Before the absolute infinitive

(cf.

i&

280)
AAAAAA

Especially frequent in this case

used.

onn

is

rdit "without giving, without causing":

-J-

^^2 ^/^^

ing, without putting

rvdC,

upon one

nn rdit hr gs "Judgside"*

(i.

e.

without

being partisan).
1

Sin.

114.

Eb.

97,

19.

Siut

I,

311.

LD

II,

U9e.

b.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

"Set

^O
see

where

it

cool

it is

nn rdit m^^s

WITH H AND mi. 368

a.

155

370.

^^"^^3^ '^ "^

P B

without permitting the sun to

srv

it".^

In this combination, rdit has sometimes lost

causative meaning, and only means "without"

nn rdit pssf

st^

"without his dividing

its

(e. g.

it").

o^A^ stands before the nominal sentence, and in 368.

this case

when the

subject

solute pronouns are used

,^n-^
is

c:^

^^

not really he".^

-^-^^^
however,

is

is

(cf.

^^lo

a pronoun, the later ab 84):

n ntf pw

msCt "It

very frequently used with a fol- 369.

lowing noun or old absolute pronoun

-^^^ nn

does not exist".

wn

(cf.

80) for "it

also appears with

the same meaning:

AA/VAAA AAAAAA

Im "There

is

_iir^ AAA/W\

/T >^\

no water there,

^n^-^^^N.

_/J^^

am

not there".^

n wsht, nn hms A ship

which has no rudder".^

Note further the combinations

not" and

s^-a.^

c^

,^a_^(1

Is

"but 370.

n grt "however not" (weaker

than the former):

1

Eb. 43,

Sin. 13.

17.

Siat

I,

272.

sin. 267.

<

Eb.

69, 6.

156

WITH n AND nn.

a.

n wsh

Is

p.

the

circujil.

was narrow, but

prv "It

"His skin grows,

it

was not wide"J

l^^o

v;^-n-^[j

373.

with im-. m, tm-. 371

rvrt

is

but not

much".^
371.

^^^jT_^

n sp means "never"

-^^r^fc^ra^y
hS mUif hr smt

down

yc^^i

Q\nsp

dr rk ntr "One like him never came

tn

in this land, since the time of the god".^

A. In old texts, the subject of such a sentence

phasized by means of the demonstrative fB,

mitt

"The

like

was never done". 4

.^^JU^,

V\
Jl

an old negative iwt also occurs

372.

(of.

is

often em-

pBt: n sp pBt

hot sp

irt

with

378).

strengthening of the negative, probably obsolete

in the classic language, is

|1

f.

"^^^^I

"If it is

v^-f^

found in w/r

^^ %\

n:

in nfr n rvnn

niCtii

not in your possession".^

Jy

nfr n irt mitt "Never was the like

done".*^

p.

THE CIRCUMLOCUTIONS WITH

im-,

m, tm-.

The usual negatives are avoided with

373.

certaii

forms of the verb, and replaced by circumlocution^

1

Butler 15.

Eb. 104,

Gr6baut, musee Egyptien,

pi.

8.

18.

LD
6

II,

149 e.

Mar. Mast. 390.

Una

31

^i.

THE CIRCUMLOCUTIONS WITH

and

witli the obsolete verbs Im-

157

M, tm-. 374. 375.

im-,

These are

tm-.

fol-

lowed by a (participial?) form of the verb, in which

the II ae gem.

are doubled, the Illae

inf.

are not

doubled and rdl "give" has the form

^^

^s.

Vi^Q^

^^

when the verb

to be denied is 374.

optative or final in meaning and has a pronominal

subject:

"Treat

smm

that

it

it

with cold

may

fi

not become hot".^

imk
I

anything for

Q mf

|\ ^"^C30 l\ l\

ir iht rs

"Do not do

it".^

The imperative

of the old verb, which

is

written 375.

m, serves for the negation of imperatives and

optatives with a nominal subject:

.^^

m CB

SI

ibk "Let not thy heart

be proud".^

m ChC rim

mtrw "Do not stand against me as a witness".^

A. In the pyr.

it is

written

^\.

they

have

also

8.

plural

ed.

Eb.

Nav. 30

91, 6.

2.

3.

Eb. 110,

3.

Prisse

5,

Totb.

158

THE CIRCUMLOCUTIONS WITH

p.

Instead of

B.

MTfp.

Cf.

^iezil

376.
is

C 305,

tm-. 376. 377.

emplo3's the

e.

cir-

"do not", from which arose the Copt,

cr

7.

^^^^ tm-^ the use of which

among

found,

AND

the language of the n.

cumlocution ^^^^

im-,

other

uses,

more extended,

is

the

in

conditional

sentence
\\

<==> cvjr^

l:^^

^ ^^

he does not discharge

in the

form sdmhrf

hsbt "If

and

''^Tifl

^ ir

tmf

wU

St "If

it";'

(cf.

204)

does not become worms" ;^

it

in the verbal adjective

fhtf'i stv, imtf'i

QiB lirf "He

293):

(cf.

who unlooses

dary) and does not contend for

it

(the boun-

it";^

further as an optative in final and interrogative clauses.

377.

The circumlocution
according to

tm rdl,

^^imr

^^^
the above means "not

which

to cause that",

is

very often employed to substantivize a negative clause

of intention

bination

is

since tm

Eb.

then an

infinitive, this

com-

also construed as such:

"The boundary
1

is

26, 7.

is

erected

Eb. 25,

6.

<=z>^^ii=n:

LD

II,

^^^^
136 h.

^"^i

Y-

>)
_-Zl

^^

A/vvv\A /N

<^
iinr

^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ order

^^~~^

that no negro at

all

should overstep

it"

that not any negro should overstep

rdi hnp drrvyt prv "It

something

is

order that the vulture

may

not

weakened meaning,

Y.

The

irvt

"to cause

e.

a remedy) in

tm rdl occurs with

e.

tm rdi mBni

tiv

"that I

3.

THE NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE.

^^^^

adjective

which belongs to the

Itvtt^

derived from the ne-

is

of 371 A, originally

"not having",

(lit.

steal".^

for simple negation;

formations of 132 sq. and

gative

it").

(i,

B. In the popular language of the n.

did not see thee".

159

THE NEGATIVK ADJECTIVE. 378.

meant something

like

e. g.

which has not

its

writing",^

i.

e.

a book without

writing.

^ Tk "^^^v
A.

The

^^^=^ itvt'imrvtf^ihe

rlj

pyr. write it

2ti also

v\

[I

seems to be

AT-.

LD

Cf.

n, 136i.

Peasant 64.

iwU; the rare writing

old.

B. In such combinations
Copt, as

vj-O-t,

motherless one".^

it

has also been preserved in the

89.
2

Eb.

98, 5.

Westc.

8, 11.

Eb. 30,

7.

378.

160

DEPEND. AND SUBSTANTIVIZ. CLAUSES. 379

C.

379.

It

a remarkable fact that this

is

381.

irvt'i is

used in

the old language as a negative companion to the relative adjective ntl

(of.

attaches clauses of

all

"^
I

twy nt i^hrv(?),

^5*^

401 sq.) and like the latter

kinds

irvtt

of the spirits, on which there

skdrvt hrs "This place(?)

is

no navigation"

(with

junction of the nominal sentence skdrvt hrs "Navigation

is

upon

it").

v\

St

hrv

o -^

:=^^

v\
J Jl
^

"Those whose place

"The place

As

380.

known").

is

where

it

dition

(cf.

often

\
_M^

iTVt'irv

rh bw

nt'i

not known", (clause: rh

-^

also;

stands in the feminine entirely without ad95, 4), it

means "that which

is

is

not":

and that which

is not""*

everything).

e.

DEPENDENT AND SUBSTANTIVIZED CLAUSES.

c.

381.

employed as a substantive

"that which
(i.

is

observable from the examples cited, this

is

"^^^

is

On
a verb

the usual case of the dependent clause, where

is

dependent upon

Totb. ed. Nav. 149

c,

17.

rdl

2 ib.

"to

79, 5.

cause"

LD

II,

cf.

149.

C.

On

179.

189.

161

DEPEND. AND SUBSTANTIVIZ. CLAUSES. 382. 383.

On

clauses dependent

upon other verbs

cf.

upon conjunctions

the dependence

cf.

190. 302.

The substantivized forms of

282 sq. take the 382.

place of a great part of the dependent clauses of our

own language;

parallel with these,

of substantivizing

by prefixing

ntt^

another method

used in the same manner,

is

every sentence

may

made dependent upon

a substantive and

viz.

be converted into
verbs or pre-

positions:

Iwl rhkrvl ntt

know

tht prv ipt "I

that

Karnak

is

region of light".

pn "Because they
If

WAAA

hr ntt rdlsn tB-hd

give this white bread".

a sentence of the kind treated in

% iwl
means of

pronouns of

246

rhkrvL) be substantivized

means of

i<=>oJi^U
LD m,

jibe

^
by

by the

old absolute

80:

cause of the fact that

Erman,

this ntt^ the subject is not expressed

auxiliary verb, but by

'-

""

24d.

Eg^pt. gramm.

Jimknow"

siut

I,

(i. e.

311.

"because

know"),

Totb. ed. Nav. 72,

5.

383.

162

TEMPORAL CLAUSES.

d.

TEMPORAL CLAUSES.

d.

If

384.

384. 385.

no conjunction

the temporal clause,

is

used for the introduction of

it

can

be recognized as such

only by means of the connection.

cedes the principal clause,

"As the earth became

sdm

^,

'^""'^

"When

those

upon the

their heads

More

who are

rarely

it

Irvf hr mdrvt hint

we say

it

pre-

cf. e. g.

came

light, I

St nt'iw

As a rule

to Ptn".^

t^-Mrl^ w^hsn d^dBrvsn

in

Egypt heard

it,

tB

they laid

earth".^

follows the principal clause

"Be not

"at work") a

silent,

when he

is

at (? as

wicked speech".^

The temporal clauses which are introduced by

385,

hft "when,

the conjunctions (really prepositions)

as",

^^''^^ J\mht

"after",

<=:>^

r 5i* "after", as

a rule, follow the principal clause:

nhi hft hntf

LD

Sinuhe
II,

"I

20.

