Concrete Technology

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
(FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF
7TH SEMESTER UNDER DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY)
SUBMITTED BY:
SHUBHAM HEDA
(C 09/12)
TEMSUTOSHI AO
(C 76/12)
VIDISHA JHA
(C 73/11)
NAYANJOYTI KALITA (C 78/13D)
Under the guidance of

Mr Rituparna Goswami
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JORHAT-785007, ASSAM
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JORHAT- 785007
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CANDIDATES DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in the project CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY is hereby submitted to the Department of Civil
Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat in authentic record of our
own work carried out for a period from August 2015 to December 2015 under
the supervision and guidance of Mr. Rituparna Goswami, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College. The
matter embodied in this project has not been submitted by us for the award of
any other degree.
SHUBHAM HEDA
(C 09/12)
TEMSUTOSHI AO
(C 76/12)
VIDISHA JHA
(C 73/11)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to
the best of my knowledge.
Mr. Rituparna Goswami

(Project Guide)
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CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINERS
This is to certify that the project report entitled CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY is hereby accorded our approval as a study carried out and
presented in a manner required for acceptance in partial fulfillment for the
award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL) degree for approval.
This approval however does not necessarily endorse or accept every
statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the
report. It only signifies the acceptance of the project report for a purpose for
which it is submitted.
(Dr. P.K. Khaund)
External Examiner
HOD, Civil Engineering Department

Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We take this stand to express our heartfelt gratitude to our Head of the
Department, Dr.P.K.Khaund sir for giving us this opportunity to take up this
interesting project. We feel privileged in extending our earnest obligation,
deep sense of gratitude appreciation and honor to Mr. Rituparna Goswami,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering
College, Jorhat whose benevolent guidance, apt suggestions, unstinted help
and constructive criticism have inspired us in successful completion of
making of this project.
We express our appreciation and thanks to all the faculty members and
staff of the Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, for
free exchange of ideas and discussions which proved helpful.
We wish to acknowledge the affection and moral support of our parents,
our brothers and sisters for being so understanding helpful during this period.
Finally, we are thankful and grateful to God, the Almighty for ushering
His blessings on all of us.
Date: 10.12.2015
Place: Jorhat
CONTENTS
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SHUBHAM HEDA
(C 09/12)
TEMSUTOSHI AO
(C 76/12)
VIDISHA JHA
(C 73/11)
Chapter
No
Page
Certificate of Declaration...1
Acknowledgement.2
Introduction3-5
Laboratory Tests6-8
Data Collected at site.9
Computation of Foundation Depth Requirement......10
Computation Of S.B.C11-13
Bibliography..13
Annexure (Auto Cadd Drawing)
1 INTRODUCTION
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The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability,
and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The
proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of
concrete in two states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is
not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability,
therefore, becomes of vital importance.
The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an
index of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of
cement, water and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. The
cost of concrete is made up of the cost of materials, plant and labour. The variations in the
cost of materials arise from the fact that the cement is several times costly than the
aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of
view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking in the structural concrete, and
to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking.
The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a
minimum mean strength called characteristic strength that is specified by the designer of
the structure. This depends on the quality control measures, but there is no doubt that the
quality control adds to the cost of concrete. The extent of quality control is often an
economic compromise, and depends on the size and type of job. The cost of labour
depends on the workability of mix, e.g., a concrete mix of inadequate workability may
result in a high cost of labour to obtain a degree of compaction with available equipment.
1.1 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are:
a) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate
durability for the particular site conditions
d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.
1.2 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
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Concretes properties make it the building material of choice for most purposes. The most
important features are:
Used in the majority of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams for its strength.
Gains strength over time.
Not weakened by moisture, mould or pests.
Concrete structures can withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes.
Roman buildings over 1,500 years old such as the Coliseum are living examples of the
strength and durability of concrete.
Versatility- Concrete is used in buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, sewerage systems

pavements, runways and even roads.
Low Maintenance-Concrete, being inert, compact and non-porous, does not attract mould
or lose its key properties over time.
Affordability-Compared to other comparable building materials e.g. steel, concrete is less
costly to produce and remains extremely affordable.
Fire-resistance-Being naturally fire-resistant concrete forms a highly effective barrier to
fire spread.
Thermal mass-Concrete walls and floors slow the passage of heat moving through,
reducing temperature swings. This reduces energy needs from heating or air-conditioning,
offering year-round energy savings over the life-time of the building.
Locally produced and used-The weight of the material limits concrete sales to within
300km of a plant site. Very little cement and concrete is traded and transported
internationally. This saves significantly on transport emissions of CO2 that would
otherwise occur.
Albedo Effect-The high "albedo" (reflective qualities) of concrete used in pavements and
building walls means more light is reflected and less heat is absorbed, resulting in cooler
temperatures. This reduces the "urban heat island" effect prevalent in cities today, and
hence reduces energy use for e.g. air-conditioning.
Low life-cycle CO2 emissions- In 80% of buildings carbon dioxide emissions are
generated not by the production of the materials used in its construction, but in the electric
utilities of the building over its life-cycle (e.g. lighting, heating, air-conditioning.
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1.3 INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE

1.Coarse Aggregate
2. Fine Aggregate
3.Cement
4.Water
1.3.1 AGGREGATE { IS 383 (1970) }
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydrauliccement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to
produce either concrete or mortar.
Coarse Aggregate
Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm sieve are called coarse
aggregate.
Fine Aggregate
Those particles passing almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm sieve, and predominantly
retained on the 75 m sieve are called fine aggregate.
1.3.2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

Aggregate are used in concrete to provide economy in the cost of concrete. Aggregate
act as filler only and these do not act with cement or water. But there are properties and
characteristics of concrete which influence the property of design mix.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Composition
Size & Shape
Surface Texture
Specific Gravity
Bulk Density
Voids
Porosity & Absorption
Bulking of Sand
Fineness Modulus of Aggregate
Surface Index of Aggregate
Deleterious Material
Crushing Value of Aggregate
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13.
14.
Impact Value of Aggregate

Abrasion Value of Aggregate
1.3.3 COARSE AGGREGATES
1. Composition
Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalis in cement and cause
excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never be used.
Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence of any such
constituents in aggregate or not.
2. Size and Shape
The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the quantity of cement
required in concrete mix and hence ultimately economy of concrete. For the preparation
of economical concrete mix on should use largest coarse aggregates feasible for the
structure. IS-456 suggests following recommendation to decide the maximum size of
coarse aggregate to be used in P.C.C & R.C.C mix.
Maximum size of aggregate should be less than
One-fourth of the minimum dimension of the concrete member.

