Broadband Technology (BB)

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

5 BROADBAND ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES, TROUBLE

SHOOTING & SPEED MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURE
5.1

INTRODUCTION

5.2

OBJECTIVE

5.3

FTTH

5.4

EVDO

5.5

WIMAX

5.6

TROUBLESHOOTING ADSL BB COMMON PROBLEMS

5.7

SPEED MEASUREMENT

5.8

FACTORS EFFECTING SPEED

5.9

SUMMARY

5.10

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

5.11

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

5.1

INTRODUCTION

Modern time is the time of speed. Everyone wants a higher and higher speed of internet access.
Many times user is having doubts in mind about actual speed of his broadband connection. Hence,
ISPs are providing tools to measure the speed of broadband connection. There are two terms
commonly employed in this regard:
i)
Upload- From user to Internet
ii)
Download - From Internet to user
Both of the above can be measured.

5.2

OBJECTIVE

After reading this unit, you should be able to understand:

Understand various BB Access Technologies

Troubleshooting ADSL BB Common Problems
How to measure speed of a Broadband connection
How to measurement of speed of a Broadband connection takes place
Need of speed test
Ways of testing speed

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5.3

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

FTTH (FIBRE TO THE HOME)

Fibre to the Home (FTTH) is a unique technology deployed for the first time in India. The fibre
connectivity having unlimited bandwidth and state of the art technology provides fix access
platform to deliver the high speed broadband from 256 Kbps to 100 Mbps, IPTV having different
type of contents like HDTV and future coming 3D TV and range of voice telephony services. It
provides a comprehensive solution for the IP leased line, internet, Closed User Group (CUG),
MPLS-VPN, VoIP, video conferencing, video calls etc whatever the services available on the
internet platform, bandwidth on demand can be delivered by this connectivity to the without
changing the access fibre and home device. Customer will get a CPE called Home Optical
Network Termination (HONT) consist of 4X100 Mpbs Ethernet ports and 2 normal telephone
ports. Each 100 Mbps ports will provide broadband, IPTVs, IP Video call and leased line etc as
required by the customers. Customer will get power back unit having full load backup of four
hours and normal backup of three days. This power backup will be AC input and connecting to the
HONT on 12V DC.
Connectivity via FTTH:
Optical Fibre is extended from nearest Central Office (CO) location directly and installHONT and
battery backup is provided at the users identified locations. The services such as Voice,
Broadband, IPTV etc. can be enabled as per the users requested plans for the same.
FTTH Network Architecture:

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The services over FTTH:

Basic internet Access Service controlled and uncontrolled from 256Kbps to 1000Mbps.
TV over IP Service (MPEG2).
Video on Demand (VoD)(MPEG4) play like VCR
Audio on Demand Service
Bandwidth on Demand (User and or service configurable)
Remote Education
Point to Point and Point to Multi Point Video Conferencing, virtual classroom

Voice and Video Telephony over IP: Connection under control of centrally located soft
switches

Interactive Gaming
VPN on broadband
Dial up VPN Service
Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

5.4

EVOLUTION OF DATA ONLY (EVDO)

Wireless data Service can be provided using CDMA 2000 1X & EVDO technology. A user can
avail these services by using USB or PCMCIA type data card. The data card (EVDO/CDMA 1X)
allows to accesses the high speed internet without need of landline. You can use the services while
on move. The service is available PAN India.Data services are available in prepaid as well as
postpaid. Two types of data services that can be provided using on CDMA technology:

CDMA 1X data service with internet surfing peak speed up to 144 kbps.
EVDO data service with internet surfing peak speed up to 3.1 Mbps.

Silent feature of this services are following:

Strong network coverage.

Easy to setup
Roaming
Available on prepaid as well as postpaid.
Attractive prices & tariff plans
Strong network coverage
CDMA Network is available on Pan-India. EVDO services are available in all major city /town &
1x data services are all over the India.
Easy to setup
Data card are easily setup in laptop as well as desktop. All the data card are plug & play i.e data
card are automatically detected by laptop/desktop. Data card are supporting all OS like
Window-xp, Window-vista, window-7, linux etc.
Roaming
CDMA roaming service allows you to stay connected and use data card for internet surfing
from almost anywhere in India.

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Available on prepaid as well as postpaid

CDMA data services are available on prepaid as well as postpaid. Varieties of tariff plan are
available in prepaid and postpaid services. Customer can chose prepaid or postpaid services
and different tariff plan as per requirement.
Attractive prices & tariff plans
CDMA offers data services on very attractive tariff plan. CDMA offer Variety of unlimited &
bundled plan in prepaid as well as postpaid services.