122 a.

followed

my

ld

149 f.

II,

lord as he sailed up".^

3

Prisse

5, 14.

Siut

I,

298.

THE CONDITIOKAL SENTENCE. 386

e.

On

388.

163

the other hand the clauses with

J\ hr mht "now

after' so

paragraphs, always precede

common
(of.

at beginning of

325; 244).

THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.

e.

The conditional clause precedes

clause.

It

like ir

and

may be

principal 386.

introduced by means of a particle

may

but

ml,

the

also stand without such in-

troduction.
It is

always

left

without a particle, when

sdmhrf

204) or is a

ci.

rvhmhrk mi

ddhrk

the examining)

hrl^

am

"If

you examine again

then say

imi mhkrvi "A third of

(lit.

repeat

&c.".^

me

(added) to me, then

full".^

can likewise be

form then
(of.

con- 387.

nominal sentence:

If the conditional clause contains the

it

it

form than sdmf (frequently

tains any other verbal

left

form sdmf^

without a particle; the verbal

always belongs to the "second group"

184. 188):

s ^
X

Eb. 36,

^AAAAA

15,

Math. Hdb.

35. 36.

L*

388.

164

e.

THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE. 389

psstn art Iht nbt

now
389.

ye divide all

As a

it

.,

391.

hprt prv

(the result) is

r 360

"If

i/seo"-^

however, a conditional sentence con-

rule,

taining the form sdm/",

is

introduced by

tr; in

(J'==^^^^^^

form always belongs to the

this case the verbal

"first

group"

tr

gmk dUsw

man

thou findest a wise

him

Crvik "If

then bend thy arms"

(out of reverence).
A. In the pyr. a

390.

If a

number

(I

awaaa In

first,

used instead of

Ir.

of conditional clauses are connected,

the construction with Ir

with the

is

is,

as a rule,

while the second

is

employed only

treated according

to 388:

q<==^v^i

'^^

mn ri-ibf, gmmk st hr psdf.

"If you examine a man who is diseased in
mach (?), and you find it upon his back
(abbreviation)

hr

ddhrk

his sto.

then

say &c.".3
391.

The introduction of the conditional clause by

means of
1

Siut

I] (1

I,

mi or ^v m,

286. 300.

is

far

Prisse 5,

more

10 11.

rare:
3

Eb. 40,

5.

/. REL. CLAU8.

WITH. A CON.

a.

|3.

WITH SUBST. VERBS.

tk

fl

o\\

10 r

lit

^ V\

dd nk: ifd n 3ht n

*^-^=^

what

is its

m mrrtn

Inprv

(lit. its field).

v\
.

hi

Bhtf "If there be said to you: 'A square

2, pti

of field of 10 measures by 2 measures',

content?"^

165

s^
s

II

392/4.

<=::> ^'wvAA

^^

ye love Anubis

(Jdtn "If

/.
a.

^1

say".-

EELATIVE CLAUSES,

WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.

The custom of joining one of the usual verbal

forms as a relative, directly to a noun,
doubtless

used in

(Tl

illll

'

^
^ "^^^ Jrv^ Vh^
^1_M5j

Nominal
to a

noun

and

227.

t^

[|

is

thus

msktvl imf

manner;

cf.

are frequently joined 393.

329. 330. 245. 249

WITH SUBSTANTIVIZED VERBS.

The peculiar verbal forms of the usual

clause,

rare and

was born".^

clauses, however,

in this

p.

^^

CT)

"The land in which

is

The j)seudoparticiple

obsolete.

relative 394.

are identical with the substantivized forms

They are co-ordinated with the

treated in 289 sq.

noun as an apposition, at the same time agreeing

1

392.

Math. Hdb,

49.

Mar. Cat. d'Ab. 711.

Sin. 159.

166

j3.

WITH SUBSTANTIVIZED VERBS. 395

with

it

in gender

love"

is

said hmt mrrti "the

but "the brother

hence, for "the

whom

397.

woman whom

woman, the one

I love",

I love"

must be written

sn

mrrrvi.
395.

As was remarked

in

289,

the forms sdmrvi,

sdmtl belong to the second group ( 184) of the form

in the case of the Ilae

sdmf\

^^_

rvnntf, Illae

rdi "give"

in

it

is

therefore

^^^

prrtf,

Furthermore,

the mas-

inf.

dldttfko,.

culine ending

gem.

the form sdmrvf

is

not usually

written out (most frequently with a nominal subject,

when

written), just as in other cases,

where uniformly inserted

A. In the pyr. the

Cnhwsn tmf "that

396.

ic is

not every-

96).

frequently written,

tree of life,

Corresponding to

(cf.

it is

e. g.

ht piv

n Cnh,

from which they Uve"'.

the statement in

forms derived from the -form have here

197,

the

also, nearly

The masculine

always the meaning of the past.

ending w, which in the -form, stands quite within

the word,
397.

is

here never written out.

In those sentences in which the subject of the

relative clause
tive to

would be indentical with the substan-

which the relative clause

tributive participle
1

Merenre' 616.

is,

is

connected, an at-

as a rule, used in its stead

(cf.

167

WITH SUBSTANTIVIZED VEUBS. 398. 399.

(3.

There

260).

are,

however, examples, in which,

even in this case, a relative clause seems to be used,

whose pronominal subject

is,

to be sure, omitted:

"300 asses, which are laden with incense".^

thn hr

psdf

''W, is

the

which have invaded his

ills(?),

back"^ (for thnsn).

The pronoun which

refers to the substantive to 398.

which the relative clause

wanting,

joined,

is

almost always

the object of the relative clause*:

if it is

rvhi w<'"this

is

white bread, ye give me"^ (for diditvtn nisw).

^'^\

1/vwvvs

ww# hkStsn

"the

villages,

they

irn

"this

govern"/

_LS'

XC13

Vl/W\A

my

boundary whicb

struction which he

On

Hr-hwf

LD

II

II,

136 h.

t^s

pn

lyni

made".^

(lit.)

pronoun

C. 4.

,^

majesty hath made".^

the other hand,

position, the

y
A^ft/v\A

if it is

is,

dependent upon a pre-

for the

2 Eb. 40,
Mar. Abyd.

6.

II, 25.

most
3

Siut

part, expressed:
I,

276.

Una

108.

399.

168

WITH

Y-

A PASS. PARTIC.

<^^^ \>
Jl

JA

0.

^
^

WITH THE ADJECT,

Only with the preposition

it is

Y.

my

'.^

WITH A PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.

a relative clause

extended

also

is

attributive participle for

397) to clauses whose subject

is

(in violation

different

substantive to which they are joined

ticipial construction treated in 261,

try nfmltt "There

is

The

ei

WITH THE ADJECTIVE

e. g.

whom

the like

idem).

nti.

adjective nti "which", which belongs to those

treated in 132

sq.,

was originally used

in purely

nominal relative clauses without a verb, especially

the subject of the relative clause

the noun to which

of

from the

this is the par-

no humble one, to

done"^ (properly, parvus factus

0.

401.

"by means of

"in",

heart tarries'.^

The substitution of an

is

rwtni rs

often wanting:

"the place in which

400.

7ibt.

400. 401.

"every land to which I journeyed

&c.

smt

'^^^^^\\

tltl.

Sin. 101.

it

was joined:

Sin. 168.

if

was identical with

sinuhe 309.

Ace. to Sethe.

6.

WITH THE ADJECTIVE

AAAAAA

'^

V\5iKz::7

|]<::z>'

who was with

"every officer

Hot
Jit/'

"all

f?w

/?r //r?

iri-Cf

nb,

nt'i

hrf

him".'

=^^^ ddft nbty ntt

are in his body".^

l'%2r

;^

t\

worms which

169

ntt. 402.

^) M ^
I

^
m 1^
I

f^^^ mrw-k^t

<c:=>

"the overseers of the works,

who

are

upon

the mountain".'^

W>
they

^^ &w

P^fl

are""* (with

nt'i

St

im "the place where

a different subject).

A. In the pyramids

is

Avritten for

ft',

1^v

forniw.

AAAAv\A

Another archaic writing

B.
'

inXi

the plural
palace"

for

JiiVw? is

^^

early becomes an unchangeable particle;

(e.

g.

msw

instead of

nt'i

nt'ito),

The sentences of

it first

ChCf "the children who are

loses

in his

later also the feminine.

240 sq. made after the analogy

of the'pure nominal sentence,

may

also be so joined;

their verb is always in the pseudoparticiple or the infinitive

with hr:

"a

man who

/\/WJV^

,1

1 1 1

IJ l|

suffers with heat",'

^s. ^i^^ s

Louvre C
172.
M. 495 = P. L 262.

nt'i

mr

"a

man who

is ill.

Westc. 9, 3.
2 Eb. 20, 8.
3 Sin. 303.
^ Eb. 32, 21.
8 Eb. 35, 10.
gin. 176.

402.

170
403.

WITH THE ADJECTIVE

0.

nt'i

403. 404.

Tltl.

was then further used to connect verbal

tive clauses also

the case

but

with negative clauses, this

is

rela-

always

occurs elsewhere also, where a mis-

it

understanding might be apprehended

if

there were

no express connection
A.AAAAA

/-^

-rr-

^--

-^

mrf "who

nt'i

not

is

sick".i

"1^ tk
6/

/^

/TH

^/~V
_ac^ C_Zj

nt'i

AAAAAA

rdini ntn

officials deliver to
nti is also

404.

tive "he who"

^1^

^^^^^

<ZZ>

iCi

Si

UJ

\\

knbt,

9^5? <2>- fv ^~^

_Z1

i\

_crN^ aawaa -ad

Sti.