One-fifth of the minimum dimension of the reinforced concrete member.
The minimum clear spacing between reinforced bars or 5 mm less than the
minimum cover between the reinforced bars and form, whichever is smaller for
heavily reinforced concrete members such as the ribs of the main bars.
It should be noted that the size & shape of aggregate particles influence the
properties of freshly mixed concrete more as compared to those of hardened
concrete. Coarse aggregates shall be supplied in the nominal sizes given in Table 2
of IS: 383-1970.
3. Surface Texture
The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles and cement paste
depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface porosity of the
aggregate particles.If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond strength develops.
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In porous surface aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste
in the pores.
4. Specific Gravity
The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours at a temperature of
100 to 1100C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated dry surface
aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.
Specific gravities are primarily of two types.
Apparent specific gravity

Bulk specific gravity
Specific gravity is a mean to decide the suitability of the aggregate. Low specific gravity
generally indicates porous, weak and absorptive materials, whereas high specific gravity
indicates materials of good quality. Specific gravity of major aggregates falls within the
range of 2.6 to 2.9.
Specific gravity values are also used while designing concrete mix.
5. Deleterious materials
Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in such a quantity so as to affect the
strength and durability of the concrete. Such harmful materials are called deleterious
materials. Deleterious materials may cause one of the following effects
To interfere hydration of cement

To prevent development of proper bond
To reduce strength and durability
To modify setting times
Deleterious materials generally found in aggregates, may be grouped as under
Organic impurities
Clay , silt & dust
Salt contamination
Limits of Deleterious Materials-The maximum quantity of deleterious materials shall not

exceed the limits specified in Table 1 of IS: 383-1970 when tested in accordance with
IS: 2386-1963. However, the engineer-in-charge at his discretion may relax some of the
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limits as a result of-some further tests and evidence of satisfactory performance of the
aggregates.
6. Crushing Value
The aggregates crushing value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under gradually applied compressive load. The aggregate crushing strength
value is a useful factor to know the behavior of aggregates when subjected to
compressive loads. Aggregate crushing value, when determined in accordance with IS:
2386 (Part IV)-1963 shall not exceed 45 percent for aggregate used for concrete other
than for wearing surfaces, and 30 percent for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as
runways, roads, as per IS: 383-1970.
7. Impact Value
The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact. The impact value of an aggregate is sometime used as an
alternative to its crushing value. The aggregate impact value may be determined in
accordance with the method specified in (IS: 2386 Part IV)-1963. The aggregate impact
value shall not exceed 45 percent by weight for aggregates used for concrete other than
for wearing surfaces and 30 percent by weight for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as
runways, roads and pavements as per IS: 383-1970.
8. Abrasion Value of aggregates
The abrasion value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to wear when it
is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive charge. Unless otherwise agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier, the abrasion value of aggregates, when tested in
accordance with the method specified in IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963 using Los Angeles
machine, shall not exceed the following values: a) For aggregates to be used in 30
percent concrete for wearing surfaces,) For aggregates to be used in 50 percent other
concrete as per IS: 383-1970.
9. Flakiness and elongation Index
Flakiness and elongation shall be determined in accordance with IS 2386 (Part 1) on the
same sample. After carrying out the flakiness index test, the flaky material shall be
removed from sample and the remaining portion shall be used for carrying out
elongation index. Indices so worked out shall be added numerically to give combined
flakiness and elongation index. The combined flakiness and elongation index so
obtained shall not exceed 40 percent for uncrushed or crushed aggregate. However, the
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engineer-in-charge at his discretion, may relax the limit keeping in view the requirement,
and availability of aggregates and performance based on tests on
1.3.4 FINE AGGREGATES

1. Bulk density
It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. It
is generally expressed in kg/litre.
Bulk density of aggregates depends upon the following 3 factors.
Degree of compaction
Grading of aggregates
Shape of aggregate particles
2. Voids
The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids. The volume of
void equals the difference between the gross volume of the aggregate mass and the
volume occupied by the particles alone.
3. Porosity and Absorption
The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of the molten magma, due to air
bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks containing pores are called porous rocks. Water
absorption may be defined as the difference between the weight of very dry aggregates
and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface dry conditions. Depending upon
the amount of moisture content in aggregates, it can exist in any of the 4 conditions.
Very dry aggregate ( having no moisture)