5.5

WI-MAX

WiMAX acronym meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.It is an IP based

Wireless Broadband Access Technology utilizing IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard as the air interface.
Wi-MAX is a unique technology being deployed for the first time in India. This technology
provides fixed as well as fully mobile high speed broadband connectivity alongwith roaming
feature. It provides users a thrilling Internet browsing experience.
Wi-MAX technology provides fixed as well as fully mobile high speed broadband connectivity
along with roaming feature. It provides users, a thrilling Internet browsing experience. Three types
of Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) are available as Outdoor CPE, Indoor CPE and
USBdongle from which customers can choose as per their application requirements.

Indoor Equipment :- Best suited for Home/Office users and it can be used in moving
vehicle also.

Dongle Equipment :- Small Dongle can be connected directly to PC / Laptop via USB
port.

Outdoor Equipment :- Suitable for remote and rural areas which can be used upto 15
Kilometers distance (Line of sight) from BTS site.

Range of WiMAX (Wireless Broadband)

Range of WiMAX: 15 Kms for Rural area (LOS) and 4 Kms for Urban area.

Data transfer speed of WiMAX technology for end users

User can expect to have broadband access speeds ranging from 256 Kbps to 2 Mbps.

WiMAX (Wireless Broadband) services offer to the average consumer

WiMAX will provide broadband connectivity anywhere, anytime, for any device includes

1. High speed internet access.

2. Substantially increase data speeds for applications like Online Gaming, Streaming Video
and Video Conferencing.

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Difference between WiMAX and Wi-Fi

WiMAX is the Next Generation of Wireless Broadband instead of Wi-Fi. It can connect
you to the internet in faster speed and wider coverage compared to Wi-Fi that can only be
connected on Hotspots like Hotels, Restaurants, Airports and Recreation Center etc.

Benefits of WiMAX

Convenience: You can move around the CPE device and get the Internet access everywhere
in your home, and in the office. And you can subscribe only one connection for both office
and home use.

No Wire Required: No Wire, No Telephone connection required.

Quick setup & activation: WiMAX setup and activation are quick and fast. You dont have
to wait for telephone running.

Quality connection: Using WiMAX you can browsing at a very good speed.

Who can use WiMAX?

WiMAX is most suitable for home users, individual, small office and home office.
Customer who want to use internet at home and in the office but want to subscribe only one
connection can use this facility. Customer for those who have no phone line at the location
and / or live in the rented apartments can also use WiMAX Connection.

What is needed to get WiMAX connection?

You will need your desktop or laptop computer with Ethernet card and the wireless device
i.e. CPE (Customer Premise Equipment). CPE can be purchased from BSNL or can be
provided on monthly rent as you apply for WiMAX connection.

What is needed to apply for phone-line to have the WiMAX service?

No. WiMAX is wireless technology so there is no need to apply for a phone line.

What is the cost of CPE ?

The cost of CPE is Rs 1500/- uniformly for Indoor/Outdoor and USB CPEs.
Is WiMAX secure?

Yes. WiMAX technology incorporates much better and more flexible security support than
the Wi-Fi standard. All user traffic is encrypted before being routed through the Network.

Is WiMAX(Wireless Broadband) safe?

Yes. It is safe and there is no harmful effect on human body.

How can customer connect the computer to the WiMAX(Wireless Broadband) Service?

Customer have to connect your Computer to CPE using Ethernet cable.

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Can one run VoIP over WiMAX(Wireless Broadband)?

Yes, you can use VoIP in following manner
1. PC to PC (In India and Outside).
2.
PC to Phone (Outside India).
Why should you choose Wi-MAX?
Internet browsing at lightning speed

Data Download/Upload at very high speed upto 7Mbps

Superior Performance
Worlds latest wireless broadband technology
Very low cost and low starting tariff
Wide range of User friendly plans
Wi-MAX Services:
High speed broadband connectivity upto 7Mbps

Leased Lines
VPN Services
Web based Video Conferencing

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5.6

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

TROUBLESHOOTING BROADBAND CONNECTION

Broadband connection has become a gateway to the world of information, access to lot many
on-line services, bill payments, e-ticketing, banking transaction, gaming & entertainment etc,
importantly sitting at home, without need to move out or stand in a queue. If the connection is
down due to some reason, user is held up & need to move out & face problems. Hence, if
user is able to solve some of the problems himself, it is very helpful in restoration of the
broadband connection.
5.6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF BROADBAND CONNECTION ERROR
Looking to the code received during the connection phase, we will be able to guess the nature
of problem. If our broadband connection is working in Always-on/Multi- User/PPPoE mode,
we need to configure it in Bridge/Single-User mode, so as to get the error codes.
a) Problem

Error-678

Description

This is most common problems. It is due to poor connectivity. Problem

can be anywhere between B.RAS - Tier 2 - DSLAM - Modem - PC
of the customer.