Li

III

_ZI

bread and beer, which the

sjv "this

me, and which

have given you".^

often used independently, as a substan(f.

ntt "that which''):

ml ^

nt'iw

smsf "those who are

his following".^

nbt

itt

(^

writing"

e.

(i.

body there are

Eb. 47,

Prisse

"all

ss

that was in

written).^

<;Z> AA'^A A
swrlln nt'i mrwt

^1:1

2, 4.

2-1' /WAAAA

\\

<!II>

him drink

CT^ lO

(it),

in

whose

ills".''

18.

C^

htf "Let

Eb.

siut

14, 6.

I,

295.

Mar. Ab.

II,

25.

0.

171

WITH THE ADJECTIVE uU. 404.

AA/^A^A

with the meaning "that which is"

is

also used

alone, especially in the idiom cited in 380.

the use of ntt to substantivize clauses

the relative use of

^^^
w

cf.

379.

cf.

S 382.

On
On

TABLE OF
The more important

signs

SIGNS.

and meanings are taken up,

the order and with the numbering current in the

hardt even where this

is

list

in

of Thein-

The phonetic

probably incorrect.

values are given as exactly as possible (distinguishing between

t, t), but there are many details here which are still uncertain.
The feminine ending is separated from the stem.
The abbreviations signify:

d, d,

meaning as an ideogram ( 36 39);

most frequent transferred meaning ( 40); it was not
the intention to enumerate all the homophonous words for
which each sign can be used.
Com., orthographic compound; indicates the origin of the
sign by the combination of two others.

Prop., the proper

Trfd., the

Ort.

Phon., the phonetic value as a sjllabic sign or as an alphabetic

sign ( 32-35);
Det., value as a determinative ( 45

47), or the syllable

which

the determinative always accompanies ( 52).

Abb., that the determinative occurs at the abbreviation of a

word

( 68).

A.
Det.

supplicate;

MEN.
sTDet.

high,

Abb. f/wi supplicate,

Abb.

Bm

rejoice.

adoration.

^Det. hn

to praise.

/i

10^^ Phon.

in.

rejoice;

high,

Jj'^

173
15
19

jj Det. dance.

Det, to

Det. statue,

my
t=:3

29 TO

Det. that which

done with
mouth.

Tvr great, sr

92

(sir) prince.

Det. old;
i:^w old.

Det.

that

demands

Det. rest.
47"^

Det. hn to praise.

94

Det. </wi supplicate.

Det. conceal;

95

Prop, ^ws build.

Prop, kd build.

Phon.

is

the

93

which

strength.

ps.

1.

sing. (cf. 74).

91

mummy.

Prop.

Abb.

Det. man,

89

mum-

Abb. ^w^statue.

Det.

barian.

bow down;

Abb. ks bow down.

27

Det. captive, bar-

85

Abb. imn conceal.

Prop.

100

^i/>

conceal

(originated from

As.

48.)

70 l|

71

Det. king;

101

Abb.

t(y king.

Det.

child;

Abb.

/^ Prop. TvCb priest;

Tfrd. TvCb pure.

105

y^ Det.toload,build;

^rd child; Phon.i^w.

Abb. ^tp to load,

79 -^i Det. enemy, death;

Abb.
82

hft'i

/i"

enemy.

Prop. msC(^) soldier; Det. soldier.

carry,

k:$-t

work.
106

Prop,

hh

number.

great

174
110

B.

WOMEN.

C.

GODS.

Trfd.

Det. revered dead

si

watch

over, si break.

(masc).

M Det. revered dead

129
113

Det. revered per-

(masc).

son
to

(corresponds

131
89).

Det. king.

128

Pro p. 5i shepherd;

133^ Det. fall;

Det.woman (corres-

Abb. hr

14

Det. revered dead

Trfd.

frJf

}f Det.
^

Abb.

89).

15

pregnant;
&A-i

pregnant.

Det. bear;

Abb. ms bear.

(fern.).

12

fall.

WOMEN.

B.

ponds to

Trfd. sps glorious

or sim.

119

existent at.

C.

Det. and Abb.

GODS.

JVs-

*V(?) Osiris.

Det. Abb. Pth Ptah.

11

Det, Abb.7mw Amon.

27

Det. Abb.

31

Det. Abb. St Set.

Qo

Det.

Abb.

B/pvt'i

Abb

m^C-t

Thoth.
55

Det.

goddess M.,

RC Re.

truth.

mi(^-^

D.
1

MEMBERS OP THE

Prop,

Trfd. ip

(cf.

hr upon; Phon. hr.

Phon.

hair,wlr destroyed.

31

Phon.

12-^^ Det.

rS{'^), r.

rib;

with

Trfd.si?r

30.

arrive

Ir, m:^{f).

at.

13:^>=Det. eye cosmetic.

33/^ Det.

which

that

flows from the body.

weep;

Abb. rm weep.
Trfd. Cn beautiful;

35

37

>^

Trfd.

mdw

speak.

Det. the back, cut

up;

Phon.

Cn.

Det.

divine

Abb.
eye;

39

Abb.

mouth;

r^(-^.)

lip;

eye, see.

14^^ Det.

4);

N28/'=^Prop.si?r Confusion

do;

Trfd. Ir

see;

^."n^Prop.s/?^

10 -cs:- Prop. wr-?(?) eye, mS

17

26 and

29<==>Prop.

destroyed; Abb. In

15

Prop, ^r face; Trfd.

Det. hair, color, wsr

breath

Abb. fnd nose.

upon; Det. head.

3

BODY.
Det. nose,

head,

tp-t

dMB head

175

MEMBERS OF THE BODY.

D.

jvd^-t

divine

i^-t back.

Det. breast, nurse;

Abb. mnC-t nurse.

eye.

40

Prop. s$ embrace;

Prop, ir pupil (of

the eye)

28 (/p| Prop,

F5 ^

htit

Phon.

Trfd. slm

happen;

ir.

Det. embrace, jo^i.

nose;

iibtr. ?}nt in front;

42

Variant of

47.

176

46

MEMBERS OF THE BODY.

D.

Prop.
spirit

Phon.

47 _/u. Prop, n
irvt'i

kind of

A'i,

63

nProp. di give, mc

give (imp\>.).

k^.

not,

(tin)

oProp.

oProp. hnk to pre-

66 Q

Phon. n (nn)

sent.

Det. negation.

49 \=^

Trfd.rfsr splendid
I

52

Abb. nht strong.

72

Q/^ Prop,

c/ii

82

84 ^

(= D

10,000.

Det. middle,

(=D69),

(cf.

1);

ii:Tfrd. dbc

Det. that

rect,

mtr

cor-

Abk.

c/cS

correct, w^r middle,

63).

/^ Prop, w^ ell,

witness.

rmn arm
Conrmn fus-

Trfd.

carry; Det.
>

arm,
that
which
is
done
with
the arm.

Prop. ^&c finger

demands

strength

grasp

fist,

Abb. im grasp.

DProp.<^arm,</'give;

which

Prop, hrp to lead.

Det.

ti)

ai.

58 hr^ Prop. $w reign.

62

^^

76 c:^^ Prop, d-t hand;

com-

to

bat; Phon.

C;

which

row;

to

hn.

Phon.

that

demands strength;

Phon.

59^^

69L=/]Det.

or sim.

51^ Prop, hn

give

(impv.).

having;

not

mi

65-0

ion

with

17.

90

('==0)

Prop.

b:^h

phallus

Phon. mt; Det. mas-,

culine Abb.^imas
;

culine, kS steer

93 "fl^ Incorrect for

20,

12.

From

Second
From the Story of Sinuhe
(Epic

I.

poem
12

(11.

17*

the Story of Sinuhe.

Part.

TW^

S^-nht).

of the middle empire in the archaic language,

L. D. VI, 104 seq.)

Sinuhe, a

34.)

Amen-em-he't

2100 B.

I. (c.

man
J.),

of high position at the court of

while on a campaign against the

Libyans, learns the death of his king; this news, for

reasons,

so

terrifies

Published

him that he immediately

unknown

seeks flight to

Palestine.

o.

IP^^,
^

3J

AA/WA/

A^AAA^-|

N.P
]
(I

passed by the red mountain.)

h

^1z!iOM,M
is

^^

H^-P-r

a by means of" or sim. is wanting, b the peculiar ending

explained by the coming together of the dual ending and the

suffix

hk^

is

sg.

Name

of a fortification

on the isthmus of Suez.

written defectively in this old name.

Erraan, Eg^pt. gramm.

Bb

18*

From

the Story of Sinube.

CSI

cy

^?.?,?Q^ ilSl.^?P
1"^
^^AAAAAA

^ r^^^

(At the

r\^''v/1

Km-wr

I fell

for thirst.)

286

330,2

down

AAAAAA

'

'

1 1 1 1 1 1

/VWAAA /VWAAA

^kl-Pfl.l,^,
AA/W\A

l^f^

VS\

> A/VV\AA AA/VWA AA/VAAA

^:.^

J] '^^^a

a poetic for I concealed myself".

strued as

d
e

like

p^

if it

were fem. referring

our vulgar pull one's

like a

P^

HI

& the sentries,

to a collective the

self together", or

noun, in apposition with mtn.

AAAAftA

e conguard**.

gather one's

self".

From

19=^

the Story of Sinuhe.

.^
C^

A^^AAA

-H

AA/\AAA

rv^^^

r^^^

AAAAAA \\

AA/^AA^

f^^^^^

/-^

1^

o
O

i:=^
27.

(II.

78

94.)

f\rAfiAf\

p"j^| AAAAAA
I

Sinuhe, heaped with benefits by the prince of

Tntc, lives manj' years with him.

'\m

AAAAA/V

a perhaps to be corrected he cooked for me", b read whwt.

d a half year"? a year and

c cancel r in irtnsn according to 151.

a half"?

probably thou art prosperous with me"; 80.330.

/"

125 B.

20*

From

the Story of Sinuhe.

ro\

D ^^=i=.