Dry aggregate (contain some moisture in its pores)
Saturated surface dry aggregate (pores completely filled with moisture but no
moisture on surface)
Moist or wet aggregates (pores are filled with moisture and also having moisture
on surface)
4. Bulking of sand
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It can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the quantity of sand in a moist
condition over the volume of the same quantity of dry or completely saturated sand. The
ratio of the volume of moist sand due to the volume of sand when dry, is called bulking
factor. Fine sands bulk more than coarse sand. When water is added to dry and loose
sand, a thin film of water is formed around the sand particles. Interlocking of air in
between the sand particles and the film of water tends to push the particles apart due to
surface tension and increases the volume. But in case of fully saturated sand the water
films are broken and the volume becomes equal to that of dry sand.
5. Fineness modulus
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages
of aggregate retained on each of the standard sieves ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron
and dividing this sum by 100.Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how
coarse or fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate
is coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.
6. Specific Surface
The surface area per unit weight of the material is termed as specific surface. This is an
indirect measure of the aggregate grading. Specific surface increases with the reduction
in the size of aggregate particle. The specific surface area of the fine aggregate is very
much more than that of coarse aggregate.
7. Grading
The grading of fine aggregates, when determined as described in IS: 2386 (Part I)-1963
shall be within the limits given in Table 4 of IS 2386 and shall be described as fine
aggregates, Grading Zones I, II, III and IV: Where the grading falls outside the limits of
any particular grading zone of sieves other than 600-micron IS Sieve by a total amount
not exceeding 5 percent, it shall be regarded as falling within that grading zone. This
tolerance shall not be applied to percentage passing the 600-micron IS Sieve or to
percentage passing other sieve size on the coarse limit of Grading Zone I or the finer
limit of Grading Zone IV.
1.4.1 CEMENT
Cement is binder a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.
The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock
with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were
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added to the burnt lime, to obtain hydraulic binder were later referred to as cement.
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or nonhydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water.
Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater; rather, it sets as it
dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It can be attacked by some aggressive
chemicals after setting.
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral
hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from
chemical attack. This allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects
the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement
found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash (activated aluminium silicates) with lime
(calcium oxide).
The most important uses of cement are as a component in the production of mortar in
masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong
building material.
1.4.2 TYPES OF CEMENT

As per IS 456 the various types of cement used these days are1. 33 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 269
2. 43 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 8112
3. 53 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 12269
4. Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS 8041
5. Portland sag cement conforming to IS 455
6. Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part I)
7. Hydrophobic cement confirming to IS 8043
8. Low heat Portland cement confirming to IS 8043
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9. Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to IS 12330

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Also referred to as grey cement or OPC,
it is of much use in ordinary concrete construction. In the production of this type of
cement in India, Iron (Fe2O3), Magnesium (MgO), Silica (SiO2), Alumina (AL2O3),
and Sulphur trioxide (SO3) components are used.
2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement: The texture of this cement type is quite
similar to that of OPC. But, it is bit more fine than OPC and possesses immense
compressible strength, which makes casting work easy.
3. Portland Blast Furnace slag cement (PBFSC): The rate of hydration heat is
found lower in this cement type in comparison to PPC. It is most useful in massive
construction projects, for example - dams.
4. Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC)(IS 1489-1(1991)): As it prevents cracks,
it is useful in the casting work of huge volumes of concrete. The rate of hydration heat is
lower in this cement type. Fly ash, coal waste or burnt clay is used in the production of
this category of cement. It can be availed at low cost in comparison to OPC.
5. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement : This cement is beneficial in the areas
where concrete has an exposure to seacoast or sea water or soil or ground water. Under
any such instances, the concrete is vulnerable to sulphate attack in large amounts and can
cause damage to the structure. Hence, by using this cement one can reduce the impact of
damage to the structure. This cement has high demand in India.
6. Hydrophobic cement: Hydrophobic cement as the name indicates that these cements
are used in places where water is predominant. These type of cement contains some of
the admixtures like acidol, napthalene soap, petrolatum (oxidised) along with others.
These admixtures form a thin film layer over the cement grains. If water is added to
hydrophobic cement, the absorption films are torn of the surface and they do not in any
way, prevent the normal setting of cement. But, in initial stage the setting of
hydrophobic cement is slow because the admixtures surrounding as a thin film over the
cement grains prevents the interaction with water. But the strength after 28 days when
compared to that of ordinary cement is same.
7. Low heat Portland cement: Low-heat Portland Cement, is one of hydraulic binding
materials, also named Low Heat Cement, High Performance Low Heat Cement. Low
Heat Cement has excellent performances such as high final strength, sulfate corrosion
resistance, good lasting properties, good resistance to rupture, etc. Because of its
excellent performances for example lower hydration heat, high late strength, sulfate
resistance, anti-seepage and resistance to rupture etc., Low Heat Cement is widely
applied in building dam, bank of river, wall of sea, and other hydraulic engineering
concrete and marine concrete.
Some other types of cement used are:
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Oil Well Cement: Made of iron, coke, limestone and iron scrap, Oil Well
Cement is used in constructing or fixing oil wells. This is applied on both the off-shore
and on-shore of the wells.
Clinker Cement: Produced at the temperature of about 1400 to1450 degree
Celsius, clinker cement is needed in the construction work of complexes, houses and
bridges. The ingredients for this cement comprise iron, quartz, clay, limestone and
bauxite.
White cement: It is a kind of Ordinary Portland Cement. The ingredients of this cement
are inclusive of clinker, fuel oil and iron oxide. The content of iron oxide is maintained
below 0.4% to secure whiteness. White cement is largely used to increase the aesthetic
value of a construction. It is preferred for tiles and flooring works. This cement costs
more than grey cement.
1.4.3 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT USED IN CONCRETE

It is always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the properties of
a good cement must be investigated. Although desirable cement properties may vary
depending on the type of construction, generally a good cement possesses following
properties (which depend upon its chemical composition, thoroughness of burning and
fineness of grinding).
Provides strength to masonry.
Stiffens or hardens early.
Possesses good plasticity.
An excellent building material.
Easily workable.
Good moisture-resistant.
1.5 WATER
Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration.
The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it flow more freely.
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A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable concrete, whereas more water gives
a free-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause
problems when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.
Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the reactions
proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand
and gravel particles and other components of the concrete to form a solid mass
Source of water- Non-potable water and water resulting from concrete production operations can
be used as mixing water in concrete provided the acceptance criteria given in ASTM C1602 are
met. Water recovered from processes of concrete production includes: (1) wash water from mixers
or that was a part of a concrete mixture, (2) water collected in a basin as a result of storm water
runoff at a concrete production facility, or (3) other water that contains quantities of concrete
ingredients. The solids content in recycled water generally ranges from 2 to 10 percent. The
maximum permitted solids content for water to be used in concrete is 50,000 parts per million, or 5
percent, of the total mixing water and should be tested in accordance with ASTM C1603.
Desirable properties of construction water;
Sl.
No.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT FOR SOLIDS