Remedy

Switch off / Switch on Modem (Power Switch at the back of modem )

and wait for 2 minutes. Then retry.
If problem is not solved then Reset Modem [Back pin (in the hole) to
be pressed in switched ON condition]
[Note : Link PC/ WAN / LAN in Modem will go Off and then ON
and system may be stable. Then retry.
If problem is still not solved then
a) Check link / WAN lamp in Modem. If it is blinking, then it is
line problem.
b) Check Modem to splitter connectivity.
i) Jack in & Jack out the cable of / to the modem and to the splitter
ii) Jack in & Jack out the telephone connection of the splitter.
If lamp is still blinking - then it is due to poor line condition / fault. Then
Area Broadband Team is to be contacted for attending the fault.

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b) Problem

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

Error-691

Description User id and Password problem.

Remedy

c) Problem

The case is to be referred to Central Broadband Team. Central Broadband

Team will reset the password and intimate that password has been reset.
Error-769

Description LAN not enabled.

Remedy

The LAN Card has to be enabled by following the steps given

below.
i) Go to Desktop.
ii) Click "My Network Place".
iii) Select Properties.
iv) Click "Enable the local network".

d) Problem

Error- 797

Description Modem or LAN driver problem

Remedy

Reset the Modem (in on condition) by pressing button available in

the backside hole of the modem and wait for 2 minutes and then log on.
If the problem is not solved then call your vendor to check computer
LAN Card driver.

e) Problem Error-718
Description Peak Hour - This problem occurs if loading is high on the system and
number of customers exceed the call handling
capacity of B.RAS.
Slack Hour -This problem occurs if PPPoE is corrupted.
Remedy

i)Peak Hour - Please try after some time.

ii)Slack Hour - Please load PPPoE again.

f) Problem Error - 630-633

Description Computer LAN Card problem.
Remedy

LAN Card has to be changed.

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g) Problem

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

Broadband is not working

Description Cable Internet is working,

but broadband is not working. broadband
is working through LAN Card. Problem can be seen by observing
PC/LAN lamp in modem,
which might not be glowing or may be
blinking.
Remedy
h) Problem

LAN Card has to be changed.

Sites not opening using Broadband connection

Description From Broadband connection, sites are not opening. Probable reasons

Remedy
i) Problem
Remedy

Internet explorer is not

supporting the Pop (may be pirated OS).
Virus has corrupted the Internet explorer.
The user has to set it right by re-installing the O/S or Internet Browser (I.E.
etc).
DNS is not responding. BB DNS server may be having problem.
Ping-61.1.96.69 or 61.1.96.71 and check up whether DNS is responding

5.6.2 TROUBLESHOOTING BROADBAND MODEM

Failures

Instructions

Power light
is out.

Ensure power adapter is well connected;

Ensure the right power adapter is used.

ADSL LINK Ensure the ADSL line is well connected;

light is out.

Ensure the telephone line before entering the house is valid, try to test with a
telephone;
Check that there is no junction box before connecting Modem, which has such
components like capacitors or diodes that could hinder back high frequency
signals;
Ensure the Modem and telephones are connected in the right way.

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LAN LINK

Ensure you use the right cables from the Modem to your PC;

light is out.

Ensure the connection is secured;

Check if the NIC LED lights up;

Cant access
the Internet.

Ensure your Network Adapter works normally by examining whether the item of
Networking Adapters is labeled with ? or !. If it is, you may delete it and
then click Refresh to reinstall. Otherwise, you may try the NIC in another slot.
As a last resort, you have to replace the NIC.
Take the most common access mode as an example, in which a dial-up
application is installed on the users computer:
Ensure that any of the problems above is not the reason;Ensure that the dial-up
application is correctly installed and set on your PC;
Ensure that you have entered the right user name and password;
Ensure Use Proxy Server is set properly for IE, if the problem still remains
even after you have log into successfully;
Try more than one Web sites, in case of some Web servers being in failure.