X
\J

31

1^

^1

t I

t I

11

^K\^

III

1^^^

.^1-

Awv\^

O O O

(C^
I

:=>

ilii

^^-^J

AAA/W\

A/w^A^
I

'5^
(He also made

f^^^r^^

-2x

[J

jf\
-fv

me

.M:^#

prince of a tribe.)

n=^-=>-i

ID

III

^
^? lYI^fl

la.

\\

# tk

IfV^

-n-

a the determinative applies to

tvnt refers to

the land,

tlie

entire expression. 6

The determinatives

read with certainty in the hieratic.

125B

of d^b can not be

From

21=*

the Story of Sinuhe.

(By means of the hunt I also gained a great

^W\

.<T:r>. AAAA.NA

.f\

deal.)

fl

'::^l

C^

AAAAAA ifLL

AAAAAA

^^K

III

111^ <zz

1"^^^I1M?!4
III.

Zi.

(11.

109

^-^

-'"~

145.)

Jj

Sinuhe defeats a hero in single combat.

iljL

/VSAAAA

JL

'

^^^

n^^ B

A/NAAAA

AAAAA^ _

C>

AA/\AAA

AAAAAA

"fV

^^

AA/\AAA AAAAA/\

^
(I

accepted the challenge and prepared

my

weapons.)

210
AA/VW\

s:

a the word is Avanting in the manuscript,

Tmv, cf. 98.

c the land of

^J:

^]^--]^^^
b

sell. Jq^r,

351.

22*

From

the Storj' of Sinuhe.

/W^AAA

I
I

olio
I
!

78

242,3

-0.

(He seized his weapons and the combat began.)

^
.

Q
V

AA/\AAA

(J

J^

D^
I

R5

e
A^/v\AA

Ann

n /^

3X

iO

A^^^AA

OO

AA/'AA^

^
a
(I

stepped upon his neck.)

a like a relative, 397.

after". c inexact s cf. 22. 161.

fell to]

the ground useless",

m lit probably as an adverb thered a verb is probablj' wanting: [they

he shoots him therefore from behind.

From

23"

the Story of Sinuhe.

y^^
O

&

[]

^ Vfii

ifLL AA/VV>A

AAAAAA
AAAAAA

^\

WV^

\^

0"^ f~"l
AA^NAAA

r*

I t I I I I

\\

AAAAAA

AA/VNAA

JJ

^AAAAA r

-^ /^

zd

-^

AA^SAAA A^\^>A
/^>

A/VWAA

(Z. 241

tsn

257,)

As an

old

man

i^

AAAAAA Cli.

home and

^o

"^

TT^i

goes to Egypt.

Mm%.

Ml

_C

iC:^

Sinuhe-receives from King

the permission to return

I.

2^^=^

AAAAAA AAAAAA
a

JF.

AAA/v^A

1'

168

AAAAAA

Ji

AAAAAA

fl
QaaaJ.

[13

2lM

a the people of the dead man.

7\

b emphasis, 344.

a^

24*

From

the Story of Sinuhe.

305

/J AAAAAA

TV

(9

r\

(He goes further to the city of the king.)

AAAAAA

4
lira

/^v

>Ti^^
(I

in
crzD

trod the palace.)

J]
1

1^

2ti

Ci

,^^

IJ^fJ,
261

f^miT]
III

MkJ^^i^-1
a Tvho had followed me, while they led me", b he presents
c Impersonal; one expects r l^. d indicates the action of
the people who lead him forth, e Nominal sentence, f old writing
according to 109. f the order of words is free according to 341.
them,

From

25*

the Story of Sinuho.

(then terror seized me)

^!^^ ^-rk^^-^PflT'^l
I

Zl-'W QkM<

V. (Z. 263

269.)

The king

-a

presents Sinuhe to the queen,

AAAAAA

J\

ra

IHf'^l,^, ^

X
6

^^ o

Jl^

"I
c^O

<-^
I

AA/WW

AAAAAA

AA/WW

AAAAAA

D
I

AAAAAA

f^^"^
I

;p
I

b
(I

cf.

a Perhaps relative sentence: as an Cim whom the S. made".

sign of unknown meaning.
c i. e. altogether".
for they had hrought them with them,
e m their hands"?
hieratic

312. 76.

Bb*

26*

From

YI. {Z. 279

310.)

the Story of Sinuhe.

At the

pardoned and concludes

"1

t-=^^

^
AAAAAA

intercession of the queen, Sinuhe

is

his life at the court in great prosperity.

f?^^t&-"&^P-^l>,
h

9
- -*
I

A/VWVv
I

"

sic

Jl

286

X
I

fl

AAAAAA

A A/WV\A

\^

.C\

mrrA

\\

j^

t\N\N\f\

(and there were other good things therein)

CTT]

[Z-ZJ

Ollll^ AAAAAA^

l^^^_^ffi..

X
^liin

a for

r-^

%^]

c^

mm

315. h passive, c read

panying circumstance,
whom the king loves"?

<=>

read t and

Cxc'i,

d 329

as

accom-

f read mrrf?

g they caused" (impersonal

111

P.

they".)

From

27*

the Story of Sinuhe.

^'-%^r"i^
I'm

_~3

1-35-1 o

ji

^51

-^
A/^WAA

Tl^jr

111

(and there was built for

me my own

AAAAAA

house)

e
IS

-Pk

A^AftAA AAAAAA

-<T1

ii_a^t^cr=i
ra

tko

a they gave"; the sense

to

the

desert",

i.

e.

is,

the dirt etc. I

the coarse ones,

hitherto slept, in contrast with hnkyt.

read nt.

e passive,

f read hw8.

now

resigned

upon which

in contrast

with

had
tptl;

Prom

28*

the Story of Sinuhe.

was furnished with the

(it

best)

.F^^

^^r

'^^^

J]

A (^

AAAA/Vv

AAAAAA
I

/n

1
if^^

ra

>A

From the Story of the Eloquent Peasant.

(Prose text of the middle empire in language not so markedly archaic;
only the speeches of the peasant are poetic. Published LD VI 108 seq.;
the beginning by Griffith, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Archaeol. 1892.)
Content: a Peasant who complains of an injustice done him, before
Mrwitns'i a prince of Herakleopolis, so charms the latter by his eloquence, that, with the King's assent he prolongs the peasant's affair
in order thus to prompt him to further discourse.
I.

(Butler 2

journeys

An

13.)

toward

inferior official

and

Herakleopolis,

meets the peasant as he

desires

to

rob

him

of

his ass.

l^-\
I

o\\

a which he needs for his grave, h the statue; passive, c one

expects the plural.

<?

50 B.

read <--^->

^^ead

29*

Story of the Eloquent Peasant.

J\

't3.
AAAAA/"

i.

AAA/V\A

VS

^i MC

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

^
0V>, ,,
JJ. (Butler 13

L^ J

2^^=>_

19.)
I

The

<

official

ii

^\f]\
man

^jos^^

[It']

plans a stratagem for him.

A.VWVA

q?

,%5

^n

^X32_

^li

AAAAAA
AAAA^W

'"i
I

.^

<:

>

AAAAAA

a a hieratic sign of unknown meaning. 5 the name of the

wanting, c i. e. one of the peasantry, d temporal clause.

is

him

the asses which pleased

discourse.

The following

excellent image [of a god]

or sim.

probably an

is

....

for

f here he hegins
elliptical

me I" g The

direct

may

every

situation

must

oath:

be: a narrow road; on one side water, on the other, upper side

field,

h his one way"

i.

e.

probably one edge of the road".

30*

Story of the Eloquent Peasant.

w
D

3
^

AV\A/^A

c_J.

JJ

AAA^A^

i-LL

>^.

Ida
"7:\

III

r\N\/-Af\

A^A^A^

\\

(and spreads out the clothes in the way.)

HI. (Butler 2223; Berliner Papyrus Z. 124.)

robbed and derided.

The peasant

is

^
D

.r^

AAAAAA

njkT

1.^

A/V/VAAA

AAAA^^

(T^

.^

AAAAAA

y^\

\\i
Y\

Ci

A^^AA^

^^
is

/^

.1

D
AAAA/^A

<II> L _!>*V^

J AAAAAA

a passive, b the middle of the road, c have a care" or sim.

d [Take care] my fruit is on (<=>) the road".

wanting,

Storj' of the

a
n

^. Q

M+i

AAAAAA

35

\oJ

"ft

AAAAAA

(I

31*

Eloquent Peasant.

/I

^^'^T[

ra

^^
I

M
Till

<__^->

'

JIT.

AA/^A^^

^5=^

'=^
I

AAAftAA

'-

i^^v)

IW-^ZK
w
r'=^

^q

L AA^^AA

h
X
^.xn2_

> _iir^

AAAAAA

JL

AAAA/'

AA/\AAA

J
^^1
a [The lower part of the road is] under water, b Wil]
you not let us pass by then!" e meaning something like: since

one [lower path]

d read

mhM

is

obstructed, I will go along

its

[upper] edge.

32*

Story of the Eloquent Peasant.

IH-

OW

W Ci

/vvvvv>

[TZ]

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

TTT

^^'
D

'^'

AAAAAA

.^^
.^^5>^/

Jl

^V

AAAAVV

lO V>

AAAAAA

/'

S1fc,t

AAA/VNA AAAAAA

AAAAAA

^^q-^'
353

sio

AAAAAA ra

1<^

^^=11)

tl

354
I

JF.

(ib.

Z. 24

32.)

The peasant implores the

f

AAAAAA AAAAAA

official in vain.

A\

a relative belonging to Jin. h probably a proverb: instead

of the poor man one makes mention of his lord,
c meaning:
though you should address me, you think first of my lord.
d the tamarisk was not dry rf is probably corrupt, e read the
;

n-form.

e peculiar infinitive.

33*

story of the Eloquent Peasant.