(Clause 5.4 of IS 456:2000)
Permissible
Organic
Inorganic
Sulphates(as
SO3)
Chlorides(as Cl)
Suspended
matter
1.6 TYPE OF MIXES

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Tested as per
IS 3025(Part 18)
IS 3025(Part 18)
IS 3025(Part 24)
IS 3025(Part 32)
IS 3025(Part 17)
Limits, Max
200mg/l
3000mg/l
400mg/l
2000mg/l for concrete not containing embedded
steel and 500mg/l for reinforced concrete work
2000mg/l
1. Nominal Mixes
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate
strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal
circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the
variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in
strength.
2. Standard mixes
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength
and may result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive
strength has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15,
M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades M10,
M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4),
(1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively. The major drawback of such concrete is that the standard
ratios specified for different grades of concrete remain constant irrespective of the quality
and type of ingredients. Thus this type of concrete are seldom used in practice, specially
for higher grades of concrete (M25 and above). For such type of concrete, mix proportion
designed specifically for the type and properties of its ingredients are to be used as
described below.
3. Designed Mixes (IS 10262, 2009)
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix
proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement
content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix
proportions with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics.
The approach results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most
economically. However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not
guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed performance.
For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed in
the codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only
for very small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm 2. No
control testing is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of the ingredients.
1.6.1 FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF MIX PROPORTIONS

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1. Compressive strength
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other
describable properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required
at a specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix.
The other factor affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed
temperature is the degree of compaction. According to Abrahams law the strength of fully
compacted concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.
2. Workability
The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the
section to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be
used. For the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible parts,
the concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a
reasonable amount of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The desired
workability depends on the compacting equipment available at the site.
3. Durability
The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions.
High strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. In the
situations when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such
that high durability is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement
ratio to be used.
4. Maximum nominal size of aggregate
In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a
particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase
in maximum size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength tends to increase
with the decrease in size of aggregate.
IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate should
be as large as possible.
5. Grading and type of aggregate
The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and
water-cement ratio. Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean
mix is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete
cohesive.
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The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desired
workability and stipulated water cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory
aggregate is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size
fractions.
6. Quality Control
The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. The
variation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients and
lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The lower the
difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be the cementcontent required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality .
1.7 SLUMP {IS 7320 (1974)}

Definition
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.
It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency,
or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the
concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality
Concrete Slump Test
The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The
test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically,
it measures consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of
apparatus used and simple procedure.
19 | P a g e
Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of
concrete.
Types of Slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as;
1. Collapse Slump
2. Shear Slump
3. True Slump
Collapse Slump
In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally
mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not
appropriate.
Shear Slump
In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideway or if one-half
of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
1. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test
is repeated.
2. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication
of lack of cohesion of the mix.
True Slump
In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
1. This is the only slump which is used in various tests.
2. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no
variation can be detected between mixes of different workability.
20 | P a g e
However , in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to
the shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be
obtained in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean
mixes.
1.7.1 Applications of Slump Test
1. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete
under field conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their
introduction.
2. This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour- to-hour
variation in the materials being fed into the mixer. An increase in slump may mean,
for instance, that the moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases.
3. Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency
of sand.
4. Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer
operator to remedy the situation.
5. This application of slump test as well as its simplicity is responsible for its
widespread use.
Table determining degree of workability
Degree of
workability
Very low
21 | P a g e
Slump
Compacting
Use for which concrete is suitable
Mm
In
0-25
0-1
Factor
0.78
Very dry mixes; used in road

making. Roads vibrated by power
operated machines.
Low
25-50
Medium
High
50-100
100-175
1-2
2-4
4-7
0.85
Low workability mixes; used for

foundations
with
light
reinforcement. Roads vibrated by
hand operated Machines.
0.92
Medium
workability
mixes;
manually compacted flat slabs
using crushed aggregates. Normal
reinforced
concrete
manually
compacted and heavily reinforced
sections with vibrations.
0.95
High workability concrete; for

sections
with
congested
reinforcement.
Not
normally
suitable for vibration
1.8 ADMIXTURES ( IS 9103 : 1999 )

Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water, and
aggregate that is added to the mix immediately before or during mixing. Producers use
admixtures primarily to reduce the cost of concrete construction; to modify the properties
of hardened concrete; to ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting,
22 | P a g e
placing, and curing; and to overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations.
Successful use of admixtures depends on the use of appropriate methods of batching and
concreting. Most admixtures are supplied in ready-to-use liquid form and are added to the
concrete at the plant or at the jobsite. Certain admixtures, such as pigments, expansive
agents, and pumping aids are used only in extremely small amounts and are usually
batched by hand from premeasured containers.
The effectiveness of an admixture depends on several factors including: type and amount
of cement, water content, mixing time, slump, and temperatures of the concrete and air.
Sometimes, effects similar to those achieved through the addition of admixtures can be
achieved by altering the concrete mixture-reducing the water-cement ratio, adding
additional cement, using a different type of cement, or changing the aggregate and
aggregate gradation.
1.8.1 Functions of admixtures
Admixtures are classed according to function. There are five distinct classes of
chemical admixtures: air-entraining, water-reducing, retarding, accelerating, and
plasticizers. All other varieties of admixtures fall into the specialty category whose
functions include corrosion inhibition, shrinkage reduction, alkali-silica reactivity
reduction, workability enhancement, bonding, damp proofing, and coloring. Airentraining admixtures are used to purposely place microscopic air bubbles into the
concrete.
Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required water content for a
concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent. Consequently, concrete containing a
water-reducing admixture needs less water to reach a required slump than untreated
concrete. The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement ratio. This usually
indicates that a higher strength concrete can be produced without increasing the
amount of cement. Recent advancements in admixture technology have led to the
development of mid-range water reducers. These admixtures reduce water content
by at least 8 percent and tend to be more stable over a wider range of temperatures.
Mid-range water reducers provide more consistent setting times than standard
water reducers.
Retarding admixtures which slow the setting rate of concrete are used to counteract the
accelerating effect of hot weather on concrete setting. High temperatures often cause an
increased rate of hardening which makes placing and finishing difficult. Retarders keep
concrete workable during placement and delay the initial set of concrete. Most retarders
also function as water reducers and may entrain some air in concrete.
Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early strength development; reduce the time
required for proper curing and protection, and speed up the start of finishing operations.
Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying the properties of concrete in
cold weather.
Super plasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range water reducers (HRWR),
reduce water content by 12 to 30 percent and can be added to concrete with a low-tonormal slump and water-cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete. Flowing
concrete is a highly fluid but workable concrete that can be placed with little or no
23 | P a g e
vibration or compaction. The effect of super plasticizers lasts only 30 to 60 minutes,