5.6.3 STEPS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING

User is not able to Browse.

Check that ADSL line is properly connected, CPE is powered on and ADSL link
LED is glowing in stable condition.

Check that LAN cable is properly connected to PC and LAN link LED is glowing in
stable condition. If LAN LED is not stable then check that LAN cable is connected
properly or replace the cable and check. In case the LAN cable is connected to LAN
switch or HUB, you have to use a cross cable. If the LAN LED is still not glowing,
then veify that LAN card is properly installed with suitable driver or get the help of
your computer service person for doing so.

If all the physical installation is correct but still you are not able to browse. Then
check that-

The TCP/IP setting are configured as desired with correct gateway address
and DNS

server IP addresses. To verify open the DOS window and type ping

192.168.1.1 it should
give output Reply from 192.168.1.1: bytes=32
time<1ms TTL=64.
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Ensure that no proxy

setting is configured in Browser. In Internet explorer you can
verify as following

Open the Internet explorer and Click on Tools and select Internet Options.

Click on Connections tab and select LAN Settings. See

if any proxy setting are
configured. Uncheck the proxy settings box and click OK.

If still it is not working, then login to CPE configuration page ( http://192.168.1.1)

through Internet Explorer.

Observe the information displayed on Summary page. Note whether the ADSL
link speed for upstream/ downstream is displayed. ADSL state should be Show
Time. The SNR value should be 10 or more. The CRC value should be zero or a
low figure and it should not be increasing.

Scroll down the page and see the WAN Channel information. Against PVC0, it
should display IP address (59.92.xx.xx) and Gateway address, Encapsulation
should be PPPoE and Status should in GREEN colour. If this information is not
appearing, then check for correctness of PPPoE configuration in Home->Wan
Settings page. Check whether you have entered correct username and password and
Default Gateway is enabled.

5.7

SPEED MEASUREMENT
The speed of Broadband connection can be checked using different ways. The speed can

be checked using DSL tester, online tester available in different web sites and using DSL modems
also. The DSL line can be connected to DSL tester and the line test can be initiated which
ultimately gives the speed parameters. Besides this, there are different websites like
speedtester.bsnl.co.in or mp.bsnl.co.in etc. which provides link to the online speed tester. The link
can be clicked to start the speed test.
5.8

FACTORS EFFECTING SPEED

How fast data is sent towards DSL modem or Users PC? Obviously it depends on tariff
plan subscribed by the user. But this is not only the factor which decides the speed but there are
other factors too. Some of them are as follows :

The distance of users DSL modem from DSLAM. Lesser the distance more will be the
speed.
The quality/condition of DSL line w.r.t insulation, no. of joints and wire size.
Good insulation, less no. of joints, thicker wire will lead to good speed.
The hardware specification and software availability at users PC may also effect the
speed with which the user can use Broadband services. For example, CPU speed and
RAM capacity may have great impact on data throughput on the screen. More CPU
speed and large RAM size can make the Broadband services enjoyable.
The softwares available in PC also effects the speed like BitTorrent, Internet download
manager, malicious software like worms etc. This software may eat up large

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5.9

BB Access Technologies & Troubleshooting

bandwidth to download desired or undesired applications without users permission,

thereby impacting the speed badly.
Some of the utilities like windows update or antivirus update can also effect the speed
during their updation. This utilities can also impact the broadband bill of user as they
cross the maximum data usage in case of limited broadband plans.

SUMMARY

Some of the common problems can be solved by the user himself by a careful
observation. Error code provides clue to the problem. For this Broadband modem must be
configured in Bridge mode. Based on this, user can come to a conclusion & proceed for the
rectification of the problem, if needed, with the help of ISP.
5.10

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

i) How can we identify the problems in broadband connection?
ii) Which mode of Broadband allows us to identify problem by providing codes?
iii) What is the default IP address of BB Modem irrespective of its make?

5.11

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

Broadband Services: Business Models and Technologies for Community

Networks by Imrich Chlamtac, Ashwin Gumaste, Csaba Szabo
Broadband Access Technology, Interfaces, and Management by Alex gillespie
Broadband Last Mile: Access Technologies for Multimedia Communications by
Nikil Jayant
Broadband Telecommunications Handbook by Regis B J Bates
Advances in Broadband Communication and Networks by J. I. Agbinya, Oya
Sevimli

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