^^

c:.l\\

s
jr

^1

n
3\\

<

flf

.-

^fl

/^AAAA^

AAAAAA Q^

A AAA/V\A

/I

2^

A/V\AAA

f^ (^
I

J]

.<E>-

ra

Ik

(ib.

Z. 3242).

@
I

AAAAAA

v^A^

F.

;=:>Jrilll

Mil

lo

The peasant goes to the prince and

him his matter.

relates to

V^ y^' AAAAA>

[3III

a yoa are to" for you go

of the dead one must not

make

to be connected with the following,

sentence

is

not clear,

b in the place of the

to",

182, the

probably error for

meaning of the

O or O.

the injustice.

Erman,

Egfypt gpramm.

god

c perhaps an invocation,

noise,

"

Qq

against

34*

story of the Eloquent Peasant

kZ^^!

h'

A.

Ol

ra^^_y^<=>^^^

>j^i^

A\
AAAAAA

W)

AA^^^A

\V\AA

FJ.

AA/^/yA^

(ib.

The

Z. 4251.)

^
SAj

AAAAAA

prince questions his counsellors.

AAAA^^

/\A/v/\AA

/CilW

P^^^,^

/WW\A AAAAAA
AA/NAAA

[J
I

o As the prince
detain him.

him,

who

5*L=_

desires to sail

they mean:

it is

away the peasant would not

probably a peasant suhject to

unlawfully desired to deliver his taxdues to another.

35*

story of the Eloquent Peasant.

AAAAAA

III

^
I

<2>-

AAAAAA

AA/^AA^

,^,(i:t:

.-^-^

^
I

j^\

^p
1

AAAAAA '5ffY^^^i2i

a
/-X

AAAA/>

ra

ra

P--J
X

w
FIT.

(ib. Z.

A/WAAA

The

5271.)

first

complaint of the peasant.

^^
Ezm
ill

AA/^AA^

CJ.

r-"^^ \

a Sense probably, he must pay this as a fine; or, he should

be punished because of the natron etc. (with which the asses were
loaded)? b His reply is not given.

36*

Story of the Eloquent Peasant.

(Thou

wilt be fortunate in everj-thing)

(==11)

1 ^^^==

CLL

AA/^^^^

"

.X

J)

AAAAA\
6

in
I

wvV

77 -^ -"

icl

WxS

_Z1

i:

A/VVV\A

AAA^w

J]

m.

'0\

^ sic

kA/WvAA
ra
o read

name
is

to

aU

nif.

6 treat

me

laws, c imperative,

wanting, g sense

is

so justly that I shall prefer thy

d imperative,

probably, prove,

imperative,

how much

f '^

have to bear.

YIII.

71

(ib. Z.

The prince announces

77.)

37*

Eloquent Peasant.

Storj' of the

it

to the King,

W
sic

.7^'
-<2=-

^- -M

^^^^--1
ioV\
-

/'

AAAftAA

fl

V.

Supplement.
A

writing of Thutmosis

I.

to the Authorities in Elephantine.

(Stone in the Cairo Museum. Published Aeg. Ztsch. 29, 117 from a copy
of Heinrich Brugscb.)
I.

Announcement

of the coronation.

0^

o
78

AA^w^
AA^/^A^

-J1

II.
AAAAAA

^^^^

Jx

a passive,

The

/T
O UL

mn^i.-m^i

>\

titulary of the

(The king writes to you)

new

ruler

AAAAAA
I

b sense optative.

c:^

U^

writing of Thutmosis

III.

cf=]^

What name

Ji

is

I.

o
I

Jfffp^^-^
1

to be used in the cult.

mnm

mi^i

MPhih^fip
IV. What name

is

to be used in taking oath.

^AW^filw in
/O

^^ n

AAAAAA

h MP
f\

AAAAAA

J 11

F. Concluding formula,
d

a read Q.
remain",

lit.

correspondence for this writing purposes",

AAAAAA

cause that one cause that the oath

c 259, 2 passive, defectively written,

communicated,

Ii

d formula of
that which

is

likewise further that etc.

Examples of the Eoj^al

39*

Titularies.

VI. Date.

onni

^^^'i'^O

\rT,k
Examples of the Royal Titularies.
(Written

in abbreviations throughout; for explanation compare

titulary fully written out in the preceding letter.)
I.

Wsrtsn

11

I.

the

(Lepsius, Konigbucla 177).

Q ^

f5SS^

Iaaaaaa

IL Thutmosis HI.

(ib.

349)

o
"^^^l
V

III

1% ^
0|
TTmrr

-3

>d2

40*

Examples of QTave-formulae.
lU. Ramses

11. (ib. 420).

III

III

ffl
Examples of Grave-formulae.
(Filled with abbreviations throughout,

The

I.

sacrificial

formula.

and often in barbarous orthography)

(Gravestone in Alnwick Castle).

\M^U'^ f^A
v-i^_-^ ^Al>i3^'

llLi

AlH^ilfJe AP-oTs^^
^7
z2i

Di

jr.

:::ii

The same

^Jrj.f.l^k -^f^l
in

another form.

a unintelligible formula,

(Gravestone in Florence).

b optative,

c relative clause.

Examples of Grave-formulae.

291

291
'

^l^f^^

f)

-CaS- O AAAAAA
AAAAAA

7ZZ.

JJ

'Vir:-

fl

V.

A D

AAAAAA

/WWV\
AAAAAA

^fliri'^Pjl

The same, shorter (Gravestone

A^AAAA

1}

3=a

IV. Invocation to the

291
AAAAAA Q _
^AAAAAA

Ii

^U
M

41*

visitors to the

in Turin).

grave (LD

II, 122).

The same,

in different

form (RIH

16).

391

_Cr^'^~~-*

AAAA^V*

AAAAAA

c^> \

AAAAAA JS

_Hr^

"^

^ C^ Dill

a 259, 2, passive defectively written, b 259, 2 active, plural.

Impv. d. the pronouncing of this formula procures the deceased
nourishment.
c

Cc*

GLOSSARY.
PREFATORY NOTES.
The correct orthography occupies

the first place; abbr. designates

a writing as an abbreviation in accordance with

arch, as archaic.

63

68;

Compound words are

to be found under the first part of the compound.

The endings are separated by -, and are not taken into considera-

tion in the alphabetic arrangement.

To a considerable extent
determined;

to

The meaning of

the

meanings can be only approximately

such tcords, or sim.

has been added.

the causative has been subjoined, only

where it
The

does not entirely correspond to that of the simple stem.

construction of the verb has been added by CO.

refer to the

name of a
a woman.

grammar.

place, n.

^Q
\

With proper names

pr. m. that of a man,

( 48, for

^)

n.

I.

n. pr.

f.

9b-dw

u^
T

1.

Ele-

f^^^ phantine.
n.

1.

Abydos,

that of

goose (abbr.

hour.

n.

fj

cited

denotes the

cease, or sim.

i6-

The

roast.

43*
Sd

perish,

to

Ibdw

0!

--c?^ (abbr.) month.

D
(

be

angry?

(abbr,) to load.

Ay^

outrage?

count.

160) come,

2^^^
tfd

^n.l.

/ij?

chest.

I]

307

branch,

orsim.
(Ill ae gem.)

grow

^^

iSr-t

c^

orsim.

(cc.

someone,
( 168. 220.

224. 246. 253

come
t^

iwt-i

t^

tmBm

\\

^'^

(29.

^^^1;^^;

157) tent.

ImBh

f.)

"^

fl

(abbr.

'')

venerableness.

to anyone.

( 378. 379)

he

100)

honored

has not.

'

^^^^(380) nothing.
182 B.) give,

64A) meat.

^mn
V" heart.

(cc.

hr:

by anyone).

who

ih

-135)

existent in.

n) call.

(arch.ij-

/\'t^( 160; cc.n) walk,

iw

twt-t

-\\-W

frait,
III

to be.

ilV

im-i

old.

\\

set, cause.

(abbr.

Amon.

||)

44*

imn-y

If^^Nl n. pr.

that which pertains to

m. ( 100).

any one,
tmn'fi

existent in the west;

ft

his duty.

.<2>- (Illae.

I'W

inf.

151)

make, beget spend time

;

hnti tmnt'iw "he who

is

at

the head of the dwellers

in the west,

239.

'0

the

e.

(i.

aux. verb: 238.

to be.

dead)".

III

/CiO
Imn-tt

the west.

( 137)

irt-t
1

deaf,

Imr-w

sim.
Sim.
in

ih

314. 350. 357.

ih-w

AAAAAA

kind of

in-t
AA/V\AA

oo

V Oi
1

iC^i

milk.

or

"^^

IX

(abbr.)

ox

cf. Ari.

Jl ^^mentalin-

firmity or sim.

fish.

ih

in

Jj

( 160)

bring on

or near; bring

thither,

^64^

ih-t
I

thing.

lead away.

inwk

shine,

ihil)

be ex-

celleut or sim.

(abbr.) wall.

inb

that which

is

ih-tO)
brilliant,

inr

nnni

stone.

cellent or sim.

ins-t
1

AAAAAA

ihf

J> Sim.

Ir

yr'i

'^

n. pr.

m.

HAAAAAA
^^.1=

WAAA

intf

ex-

AAAAAA

inundatI

ed land, or sim.
et

f.

319.

:> 347. 348. 389

IT

~]T' J\ hasten.
'1

135) belonging to; irt

Tamarisk.

46*
100)

pr.m.
issl

(I

(I

n. pr.

itf

ctn-w

c^ 323.

tstw

J1 king or sim.

%()

cf. it.

DY\^^(CC.H)

H
toward,

refractory

\
It

or

excellent or aim;

ckr
J

sim.

be excellent.

^^ barley.
o

itl Ifi -jj-'r-

away;

take

o o

M7i
It

spend (time).
( 31) father;

ntr kind of priest.

O sun.

Itn

rj

(Dual

"Sna

-fl'tkw
)

Ar-C,

strike

_M^

or

sim.

arm.

hr-Cw'i

immediaass.

tely;

tpiw Cw'i ancestors.