depending on the brand and dosage rate, and is followed by a rapid loss in workability. As
a result of the slump loss, super plasticizers are usually added to concrete at the jobsite.
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used
to slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion inhibitors can be used as a
defensive strategy for concrete structures, such as marine facilities, highway bridges, and
parking garages, that will be exposed to high concentrations of chloride. Other specialty
admixtures include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors.
The shrinkage reducers are used to control drying shrinkage and minimize cracking, while
ASR inhibitors control durability problems associated with alkali-silica reactivity.
1.9 CURING OF CONCRETE

A concrete element is expected to last a certain number of years. In order to meet this expected
service life, it must be able to withstand structural loading, fatigue, weathering, abrasion, and
chemical attack. The duration and type of curing plays a big role in determining the required
materials necessary to achieve the high level of quality.
Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a
reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased strength and decreased
permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete, which severely
impacts durability. Cracks allow open access for harmful materials to bypass the low permeability
concrete near the surface. Good curing can help mitigate the appearance of unplanned cracking.
When smart, suitable, and practical curing is used, the amount of cement required to achieve a
given strength and durability can be reduced by either omission or replacement with supplementary
cementitious materials. Since the cement is the most expensive and energy intensive portion of a
concrete mixture, this leads to a reduction in the cost as well as the absolute carbon footprint of the
concrete mixture. Additionally, practical curing methods can enhance sustainability by reducing the
need for resource intensive conditioning treatments, should the curing method be incompatible
with the intended service environment.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
LABORATORY TESTS:-
2.1 TESTS ON AGGREGATES:24 | P a g e
2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

{(IS 2386 (PART III) 1963 )}
OBJECTIVETo determine the specific gravity of the given sample.
SAMPLEA sample of about 200gm of the aggregate is taken.
PROCEDURE1. The sample shall be thoroughly washed to remove fine particles of dust and immersed in
distilled water in the glass vessel for 24 hours. Soon after immersion and again at the
end of the soaking period, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of the aggregate
shall be removed by gentle agitation. This may be achieved by rapid clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the vessel between the operators hands.
2. The vessel shall be overfilled by adding distilled water and the plane ground-glass disc
slid over the mouth so as to ensure that no air is trapped in the vessel. The vessel shall
be dried on the outside and weighed (A).
3. The vessel shall be emptied and the aggregate allowed to drain. Refill the vessel with
distilled water. Slide the glass disc in position as before. The vessel shall be dried on the
outside and weighed (B).
4. The aggregate shall be placed on a dry cloth and gently dried with the cloth, transferring
it to a second dry cloth when the first will remove no further moisture. It shall then be
spread out and left exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight or any other
source of heat for not less than 10 minutes or until it appears to be completely surface
dry (which with some aggregates may take an hour or more) The aggregate shall then
be weighed (C)
5. The aggregate shall be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of 100 to
110C for 24 hours. It shall then be cooled in airtight container and weighed (D).
2.1.2 FLAKINESS TEST {(IS 2386 (PART - I) 1963)}

OBJECTIVE:
This method of test lays down the procedure for determining the flakiness index of the
coarse aggregate.
APPARATUS:
25 | P a g e
The apparatus shall be consists of the following:

a) Balance: The balance shall be of sufficient capacity and sensitivity and shall have
an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of the test sample.
b) Metal gauge: The metal gauge shall be of the pattern as shown in picture.
c) Sieves: IS Sieves of sizes as shown in the table.
SAMPLE:
A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide the minimum number of 200
pieces of any fraction to be tested.
Fig: Flakiness test

PROCEDURE:
1) Sieving: The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described in
sieve analysis.
26 | P a g e
2) Separation of flaky materials: Each piece shall be gauged in turn for thickness on a
metal gauge of the pattern in bulk on sieves having elongated slots. The width of
the slot used in the gauge or sieve shall be of the dimensions for the appropriate
size of material.
3) Weighting of flaky material: The total amount passing the gauge shall be weighed
to an accuracy of at least 0.1%.
2.1.3 ELONGATION TEST {(IS 2386 (PART - I) 1963 )}

OBJECTIVE:
Determination of Elongation Index of aggregates
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Balance
2. Elongation Gauge (length gauge)
3. IS sieves of the following sizes 25mm,20mm,16mm,10mm and 6.3mm
TEST SAMPLE:
200 pieces of aggregate are taken and then weighted. Then the aggregates are sieved with
the mentioned sieves.
THEORY:
Elongation Index of an aggregation is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifth times their mean dimension. It is
measured on particles passing through mesh size of 63mm and retained on mesh size of
6.3m. Determination of Elongation Index of coarse aggregate is explained below.
PROCEDURE:
27 | P a g e
1. Take enough quantity of dry blended sample so that at least 200pieces of any
fraction is present. This is not applicable for the biggest and smallest size.
2. Sieve the blended sample through all the sieves mentioned above starting from the
largest sieve i.e. 63mm.
3. Separate all the individual fractions- 63mm to 50mm, 50mm to 40mm, 40mm to
25mm, 25mm to 16mm, 16mm to 12.5mm, 12.5mm to 10mm and 10mm to
6.3mm.
4. Take the entire fraction separately; gauge them one by one through the
corresponding slot provided in the gauge. Keep the particles retained by the length
separately. The aim should be to retain as much as possible to avoid testing bias.
5. Weigh the particles retained on length gauge.
6. Elongation Index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length
gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
2.1.4 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE {(IS 2386 (PART I) 1963 )}

