Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Place: E6
Time: Wed. 13:00-16:00
Textbooks:
1. Molisch, Wireless Communications, 2nd Ed., Wiley
2. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall
Assessment:
Spring 2015
Communications
Link Analysis
Spring 2015
dB in General
Spring 2015
Spring 2015
Power
Sensitivity level of GSM receiver: 6.3x10-14 W = -132 dBW or -102 dBm
Bluetooth transmitter: 10 mW = -20dBW or 10dBm
GSM mobile transmitter: 1 W = 0 dBW or 30 dBm
GSM base station transmitter: 40 W = 16 dBW or 46 dBm
Vacuum cleaner: 1600 W = 32 dBW or 62 dBm
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Spring 2015
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Noise Sources
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Noise Sources
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Communications Link
The link contains/covers the entire communications path
From the information source to the information sink
Contains modulator/demodulator, encoder/decoder, pulse/matched filter, analog front end (amplifiers,
filters, etc), channel, etc.
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10
Ultimately gives us the system requirements for a desirable performance of the link.
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11
The Channel
Channel is the propagating medium of electromagnetic path connecting the transmitter and the
receiver.
Physically a channel can be
For wired communications: Wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,
For wireless (RF) communications: empty space, waveguide, the atmosphere, earths surface, medium
containing buildings, trees, vehicles, etc
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Error-Performance Degradation
Main causes:
1. Noise: thermal noise, impulsive noise, galactic noise, etc.
2. Interference: Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), Multi-User Interference (MUI), Other comm. signals, Man-made
interference
(Consider noise only for the time being.)
Error performance depends on the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio per bit (SNR/bit),
, defined as
Bandwidth
Average signal
power
Bit energy
Noise PSD
Rate
Average noise
power
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SNR
13
6. Multiple-carrier
Intermodulation
2. Intersymbol Interference
(ISI)
4. AM/PM Conversion
(Amplitude
power)
8. Antenna Efficiency
21. Imperfect
Synchronization
variations)
9. Radome Loss and Noise
5. Limiter Loss or
Enhancement
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15
Isotropic Antenna
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Dipole Antenna
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Dipole Antenna
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dBi
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Antenna Parameters
Antenna
(at the transmitter) is a transducer that converts electronic signals into electromagnetic fields.
(at the receiver) converts electromagnetic fields into electronic signals.
W/m2
(4d2 = ?)
20
Antenna Parameters
Relation between the effective area (Ae) and the physical area (Ap) of an antenna
efficiency parameter of an antenna
in a direction
Power radiated
by an isotropic
radiator
(If there is no loss or impedance mismatch, the antenna gain is equal to the directive
Gain, which is the assumption here.)
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Antenna Parameters
Effective Radiated Power wrt. an isotropic radiator (EIRP) (Pt: transmitted power,
Gt: gain the transmit antenna)
For an isotropic
radiator
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Antenna Parameters
(G was given in slide 22.)
Antenna gain:
wavelength:
narrower beamwidth.
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Received power Pr for an isotropic receive antenna (gain of the transmit antenna is Gt)
for the Tx antenna
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directivity
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Geometric attenuation
not freq. dependent
Effective area
freq. dependent
It is sometimes useful to calculate Pr for d = 1 m and then scale d to find the actual Pr
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The maximum thermal noise power N that could be coupled observed at the front end of an
amplifier is
: Boltzmanns constant (1.38x10-23 W/K-Hz=-228.6 dBW/K-Hz)
T: ambient temperature (o K)
W: bandwidth (Hz)
No is dependent on the ambient noise (thermal noise) T. Similarly, the terminology effective noise temperature
can be use for noise with non-thermal origin (galactic, atmospheric, man-made noise, etc).
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Eb/No
SNR at the receiver input : C/N (Carrier-to-noise ratio)
SNR at the predetection point: Pr/N (or S/N) this SNR term is used to calculate Eb/No
, and
Bandwidth
Noise PSD
Rate
SNR
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Link Margin
Required SNR for a target BER is
, then
or
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Link Margin
Read Sections 5.4.3 and 5.4.4 from Sklar (discussion about link margin, satellite coverage, link
availability).
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Noise Figure
Noise figure, F, relates the SNR at the input of a network to the SNR at the output of the network:
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Noise Figure
G: amplifier gain.
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Noise Temperature
(What percentage of Ni is Nai? [0,) )
T0 = 290 oK: reference temperature, TR: effective noise temperature of the receiver (network).
(Ni @ TR)
(Ni @ T0)
For the output of an amplifier, we can write the output noise power as
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Line loss
An amplifier amplifies the input signal, but also amplifies the input noise and also introduces
additional noise.
A Lossy Line attenuates the input signal but does not introduce additional noise.
Power Loss:
Gain:
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Line Noise
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Line Noise
NLi: network noise relative to its input:
If the ambient temperature is Tg = T0 = 290 oK (above derivation assumes line temp. is at Tg)
Noise figure for a lossy line is
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Line Loss
Example:
T0 = 290oK
Tg = 1450oK
Si = 100 pW
W = 1 GHz
L=2
Calculate (SNR)in,
(SNR)out and
TL.
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Design goal: keep F1 as low as possible & keep G1 as high as possible (conflicting goals!).
First stage should be a low-noise-(pre)amplifier (LNA)!
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composite temperature
39
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From source
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From front-end
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From source
From front-end
Lower noise figure
than F2 only.
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(Study Example 5.7 and Sections 5.4.4 and 5.5.6.1 for satellite comm.s)
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Box: subtotals
Double box: link margin.
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