GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE

ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL INDUSTRY

Airservices International Sustainable

Aviation Forum
24 February 2015
Dr. Susan M Pond AM

Global Commercial Aviation Industry

Visualization of global flights

http://callumprentice.github.io/

~ 100,000 flights per day; CAGR 3-5%

Jet Fuel MSDS

Synonyms

Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Turbine Fuel,

Kerosene, Jet A-1 Fuel, Jet A Fuel

Molecular Formula

Unknown or variable composition, complex reaction

products and biological materials (UVCB)

Components

Cas No

Weight %

Kerosene ( C9-16)

8808-20-6

100

Naphthalene

91-20-3

0-3

Energy dense mixture of hydrocarbons (43-48 MJ/kg)

Saturated straight & branched chains + aromatics
Meets ASTM Intl. D1655 specifications
10% global oil consumption
1.5 B barrels pa burn by commercial aviation
2% anthropogenic CO2e; ~ 700 Mt
Significant air quality impacts of major airports

IATA Targets to Mitigate Emissions

Average increase in fuel efficiency, 1.5 % pa

Cap on net aviation CO2e from 2020 (C neutral growth)
Reduction in net aviation CO2e by 2050, relative to 2005
Solutions based on 4 pillars
Improved technologies, including Jet A containing
synthesized hydrocarbons (ASTM D7566)
More efficient aircraft operations
Improved infrastructure & systems, e.g. air traffic control
Market-based measures to fill any CO2e gap

www.iata.org/policy/environment/Pages/climate-change.aspx

Critical Success Factors for ASTM

D7566 Certified Jet Fuel Industry
Compatible with aircraft, engines, infrastructure (drop-in)
Fuel meets D7566 specifications conventional + synthetic
blended components
Sustainable globally harmonized criteria preferable
Economic viability - eventual minimal or no cost differential
Policy stability & alignment across all transport modes
Innovation ecosystem support for scale-up/deployment
Cooperation & communication across entire spectrum of
customers, corporations and government
Public private partnerships e.g. CAAFI, aireg, ITAKA
Global and country targets

ASTM D7566 Approved Jet Fuels

Conventional
Refinery Processes

Conventional
Fuel

FT
September
2009

Crude Oil

Hydroprocessing
FT
50%

Syn-Crude

HEFA
July 2011

DSHC
June 2014

HEFA
50%

BioCrude

Jet Fuel
Blending
Component

Slide courtesy of Mark Rumizen, US Federal Aviation Administration

SIP
10%

..
Co-Products
We draw added
Createcustomers
Economicfo
Viability
Product mix set by feedstock & process chemistry
High value chemicals
Lubricants; de-icing fluid
Diesel for trucks/buses etc.

ASTM D7566 Fuel Passenger Flights

More than 1600 flights/20 airlines thus far
Some regular city pair flights; Lufthansa 1,200 flights
Hamburg & Frankfurt
Mostly HEFA from used cooking oil, oil seeds, algae
Used cooking oil, 13 April 2012
Qantas Shell Aviation Biofuel
Feasibility Study, June 2013

Lufthansa Frankfurt to Berlin

with 10% DSHC (Amyris Total)
Biodiesel Ground Transport, May 2012
Sep 2014
Actively progressing opportunities for Australia

Country Targets Driving Innovation

Brazil IATA Targets
EU Flight Path 2050 Objectives - 70% reduction
CO2e/passenger km
Germany 10% alternative jet fuel by 2025
Israel replace share of oil in transportation
sector by 60% by 2025
UK Sustainable Fuels UK Roadmap AJF
produced in UK reduce CO2e up to 24% by 2050
US FAA & CAAFI - 5% alternative jet fuel (1B
gallons) per annum by 2018

Global Green Diesel & HEFA Production

UPM
38 M Gallons
Finland

Neste Oil
114 M Gallons
Finland

Neste Oil
240 M Gallons
Netherlands

Eni
100 M Gallons
Italy
Sinopec
6 M Gallons
China

AltAir
30 M Gallons
CA (Est. 2015)

Diamond
Green Diesel
137 M Gallons
LA

Petrixo
310 M Gallons
Fujairah, U.A.E.
(Est. TBD)
REG
75 M Gallons
LA

SG Preston
120 M Gallons
OH
(Est. 2017)

Neste Oil
240 M Gallons
Singapore

Jet blends from green diesel could supply 1% of global jet demand
Slide courtesy of Michael Lakeman, Boeing

 Collaboration announced 2010

Binding commitments, 2012
Feedstock, ~ 565,000 MT London
rubbish co-benefit for city
39 M gallons (0.15 GL) FT jet &
diesel + naphtha
Thames estuary site, Pre-FEED
complete
Project construction start 2016

GREENSKY&LONDON&
Sustainable&Jet&&&Diesel&Fuels&
from&Waste&Biomass&

Washington&DC&ABLC&|&&17&April&2013&
Slide&1&

Pending ASTM D7566 Approvals

Acronym

Synthetic Process

ASTM D7566
Approved

ATJ

Alcohol to jet

CH

Catalytic Hydrothermolysis

DSHC

Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbons (C10)

FT

Fischer-Tropsch

FT-SKA

FT Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics

FT-SPK

FT Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

HDCJ

Hydroprocessed Depolymerized Cellulosic Jet

HEFA

Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids

SAK

Synthetic Aromatic Kerosene

SK

Synthetic Kerosene

SKA

Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics

SPK

Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

(Sep 2015)
(2016)

(2016)

New, Different & Hot in Deployment

of Aviation Biofuels in 2014
Boeing & SAA, Project Solaris, energy rich
tobacco plants
SAS, Lufthansa, KLM & Statoil agreement for
regular supply at Oslo Airport
First flights for SAS and Norwegian Air with
aviation biofuel from used cooking oil
Southwest Airlines, Red Rock Biofuels agreement
on aviation biofuel - forest residues
UOP and Petrixo Oil & Gas to produce green jet
fuel and diesel in UAE
US Navys Air Systems Command F/A-18
supersonic flight on alcohol-to-jet
RAN announced plans to run 50 vessels on 50/50
biofuels by 2020 & participate in 2016 GGF
Jim Lane, Editor Biofuels Digest
www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/19

 From April 2015, Military diesel (F-76) and jet fuel (JP-5)
may contain synthesized hydrocarbons
Synthetic hydrocarbons in bulk fuels now part of
supply contracts
By 2020, 50% energy will come from alternative
sources
Great Green Fleet in 2016

Low Carbon Transport on the Move

Save the Date
Sydney
14 May 2015

http://ussc.edu.au/research/alternativetransport-fuels-initiative