OBJECTIVETo determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving as per IS2386(part I) - 1963
APPARATUS1. 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, PAN.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample.
PROCEDURE1. The sample shall be brought to an air dried condition before weighting and sieving.
This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a
temperature of 100C-110C. The sample and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest to 4.75mm sieve. Care should be taken
that the sieves are clean before use.
2. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall
be done with a varied motion, backwards and forwards, left to right, circular
clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept
moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions. Material shall not
be forced through the sieve by hand pressure but on sieves coarser than 20mm,
placing of particle is permitted.
3. For sieving of the fine aggregates 5kg of the sample is weighed and sieved
successively starting from 40mm sieve with the pan in the lowest position.
4. On completion of sieving , the material retained on each sieve for the samples are
then weighed.
28 | P a g e
2.2 LABORATORY TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATES

2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE {(IS 2386 (PART
III) -1963 )}
OBJECTIVETo determine the specific gravity of the given sample.
SAMPLEA sample of about 200gm of the aggregate is taken.
THEORY:
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of soil solids at a
given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature,
both weight being taken in air.
PROCEDURE1. The sample shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove fine particles of dust and immersed
in distilled water in the glass vessel for 24 hours. Soon after immersion and again at the
end of the soaking period, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of the aggregate
shall be removed by gentle agitation. This may be achieved by rapid clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the vessel between the operators hands.
2. The vessel shall be overfilled by adding distilled water and the plane ground-glass disc
slid over the mouth so as to ensure that no air is trapped in the vessel. The vessel shall
be dried on the outside and weighed (A).
3. The vessel shall be emptied and the aggregate allowed to drain. Refill the vessel with
distilled water. Slide the glass disc in position as before. The vessel shall be dried on the
outside and weighed (B).
4. The aggregate shall then be weighed (C)
5. The aggregate shall be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of 100 to
110C for 24 hours. It shall then be cooled in airtight container and weighed (D).
29 | P a g e
2.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS {( IS 2386-(I) (1963))}

OBJECTIVETo determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving as
per IS-2386(part I) - 1963
APPARATUS1. 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m, 150m, 75m, PAN.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy of 0.1percent of the weight of the test sample.
PROCEDURE1. The sample shall be brought to an air dried condition before weighting and sieving.
This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a
temperature of 100C-110C. The sample and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest to 4.75mm sieve. Care should be taken
that the sieves are clean before use.
2. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall
be done with a varied motion, backwards and forwards, left to right, circular
clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept
moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions. Material shall not
be forced through the sieve by hand pressure but on sieves coarser than 20mm,
placing of particle is permitted.
3. For sieving of the fine aggregates 500gm of the sample is weighed and sieved
successively starting from 4.75mm sieve with the pan in the lowest position.
4. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve for the samples are
then weighed.
30 | P a g e
2.3 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

2.3.1 CONSISTENCY TEST OF CEMENT {IS:4031-(PART- IV)-1988}
THEORY:
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time, soundness and strength of cement, a
parameter known as consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a cement
paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a vicat plunger having 10mm
diameter and 50mm length to penetrate to a depth 33-35mm from top of mould. The
apparatus is called vicat apparatus. This apparatus is used to find out the % of water
required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency. Standard consistency is
sometimes known as standard consistency.
APPARATUS:
Following apparatus are used for performing the test Vacate apparatus
Porcelain basin
Balance
Beaker
Knife
PROCEDURE:
Following procedures are adopted to find out standard consistency.
Take 350gm of cement and prepare a paste of weight quantity of water (28% by weight of
cement) for first trial. The paste must be prepared in a standard manner and filled into the
vacate mould within 2-3 minute. After filling completely, the mould is shaken to expel air.
A standard plunger, 10mm diameter, 50mm long is attached is brought down to touch the
surface of the paste in the test block and quickly released allowing it to sink into the paste
by its own weight. Take the reading by noting the depth of penetration of the plunger.
Conduct second trial with higher and higher water cement ratios till such time the plunger
penetrates for a depth of 40-50mm from top. The particular percentage of water which
allows the plunger to penetrate to a depth of 40-50mm from the top is known as the
percentage of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency. This
percentage of water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency. This
percentage is denoted as P. This test is required to conduct at constant temperature of 29
degree and constant humidity of 90%.
31 | P a g e
REMARKS:
This test is done to determine the minimum water to be mixed with cement for setting.
2.4.2 INITIAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT {IS:4031-(PARTV)-1988}

Vicat apparatus used in consistency test of cement is also used in this test.
The procedure for initial setting time test is as follows--1) 350gm of cement sample is taken and it is mixed with 85% of water required in
consistency test. In our case, we mix (85% of 101ml) i.e. about 86ml of water.
2) The paste is then filled into the Vicat mould in specific manner within 2 to 3
minutes.
3) The square needle of cross section 1mm1mm is attached to the moving rod of the
Vicat apparatus.
4) Stopwatch is kept on to read the time.
5) Now the needle of the Vicat apparatus is allowed to penetrate into the paste.
At the beginning the needle will completely pass through the test sample. But after
sometimes when the paste starts losing its plasticity, the needle will not completely
penetrate. The time elapsed when water is added to the cement up to the time at which the
needle penetrates to a depth of 5mm from the bottom is known as initial setting time.
32 | P a g e
Fig- Initial Setting time test.
2.4.3 FINAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT {IS:4031-(PARTIV)-1988}
The same Vicat apparatus is used in this test also. The procedure for the test is as
follows--1) The cement paste is prepared as above and it is filled in the Vicat mould.
2) The needle with annular collar is attached to the moving rod of the Vicat apparatus.
This needle has a sharp point projection at the centre.
3) The needle is then gently released. The time at which the needle makes an
impression on test sample and collar fails to do so is noted. This is final setting
time.
Fig: Needle with annular collar