(^-t

member.

Q.

Ar) to please?

c^ \

Bedouin
C-t

^^

CS-hpr-

on
house

chamber,

small

(as part of j3r).

^^."^{Icabbr.^^,
o=>) great, large.

^t^

uninjured, or sim

ca

/I
-fl

Thutmosis'

Ci.fei._^

or

sim.

I.

up I

CCb
n.pr.f.

V\2i

*^^

J^comb?

'^*>

sim.

braid?

*46

Cw-t

GLOSSARY.

animals.

lace or sim.

CwB

CU

Ql^

to contend.

Ch9

Q^^

a combat.

Ch^-w

[Kx

) rob, plunder.

"Kv

CwB

Si

_M-

f[

Cwn

J]

ber.

Cwn- lb

AAAAAA

deceitfulness, or sim.

Cb9

ChC

sim.

J
a

al tablet.

ChC-w
fly,

arrow, or

stand.

J\ ChCn

sacrifici-

JA^

Cff

Tk

:^=i

AAA/VNA

HI
p)

AA/\AAA

live (cc.

-?-(

snb

A^^AAA

n. pr.
( 70).

ChC

^^1

T'^

ChC

kind of ship.

palace.

nru

m on anything).

"living,

quan-

(pi.)

tity,number.

or Sim.

p)

'"'''

m.

n abbr. Cnh wd^

ff.

time, or sim.

ChC-w

nn-Si

230

or sim.

Cm-mw'i-

Cnh

pa-

<=^[ll

Crr-1/t

Chn-wtl

5^ d'^'II
_Z1

AAAAAA

sound,

AA/WV Ol U

healthy" (as adjunct to

109

royal name).

Cnh
Cnttw

V-^

royal chamber.

numerous,

oath.

many.

ear.

enter.

CZD

myrrh,

Ck-w
I

Cr

goat, or sim.

Plur.:
food.

47*

CHiOeSART.

w
(sic,

contrary to
80.

S51) districtjOrsim,

wB

<^^

Pf]^4^

(abbr.

wC

f) caus. cc. hr pass

by something.
<C

tvS-t

abbr.

f]
^

(abbr.

one

( 116)

|)

(as

subst.).

wC

=5=
( 143)

way, road.

one

(as adj.).

wCb

w^-wt-

Er

pure, clean.

wCb
^
I

abbr .)n.,.
I

wCf

(^

to bend,

\>=/l or sim.
)

to increase;

sw^h
U'^h-'i

nrz2

chamber

i,

in the palace.

%^^
_zr

household

servant, cook.

to visit, or aim.

fl
1

caus.

wp-tvt

message.

wp-w^wtX/^:^

*^^"
^^ ^^^
late, or sim.

J^=^

(abbr.

^:^) name

of a

god of the dead.

w^s-t

wf^

flm

^""^'

III

praise,

applause, or sim.

to praise, or sim.

wBd

wn

w^dic

Jl L__J

green.

green cosmetic.

^^
AftAA/V\

or sim.

(Ilae gem.) to be

'

aux. verb. 223. 250 sq.

QLOSSABT.

48*

41-^

wsr

-f

(for

ton) e^t.

lontc-f

-^^^

twiw-f

-^^

wsrtsn

name

(abbr.)

of

Bamses
n.

^^'

di

II.

pr.m.

AAAAAA

hour.

"jlc

broad.

wsh

<0

AAAAAA

p.-^"

mXt-BC

i<:

lay

dSSU.
\>

wC

bite, or sim.

priesthood, or sim.
also of itching.

name

t^nn-nfr^l"^^

wih

AAA'VSA

of Osiris.

W^J X

to

answer.

magnate.
weakness, indolence, or
in titles

sim.
^^^^^

also

!^) great.

(niae

inf.)

X
throw, (also of emission

wrh

of a cry).
anoint.

wdn

^_fC=3a

spend

Jl

the

day.

>o

or Sim.

/wvAAAvli

tvrS

(57 Illae

wd

inf.)

command.

to rest, or

lord

sim.

wdB

(abbr. I)
cHj
_ _
_
be well, be fortunate;

8wd^

Bedouin

100)

lb

hr to rejoice the

heart concerning something, polite phrase for

tribe.

communicating
Osiris.

w8-ir
IrO)

some-

thing.

jj

wsm

F^
1

silver- gold

(abbr.) strong, or sim.

wsr
I

wdB

go.

alloy.

wdC-t

ai

forsaken

one??

GLOSSARY.

49*

J
h^-t

(^^^
J
or

VC\

branch,

htn

Sim., thicket, orsim.

hole.

^j^

cf.
^^^ 6/
jj^

hw

J^

bnrt

place ( 103).
( 28) date.

l|
I

hBh
btiTi

(abbr.

dr bsh

in

JiA,

<

70|

bk(bikl)'^^
bk

honey.

'^

Egypt.

"the
i.

e.

bd-t

heaven,

%
U

t]

spelt (kind

l^"^^"^^
iO o o o

of wheat).

pr

;J^

servant

"I."

p D

Py

cm

there"

king of lower

bt-ti

PU)

calf.

servant;

"-

ID

P^

1%

bhs

315.

bi-t

pt

date wine.

"^

P'>'-H

flea.

house,

also for possessions.

^^

87.

M>

CTID ?

imi

house"

i.

^^^A
go

out,

e.

"silver

treasury.

(Illae

inf.)

depart (from

the way, &c.).

pn

AAftAAA

Erman,

pry

^^

Eg:ypt.

gramm.

prominent??

Dd

50*
pr't

GLOSSART.

^^>o

winter (one of

<=

phr-t

the three seasons).

pr4
vrt-Snw
^

'^\J/'\\\

(abbr.) fruits.

/>

"hair

L&>
I

Mil

p7ir-t(l)
I

as

name

of

n
3

ps

fruit.

f(?)

>lll

V_MI1I|
fruit"

O) remedy.

(abbr.

<"'"*

^'4

troop, or
1

sim.

cook

( 159) to

ctpfst.

""^"'-^
bite.

psJi

for the dead.

ph
ph-U

arrive at, attain to.

d|

-^^

(abb'^- *3^)

pk-t

ptn

(\/\ri n.

finest
j

linen.

1.

pth-Mp

dual: strength.

is satisfied" n. pr.

divide

Ph^

l.^T

m.

caus. spliB ht purge.

/
/'

^^

n. pr.

belong, large,
/fi n.

broad; of the heart "be

m. ; pr1.

fnd

glad".
loosen; go fur-

fb

_j\ ther, or sim.

pull out.

fd

sents, or sim.

1^^

m
307.

Negation

375.

GLOSSARY.

183 behold.

mi

mi

mt-tw

\P^\ one

new.

mSw

.^1
self,

51*

renew

ml-tt

like (something);

is

^e

(I^

( 135.

^^|^(137)thatwhich

recur.

^'^

like

^ 137).

mttt "likewise".

gem.)

see.

mBC

mc-w

^^

in

offer

up something.

rdcmSC cc. obj.

daily (food).

III

mnt.

etc. of.
AAAAAA

true.

312.

m^Ct

for

;wwvv ( 111) water.

P|48(abbr.^^)
truth, justice.

m^C-t

(abbr.)

'1

goddess of

mother,

Yl truth.

miChrw

trnvt

voice"

i.

(abbr.

"true of

e.

declared

die.

m m

315.

>'*m^
i'^^*^

mn

(i^^^

abbr.)

just, appellation of the

remain.

dead.
'f\

mi/t

v
ml

^l^inhhr.

bum, or

mn

sim.

0)314

^^%6

mn-t

suffer

(cc.

with something.)

obj,:
'
'

AAA/v\A

/~^

diseased

^tt^ place.

Dd*

GLOSSARY.

52*
'

mni
{mini)

''

'

62)

(cc.

qi

AAAAAA

mr-tO)
'

marry, or sim.

haps to an other word

anyone).

mni
(mini)

Thou (belongs per-

of mas. gen.).

a^^

land

to

mr

/wvAAA

(euphemistic for die)

mnl4
(mlnfi)

^^^l\^^
^11

/w^A^^

kind

abbr.^ (Ulae

of

ntn-w

i^^^

104 A)

plur.

ly

^r^^^^lher*!'

mnh

excellent,

or

make

ex-

to

mr^

ntr

"beloved of god", priest-

(mlnWi)DOD monuments.
mnmn-t

desire;

love,

musical instrument.

inf.)

mrc

title.

''^^(If

Egypt.

mrw'itnsi

caus.

sim.;

mntw

mr

cellent.

<CZ>

1.1

n. pr.

1^

god

jju

c^

-21

AA/\AAA

CU.

m.

01

war.

mry-t

K^ii^)

"^^[JH^dyke.

mrh-t

overseer.
grease, oil.

mr
mr
mr

canal.
Vft

sill

people,

or

mh

sim.
"'^^^^

fill,

be

sick,

mh-tt

be sad.
--^

mr
^^fe^

mourning,

be

x=>^

OW

northern, north
( 137).

ms

suffering.

(Illae

mr

full.

inf.)

birth to.

bear, give

53*

GLOSSABY.

mtn

ms-io

AAAAAA

(T"^

way, road.
J

o
ms-yt

ipijlj

ren.

1^

mtn
kind

of

sheikh of the Bedouins,

)|

food which was eaten

or sim.

on stated (?) evenings.

mtr

^^ ~^ J\

*"*^

give

testi-

obj.

about

bring

mony

on or near; play (an

(cc,

anyone).

instrument).

m tB
msdm-t

eye

to

challenge?? to insult??

II

cosmetic.

Ulllaegem.)

msdd

il

mk
mt

to hate.

( 13

B) pro-

md-t

speech,

{mdw-tl)l}

organ (of body.)

mdni-t

/wwv\

n'i

AAAAAA

of the gen. 125.

-^

(Xdi;^) 364

306.

nCC

^^
'^

ff.

nCffwl

'(?)
III

affair.

