EE412/CS455

Principles of Digital Audio and

Video

Lecture 5

Video Scanner and Cameras

Single Sensor Imaging

Line Sensor Imaging

Array Sensor Imaging: Imaging Optics

Camera Sensors

Todays digital cameras/scanners either

have CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) or
CMOS cells /sensors

Both technologies competing for Market

CMOS Sensor

CMOS Architecture Basics

Ref: Dave LitWiller: CCD Vs. CMOS: Fact and Friction

CCD Architecture Basics

Ref: Dave LitWiller: CCD Vs. CMOS: Fact and Friction

Imaging & Readout

Arrangements in CCD sensors
Progressive scan types:

Frame Transfer Architecture

Interline Transfer Architecture
Frame Interline Transfer Architecture

Frame Transfer Architecture

Interline Transfer Architecture

Frame-Interline Transfer Architecture

Interlaced Scanning in CCDs (slide

for reference only)
Interlaced scan types based on FIT
architecture:

transfer only odd or even lines at field rate with

frame rate exposure time for each cell
operate and image at field rate and drop alternate
lines at signal processing level
operate and image at field rate and average two
consecutive lines to get fields

Necessary Readings
Reading Package
Page 495-497 (Luther: Section 10.2.3.1,10.2.3.2)
Page 498-505 (Luther: Chapter 10)
Page485-489 (Luther: Section
6.4,6.4.1,6.4.2,6.4.3,6.4.3.1-3)

Page492-493 (Luther: Section 6.4.7,6.4.8)

CCD vs. CMOS: Facts and Fiction (uploaded
article on LMS)

EE412/CS455
Principles of Digital Audio and
Video

Lecture 6

Color Video Capturing Principles

Digital Video Camera: Block

Diagram

Color Cameras

Dichroic Reflective Filter

Color Splitters (with Dichroic filters)

Digital Camera Processing

Image Processing (Color

Correction, White Balancing etc

Video Signal and System

Specification and Performance
Measurement (/ Test Patterns)

Aperture Response and Signal

Bandwidth

Signal bandwidth and the required

aperture response are dependent on the
resolution also

Aperture Response in Scanning

Display Characteristics

Display Size
Aspect ratio
Brightness/Contrast
Angle of View
Color
Resolution
Gamma
Linearity
Persistence
Interlace/Non-interlace

Aspect Ratio
Standard: 4:3
Others: 16:9, 2:1

Color Testing

Resolution

Resolution in terms of pixels (for digital displays)

(Effective) resolution is specified in TVL and
is Kell factor times the active lines
Kell factor range = 0.5-0.9, typical: 0.7
(CRT), 0.9 (CCD, CMOS, LCD, Plasma)

Line patterns and zone plate patterns are

used for testing the resolution

Resolution / Frequency
Response Testing

Resolution / Frequency
Response Testing

Video Frequency response

Multiburst chart; pulse-bar chart;
wedge test pattern

Zone Plate Pattern

Gray Scale/Gamma Testing

Gray Scale
Stairstep pattern

Display Linearity Testing

Grating pattern and ball chart

Universal Test Pattern

Video Artifacts (for reference only)

Pixel Defects
Compression Artifacts
Smearing and streaking (either because of
unwanted display retention or bad analog video
signal)
and more.

Compression Artifacts

H.261 - 47.7 Kbytes

sequence

MPEG 4 - 47.8 Kbytes

sequence

Compression Artifacts: Blocking

Image Size: 352 x 288

From: http://www.compression.ru/video/deblocking/index_en.html

Compression Artifacts: Corrupted

Blocks

Image Size: 250x250

http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/sab/report.html

Necessary Readings
Reading Package
Page 473-477(Luther: Section 6.1,6.2,6.2.1,6.2.1.1,6.2.1.2)
Page 481 (Luther: Section6.2.3,6.2.3.1,6.2.3.2,6.2.4)
Page119-120(Luther: Section 2.3.3)
Page122-123 (Luther: Section 2.3.5-2.3.6)
Page494-498 (Luther: Section
10.1,10.2,10.2.1,10.2.2,10.2.3,10.2.3.1,10.2.3.2,10.2.4-10.2.8)