For final setting time test
33 | P a g e
2.4.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE {IS-516 (1959)}
APARATUS
Compression testing machine.
Preparation of cube specimenThe proportions of material are calculated mixed and placed in the specimen.
Mixing-Mixing of concrete is done by hand or in machine.
PROCEDURE
Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until
the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color.
Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the
desired consistency.
Add admixtures of the desired percentage by weight and mix it thoroughly with the
mix.
SAMPLING
Clean the moulds properly and apply oil.
Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 50mm thick.
Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod.
34 | P a g e
Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel.
2.4.4.1 CURINGThe test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens
are marked and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until
taken out prior to test.
PRECAUTIONSThe water for curing should be clean and should be tested before use.
PROCEDURE
Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m.
Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously till the specimen fails
Record the maximum load.
As per Table 2 of IS 456: 2000

GRADES OF CONCRETE
(Clause 6.1, 9.2.2, 15.1.1 and 36.1 of IS 456:2000)
Group
35 | P a g e
Grade
Designation
Specified Characteristic Compressive Strength of

150mm Cube at 28 Days in N/mm2
(1)
Ordinary Concrete
Standard Concrete
High Strength
Concrete
(2)
M 10
M 15
M 20
M 25
M 30
M 35
M 40
M 45
M 50
M 55
M 60
M 65
M 70
M 75
(3)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
M 80
80
2.4.5 TESTS FOR WORKABILITY

SLUMP TESTThis method of test specifies the procedure to be adopted, either in the laboratory or during
the progress of work in the field, for determining, by the slump test, the consistency of
concrete.
APPARATUS
The mould for the test specimen shall be in the form of the frustum of a cone having the
following internal dimensions:
Bottom diameter =20cm
36 | P a g e
Top diameter=10cm
Height=30cm
The mould shall be constructed of metal of at least 1.6 mm thickness and the top and
bottom shall be open and at right angles to the axis of the cone. The mould shall have a
smooth internal surface. It shall be provided with suitable foot pieces and also handles to
facilitate lifting it from the moulded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as
required by the test. A mould provided with a suitable guide attachment may be used.
Tamping rod - The tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable material, 16 mm in
diameter 0.6 m long.
PROCEDURE
The internal surface of the mould shall be thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous
moisture and any set concrete before commencing the test. The mould shall be placed on a
smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface, such as a carefully leveled metal
plate, the mould being firmly held in place while it is being filled. The mould shall be
filled in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of the height of the mould. Each layer
shall be tamped with twenty-five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The
strokes shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould and
for the second and subsequent layers shall penetrate in the underlying layer. The bottom
layer shall be tamped throughout its depth. After the top layer has been tamped, the
concrete shall be struck off level with a trowel or the tamping rod, so that the mould is
exactly filled. Any mortar which may have leaked out between the mould and the base
plate shall be cleaned away. The mould shall be removed from the concrete immediately
by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. This allows the concrete to subside
and the slump shall be measured immediately by determining the difference between the
height of the mould and that of the highest point of the specimen being tested. The above
operations shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock, and within a period
of two minutes after sampling.
SLUMP
Workability of concrete in accordance with IS 1199
Placing Conditions
Degree of Workability
(1)
(2)
Blinding Concrete;
Shallow sections;
Pavements using pavers
Very low
Low
Mass concrete;
Lightly reinforced sections in
slab,beams,walls,columns;
Floors;
Hand placed pavements;
37 | P a g e
Slump(mm)
(3)
See Clause 7.1.1 of
IS 456:2000
25-75
Canal lining;
Strip footing;
Heavily reinforced concrete in
slabs,beams,walls,columns;
Slip form work;
Pumped concrete
Trench fill;
In-situ piling
Medium
50-100
Medium
75-100
High
100-50
See Clause 7.1.2 of
Tremie concrete
Very High
IS 456:2000
The slump measured shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of subsidence of the
specimen during the test. Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives
incorrect result and if this occurs the test shall be repeated with another sample. If in the
repeat test also, the specimen should shear, the slump shall be measured and the fact that
the specimen sheared, shall be recorded.
3 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

3.1 TESTS ON AGGREGATES:3.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Specific gravity =
D
C( AB)
A = weight (gm) of vessel containing sample and filled with distilled water.
B = weight (gm) of vessel filled with distilled water only.
C = weight (gm) of saturated surface-dry sample.
D= weight (gm) of oven-dry sample.
38 | P a g e
SIZE OF AGGREGATE 40mm

Weight of aggregate
= 300gm
Weight of vessel + sample + water (A)
= 1350gm
Weight of vessel + water (B)
= 1160gm
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate(C) = 290gm
Weight of oven dry aggregate (D)
= 288gm
Specific gravity =
D
C( AB)
288
= 290(13501160)
= 2.88
Weight of aggregate
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate(C)
Weight of oven dry aggregate (D)
Specific gravity =
= 300gm
= 1345gm
= 1160gm
= 290gm
= 287gm
D
C( AB)
287
290(13451160)
= 2.74

Weight of aggregate
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate(C)
Weight of oven dry aggregate
(D)
Specific gravity =
39 | P a g e
D
C( AB)
= 300gm
= 1340gm
= 1160gm
= 290gm
= 286gm
286
290(13401160)
= 2.6
3.1.2 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION TEST:OBSERVATION TABLE:Passing
Retained
through IS on IS sieve
sieve
(mm)
(mm)
Wt
of Thickness
fraction of gauge,
200 pieces size (mm)
(gm)
wt
of
aggregate
passing
thickness
gauge(gm)
Length
gauge,
size
(mm)
Wt
of
aggregate
Retained
On length
Gauge(gm)
40
31.5
2400
19.50
510
58
522
25
20
2020
13.50
365
40.5
370
12.5
10
1300
6.75
247
20.2
243
Flakiness index = (510+370+247) x
100
(2400+2020+1300)
= 19.61
Elongation index = (522+370+243) x
100
(2400+2020+1300)
=19.84
RESULT:
The Elongation Index for the given sample= 19.84%
The Flakiness Index for the given sample = 19.61%
3.1.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
OBSERVATION TABLE
Weight of aggregate taken=5000 gm
40 | P a g e
Size of aggregate 40mm