^^^^
(]

of.

n.

abbr. powder, or
r^

ny-t
Ij

Ill

kernel, grain,

or Sim.

134 urban.

AAAAAA

nB

1K

94.

1.

nd.

'-'

city.

j^

Sim.

AAAAAA

H
n-fi

c^

matter,

n-tCi)

speak.

tect.

mdw

lord, master.

64*
nh-kBwT}^
BC

nb

GLOSSARY.

^
O
^

^
^
^^^^^^

name

III

of an

unknown

^^^

everj', all.

f^^^^^^iii

nb-p

FS^
t

w7m

-Dtakeaway,

-S'^

V j eternity.

gold.

[J (J

nh-tvt

goldsmith.

(/vwvvN n

"^^^
(t abbr. 199).

nhb-t

AAAAAA

cry out,
(

^^\

com-

Hi' plaint ?

good, beautiful, be good.

nmi

or sim.

king.

nhh

nb

nfr

(1

to

low.

titulary.
alary.

)
I

nht

(^>=/l abbr.)

AAAAAA

be strong,

_
[=^^
Oil

.-

sC)

(cf.
I

name

of

nht

^-^fc/^M5ihero.

nht

W=^

the Bedouins.

i:2i

***^^

stifif.

^orphan.

I ^v I f^

abbr.

might,

victory.

AAA/\AA

nht

"^^^^ n, pr. m.

nn
AAA/WA'

AAA/WA

nr
<c=:>

AAAAAA
(iJ

nsr-t

AAA/v^A

symbol of the

royal rank).

fortune,

or sim.

of the royal ser-

pent, the

lack, mis-

nh-t

[^ flame (as

name

ra

( 139) possess.

sim.

"^^111 something.

nh-w

'^

strength,

manhood, or

nh

ns

/OS

^^

ngS-w
n.

a U sycomore.
nti
nt-t

^
^^
1.

401

flf,

382. 401. 404.

55*

nt-pr-hd

103)

nd

ICpH

triturate

that which belongs to

the treasury

costly

e.

i.

fine (on

furnishing, or sim.

ntf

nts

c^

84.

aaaaaap^ sprinkle?

ntr

"#-

sweet.

ndm

be well.
AAAAA^ AAAAAA

84.

^t|lj^

phasis
ri'(?)

ri"

( 348. 349).

n Ktnt

language??

wBt

rC-ms-

em-

of

sw

jlP^n.pr.m. Bamses.
exterior,

or sim.

rwt'i

writ part

of the palace.

rS n

<=>'^(|j^

(irreg.)

sun, sungod.

proper

be small.

rw-t

affairs??

In

sire

r\

nds

mouth, opening.

In

rC

counsel, or

littleness,

particle

to

AAAAAA

308.

<:Z>

ndnd

1(10 god.

<=>

the palette).

ndm

AAAAA^

ntk

)\nd snCC rub

names

(most

rwd

grow; caus

made

with rC are to be found

under the second word

srivd

in the name).

grow, restore.

and

srd:

make

66*

rpC.n

GLOSSARY.

(^

abbr.)
\

^p-t ['^

([o,

[g)

[,

year.

hereditary

prince,

sim.

of the no-

(title

or

rh

know, be learned.

bility).

0\\%

r-pw

cans,

de-

^li nounce.
121.
^^^~>

rh

scholar, wise

>r man.

unknown

r-pn-t
I

AA/^A^^S

local

name.

south,

cf. tp-rs.

o
4>

r-pr
I

Sill

Oj

southern grain,
^

i. e.

barley.

temple.

v\

rs-wt

lov.

(niaeinf.)
weep.
(

'^^^jD

rmt

,o

f/c

64.

epoch.

97)

people.

-<i

rit
/SAAft/\AC_l!

time of anything,

<? legs, feet.

\a/VAAAA
XA/VAAAAy

cf. di.

aJ

\l^

h ra
h^

HJ

^\ j\

descend, (also

of going on board ship)

enter.

h^'W

rU^X

'vN""^^^

pi.

time

hb

rn

hp

^^ law,

or place of a thing.

hnw

^b

rU^^.

La
J

hrw

to

plow?

^ O V\ earthen vessel.

AAAAAA

send, send

as messenger.

'

1-5^

band.

/T

^^

(Oabbr.)day.

57*

h
h-t

large house, castle.

hb

Jffi

lit

Ai

feast cf.Ar-A6.

ntr temple.
particle

1i/^'fex^d()

(?)

of wishing: "if only", or

^5s

mourn for?

/]

-idJ

iJP N

'

*o clothe.

aim.

increase, addition.

hC

^_
"

AC

(?)

h^k

I
I

take
a

as

o^

hCfi

fl

body.

Am

and hr hCt

hm-t

^t\ N,

woman,

315.

salt.
!

of the nobility).

=^ !^

obstruct,

hn
heart.

'-n\^'i
strike.

pauper.

/\ AAAAAA

or

sim.

AAAAAA Nile.

o\\

hivr-w

wife.

hm^-t

n AAAAAA

hCti

rudder.

hCt

abbr. prince, (as title

serpent.

nut

beginning;

hCp

garment.
embrace.

(as superscription).

hC-t

booty.

^J) cc.m: begin here

majesty or sim.

(cir-

cumlocution for king),

(m

hn

slave, servant.
AAAAAA

hnC

hnw

314. 120. 279.

\^ O^'^'^^^

things,

58*

GLOSSARY.

Ci

hnn-stn

AA/\AAA

A/W\AA

yC.

'^

^J

J.

n.l.

[hr-w^wt]

iv^-wt.

cf.

J-1

hns

inf.)

to pi-aise.

narrow.

hnk

ae

(III

hs

(Heracleopolis).
!0

to

hst

offer,
I

AAAAW C

present.

^iii

Qj\

approba-

tion, sign of favor.

ir

hstf "do according to

AAWV\

^1

his wish".

bed?

^^

hntSsw

or sim.

AAAAA^ L^
"=5=1^^

hr

praise,

hsst

lizard.

praised.
309.

approach, or

hr-t

existent
g

i^

hs

above
upper

kr-w

sim.

_/j

O)

hsb
,

abbr.

reckoning,

tp-hsb.

cf.

part.

hr-dSd^'^^
hri-dBdS "^

315

hsmn

^ chief

AAAAAA

overlord.

abbr.

vii/

vilo
Q
Vvy/

III

natron.

)
superior

name

m-t

of a

goddess.
316.

hr-yt

hk-t

^
n-i

Horus,

hr

terror,
I

^11!

title

abbr.

of tbe

a>
beer.

king.

hkS
hr-nb
title

of the king.

M)

ruler, prince.

OLOSSABT.

hJcn^

Mp-t
htp

A AAAAAA

o"^ ^praise.
be

D,

htm

yW

/T

59*

cans, destroy, or sim.

satisfied,

hdbl

feiJVi

oflfering.

(cc.

hr)

arrive at??

'(
I

abbr.

ntr

Vo

offering;

offering

(for

hd

Y TTj) become light.

hd

htp
the

lessen, or sim.

gods).

m and

h-t

hw8

,p^
pi^v

cf. iht.

hpr

h^w

(^

hSm T %

abbr.) become,

hpr dsf begetting

be;

himself;

let (the

arms)

An

build.

thousand.

(for

caus.

shpr

create.

droop, or sim
wi-

h^r-t

hCte

S
e

hprt

(^
Or?

that

^^
1

which

happens.

dow.

(S
I

7. 313.

abbr.) shine.
I

pi.

bright-

ness; coronation;

weap-

111

hfn

hm

ons.

Au;-(?)C^'^

the bad.

hm

c^

^^

( 7)

enemy,

not to know.

Ignorant one.

60*

GLOSSARY.

'M

km

be hot.

limC

hnt-i

flee?

J\

attack?

,a

fl

hntt tmntiw

C^=^

think, intend or

harem.

journeyup-stream, jour-

ney toward the south.

sim. ( 52. 141).

vK ^A

nn

apparent-

d^ ^ ^

hnd

with words of speaking;

hn n mdivt

for

that belonging to something, msio

(cc.

m) meet,

n hrt

hit

upon, or sim.

hr

hr

hr

_Zl

interior of a house ; court

of the king.

hn-Cl

interior
-

of

J^
^^

to fall.

325.

310.

Qt

the arms,

Q^ j|

i.

e.

embrace?

hr-'i

AAAAAA VJ

/I\

having some-

..

thing.

<:zr>

god Chnum.
hr-t-hrio

hnms
_Cr^

/i\

<=>

that which

ra
<=:
is

daily ;

o
(lit.

that which has the day).

friend, or sim.

hnt

thf favorite ser-

vant, one trusted,

DV^ CnH interior,

AAAAA^

311.

hr-t
figure, statue.

hn-w AT>

hr

simple

mdwt.

hn

Step

(on anything).

ly a pleonastic addition

^W

Imnti.

hnty-t

c>,

hnmw

cf.

bend,

bow, or sim.

hnt'i

existent in front,

hnt

hms

hmt

[\

hrw

61*
hrp

be
lb

first;

hrp

possessed of a good

understanding and
position, or sim.

^^

dis-

pulse;

offer,

(cc.

(cc.

obg.)

to re-

n)

punish

anyone, or sim.

sacrifice.

hr-hb

(for

ksm

holy

of

holies in the temple,

kind of priest.

ht

tree,

wood.

hrd
hf

aP^

hh

Ill
if
I

abbr.^ children.

315

neck.

^^ (niae

hs

down

inf.)

Ir'i

kind of

s-t-Hr
fl

^v

Ws-tr.

sB % 315

AXn.pr.

ra^y^

m.

son of the sycomore.

*^^^*

son.

sB-nht

priest.

l|^^^=f_^1 name

in.

cf.

si
Imiiw st-C

[j-<S5-

'5 back;

m st

correct,

s-t-C

s-t-wrt

stream, journey

fl

[st-ir]

seat, place

journey

toward north.

and

afterward, future.
to

be wretched.

8-t

hd

of
J

the

throne.

sB-t

daughter.

*^^

goose

(cf.

Bpd).

62*

si

m)

(cc.

s6i

defend one's self against.

8^i

sbS-w
cf. sti.

^ ^\

r train

as. (trans.)

to teach; cc.

^^'^^

teach-

ing. (substantive?)

'^

teach-

i==3

mg.

sbB-yt

designation of anything

shB

bad.

door.

to

land, arrive at.

y\ cry out.

S^k

draw
sbh
together, or sim.

StJ?

( 62)

recognize.

su

2, sign

that the

II

sip-n

inspection,

ll(J"\\i
]iz^

is

to

be repeated in reading;
sp

80.

word

preceding

or aim.

pw

for

the intro-

duction of a courteous

swnl

n.

proposal ("here

1.

opportunity to

swrt

is
.

an

.").

to drink.

spr
s6

1^

-TT-

lead.

rive at.

^ (cc. n) request

spr
I

J^

ill

anyone.

lice ? ?

8f

yesterday.

GLOSSARY.

sfisf^?)^

^'^^^

^^^^-^

sm-t

c^

be mild, or

sn

^11 sim.

<)

desert,

foreign

swi-fi

lit.

"uniting of

unknown

land";

snwh

^^

e.

i.

and

lord

lower

to slaught^.

smi

smwn

cream, or sim.

-*^\

r\

to

sim.

snbt

snbw
snf

sntr

(like,

(1

AAAAAA

|1

m.

n. pr.

.sy

^n.pr.m.
rt^^^^

AAAAAA

blood.

fill

bably an expression of

/\

Cnh.

cf.

AAAAAA
Pi

sntr
AAAAAA <

>|

in-

cense.

"Per-

mit me") or of doubt

(like,

1^

healthy,

pro.

-i^^^oj^

deprecation

ther;

P'

warm, cook, or

local

Egypt.
sniB

p7'|(|la6br.)b,

uniter,

upper

of

(I

AAAAAA

designation.

smB-id'i

bro-

1^

ion.
companion

land.

63*

snd

^^q7\

to fear.

"perhaps").

snd

smr
)

a rank

?
at court
I

AAAA/V\

cans, ssn

prince,

breathe.

abbr,

or sim. (desig-

nation of an officer of

n
AAAAAA

sn-nw

10

to trespass.

rank).

_/Ji

the
( 145).

second

shw

HWi

unite.

64*

aLOSBABT.

sh-Vi

peasant.

W
\

8t-lW

(cc. obj.)

Bedouins.

remember anything.

tO

swelling.

memory.
St^

shm

y W=/l mighty,

or sim.

y^mA iA
J

bring

overlay

shr

with.

v^

A
cf.

stwh

open.

to treat

(medically) or sim.

nd.

stp

{!>

abbr.)

select.

scribe.

stn
I

lead.

abbr.

8sm-w

AAAAAAVJ.
)

AAAAAA

Ci

king of upper

Egypt, king.
leader.

8tny-t

n^

is-t

mu-

luOo

kingdom.

~*^ f^ijp
sd

sical

instrument of the

women

(sistrumi).

c-"=^^

sdm

^^^.

clothe,

or sim.

hear.

skm

sdm

apply

cos-

ing grey (noun).

metic
St

1^

sdr
St

to.

82.

"*^ ^

shoot.

,abbr. be at night;

to sleep.

65*
s

c^^p"^ swine.

Sms.o

^\a'^{^\')
servant.

KV

food,

ms-Er

or sim.

=^

Mil'

^W=^

sC

follower

dig, or

of Horus,

sim.

of mythic time.

sand.

X r^.

Ill

m)

(cc.

-^^^

ho

i.

free

people

e.

(nae gem.)

revolve about, or sim.

from.

Sn-w

p^d,..

sw

^
A/SA/SAA

abbr.

cnn"^^^^M^i

Snw-tS

that which
I

In nil
name of

S
X gn^nv

i^v-i

hair.

hair"

M\

"groundfruit

ss

con.

splendid, or sim. as

designation

of

courtiers.

food

furnished by the king.

\\

IC\,
I

rank)?

hum-

ble one (not of highest

is

^\\

r-vr

nC

I'-^-O

of

Sfto-t

designation

locality

like,

the

"margin" or sim.
itch, or sim.

(IHae

go
anyone, go away.

Smw

\\

(one

the three seasons).

Erman,

Ss^

fine linen.
I

be small.

of

Egrypt. gianim.

*^^^-) *P^o-

-^^

sr

summer

i^

to

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

inf.)

go,

e^y^'Tf'

Sndyt

^^

Sm

GLOSSARY.

66*

I^\M:'- tl

of a god, or sim.

cleverness, or sini.

r^^-

receive; ssp

\\

n. pv.

D
Jcsiv

A
A

Ofl

.11

abbr.
315.

kn

create.

be strong.

AAAAAA

%,
boat, or sim.

bad, or sim.

kd
\\

circle; personality.

J^ AAAAAft
AA^/V\A

kbb

C^^
(lit.

k-y

f.

crouch, or sim.

kl

figure

form,

rrri

Cans, skd to

sail.

sP^^n.

(nnR

perhaps "bath"?

im.,

kdm

cooling, or sim).

/c^

f.,

^q.

1.

east?)

kind

j^

of

ai
human

^^^1 pi. another,

fei

"Ht?T> steer.

k^ij-t

others.

kt-iht
I

(CO. obj.)

'

Vtx

km
think (of something).

spirit

jiL

dun<:.

or sim.

black
cf.

skm.

67*

GLOSSARY.

km-t

ks-to

o
g
g^-U

(3

designation

S
g*'

be

of something injurious,

Kaus. sgr to

perhaps, need, lack,

nb-sgr

cf.

mo

Q -'^K,.

Z5

logB,

%^

(1

incli-

nation of the body.

Egypt.

^^z::^U^rh

name

silent,

silence.

of Osiris.

321.

name

of

s X^

a plant.

furnish

pr

grg

establish

household.
abbr.

find,

come upon.

ffrg

ill

side,

ffs

catch sight

gmv

"-^

AAAAAA

of a bird

anoint.

s:

V H

uy

tp

^
80.

tiv
)

r gs

half,

315.

of.

"

bread.
earth, land.

(ttch)

cf.

stwh.

twt

DmxADx s)
boundary.

tp

statue.

upon

.314;

316.

Be*

68*

tp

tp rs southern protp hsb

or sim.

vince,

tn

computation,

correct

86.

tn

AA^AA^

80

correctness.
tp-'i

^
D

r^^^

tniv

/^\

the-first, first

\\ \ll/ month.

n.

1.

c^

tp'iw-

tnt
Ctv'i

AA/SAAA

ancestors.

i^

A
1

old age. or

Jl sim.

CI
tr

tp-t

head.

q9

time.

tp-tt

(
of

tm

kind
^?^)ki
I

th

oil.

<^^ to

/~\

close up,

"^^"-^^v"^^^ or

tkn

trespass.

AAAAAA

m)

(cc.

7^

sim.

aji-

proach

tm

^11

376,

"

^\

tm

Negation

tti

[1

377.

rcll

n. pr.

m.

t
^

J dress hair,

^^^"^^^
.

or sim.
highest

official,

up.

vertebra of the
spinal column.

\\

fg^^

i=>=3-f\

(vizier, or sim.).

raise, lift

ZI

ts

take.

tsw

proverbs.
/

-?

officer,

r or sim.

man, male

difV

child.

1T^
constrain, compel, or sim.

i:^ hound.

tsm

d^b

JO
figs.

GLOSSARY.

dl

D,

(a

(also

fl)

dldi

rdi,

160):

deliver over ; give

69*

dbB-i

give;

payment,

back

income,

or

aim.

express; set down, lay

let?,"

down; cause that; permit

that,

rdtt

stop up.

in

order that.

dpt

didt

dpt

Do

^"^^

w^

D
didlw

n. pr.

dtvS

i<

dwS-t

i<

m.

make mention,

dm I

c-'=^

1/

(J

^^

of

dml

\\

touch,

sim.

city.

dr

spread
out.

A/^\AAA

(cc.

do

to name.

fl

meet with, or
part

the palace.
^

of

praise;

Chnwfi dwJt

dion

l^iiid

ship.

dm

O morning.
r\A

\A taste.

^/

hr)

expell

from,

vanquish, or sim.

horn.
'

dkr

^=^>

dgS

A d?=

fruit.

dbS
restore, pay.

dt

o^

''^"^
(l-t

eternity.

a^wj

v.

coll.

see.

dBls-io

wise man, or sim.

peasantj

ry,

orsim.

X
sail across.

^^._^

o
a

fruit.

name of
III

70*

ds-

kind of

dhS

cf. rfZ/i.

wind.

85.

vessel.

dsr

d\o

,/K
J yy

^^

self.

(Wabbr.)

^|]

or

magnificent,

sim.

Caus. sdsr beautify, or

sim. t^-dsr

dfB

name

of the

necropolis.
food.
'"'-=*.

speak, say.

Caus.

(Id

drw

r-=^ \ to talk.

boundary, end, or sim.

ddw
(I

(^ r drf

dr
its

dr
dlmti-

ms

end)

i.

e. all,

314

ddb

hSh.

cf.

n.

(Busiris).

1.

whole.

m.
^(^_^
""^
Thutmosis.
1

^ n.

as far as

pr.

^^

1_

_Q

parallel

as

occurring
"as-

to

semble".

UNKNOff'N PHONETIC VALUE.

name

clothing,

of a musical-

or sim.

instrument.

the

day

(only

in
village, or

sim

dates).

UNKNOWN READING.
kind of

n^.

cry.

PRINTED BY W. DKUGOLIN, LEIPZIG.

.kind of under
L

official.

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Erman, Adolf
Egyptian grammar with
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t. Breasted

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