Sieve size (mm)
40
20
10
4.75
Weight
of
passing(gm)
4780
2000
1100
20
aggregate Percentage weight passing
Weight
of
passing(gm)
5000
4800
1600
130
aggregate Percentage weight passing
Weight
of
passing(gm)
4810
2405
510
10
aggregate Percentage passing
95.6
40
22
0.4

Sieve size(mm)
40
20
10
4.75
100
96
32
2.6

Sieve size
40
20
10
4.75
3.1.3.1 BLENDING OF AGGREGATES (IS 383:1970)

As per IS 383:1970 the required conditions for grading are
41 | P a g e
96.2
48.1
10.1
0.2
IS Sieve
Designatio
n
COARSE AGGREGATES
(Clause 4.1 and 4.2 of IS 383:1970)
Percentage passing for single sized Aggregate of
nominal size
12.5m
m
(6)
-
10m
m
(7)
-
40mm 20mm 16mm

(3)
(4)
(5)
-
63mm
63mm
(2)
100
85 to
100
40mm
0 to 30
0 to5
100
85 to
100
20mm
100
85 to
100
0 to
20
16mm
100
85 to
100
12.5mm
100
85 to
100
10mm
0 to 5
0 to 5
0 to
20
0 to
30
0 to 45
4.75mm
0 to 5
0 to 5
2.36mm
(1)
80mm
Percentage passing for graded

aggregate of nominal size
40m
20m 16m
12.5m
m
m
m
m
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
100
-
100
95 to
100
95 to
100
30 to
70
100
100
90 to
100
100
10 to
35
0 to10
85 to
100
0 to
20
0 to 5
25 to
55
0 to
10
30 to
70
0 to
10
0 to 10
0 to 5
Results obtained on sieving:

OBSERVATION TABLE
% passing for nominal maximum size
Sieve size
40mm
42 | P a g e
20mm
10mm
90 to
100
40 to
85
Range
Actual
Range
Actual
Range
Actual
40
95-100
97.5
100
100
100
20
30-20
95-100
33
100
12.5
10
10-35
25-55
3.8
40-85
100
4.75
0-5
0-10
1.2
0-10
40
So for blending to obtain 40mm down take

20mm aggregate sample = 80%
Results after blending:
Sieve size (mm)

40
Range (%)
95-100
Actual (%)
99.75
20
30-70
36.5
12.5
10
10-35
13
4.75
0-5
4.96
3.2 LABORATORY TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATES

3.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
CALCULATIONS-
43 | P a g e
Remark
Satisfactory as per
IS 383, 1970
Specific gravity =
D
C( AB)
A = weight (gm) of vessel containing sample and filled with distilled water.
B = weight (gm) of vessel filled with distilled water only.
C = weight (gm) of saturated surface-dry sample.
D= weight (gm) of oven-dry sample.
Weight of sample taken (C)
Weight of vessel + water + sand (A)
Weight of dry sand (D)
D
Specific gravity = C( AB)
=200gm
= 1010gm
= 1135gm
= 185gm
185
= 200(11351010)
= 2.47
RESULT:
Hence the specific gravity of the soil sample is 2.47
3.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION TABLE
Weight of sample taken=500gm
44 | P a g e
Sieve analysis
Wt
retained % wt retained
4.75 mm
(gm)
25 gm
Cumulative % % finer
wt
5 retained
95
2.36 mm
15 gm
92
1.18 mm
97 gm
19.4
27.4
72.6
0.6 mm
97 gm
19.4
46.8
53.2
0.3 mm
160 gm
32
78.8
21.2
0.15 mm
85 gm
17
95.8
4.2
Pan
18 gm
3.6
99.4
0.6
Sieve Analysis
Sieve Analysis
Percentage Finner %
10
0.1
Particle Size in mm
Particle size distribution graph
As per IS-383:1970 the given sample lies in zone-II
45 | P a g e
0.01
Sieving
FINE AGGREGATES
(Clause 4.3 of IS 383:1970)
IS Sieve Designation
Grading
Zone I
Percentage passing for

Grading Zone Grading Zone
II
III
Grading Zone IV
100mm
100
100
100
100
4.75mm
90-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
2.36mm
60-95
75-100
85-100
95-100
1.18mm
30-70
55-90
75-100
90-100
600micron
15-34
35-59
60-79
80-100
300micron
5-20
8-30
12-40
15-50
150micron
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-15
RESULT
Fineness modulus =
261.8
100
=2.618
2.4 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

2.4.1CONSISTENCY TEST OF CEMENT
46 | P a g e
OBSERVATION TABLE
Weight of cement taken = 400gm
Percentage of weight 25
1 of water (%)
28
31
34
35
36
2 Initial reading (mm)
40
40
40
40
40
40
3 Final reading (mm)
40
40
40
15
15
4 Height not penetrated 40

(mm)
40
40
15
15
RESULT
Consistency of cement = 36% by weight of water.
2.4.2 INITIAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT
47 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Weight of cement taken = 400gm
Weight of water taken = 0.85 x water obtained from standard consistency x weight of
cement
= 0.85 x 0.36 x 400
= 122.4ml
Time in minutes
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
47
Initial reading (mm)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Final reading (mm)
Height
not 0
penetrated (mm)
RESULT
Initial setting time is 47 minutes.
48 | P a g e
Fig: Initial setting time test
2.4.3 SUMMERY OF THE TEST RESULTS OF

AGGREGATES
Sl.No
1.
Tests performed
Specific gravity
aggregate
Results
of
Permissible limits
coarse
Size2.6-2.9
40mm
20mm
10mm
2.88
2.74
2.6
Elongation Index
Flakiness Index
19.84 %
19.61 %
3
4
Specific gravity of fine aggregate

Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
2.47
Zone II
Consistency Test
36% by weight of
water
Initial setting time
47 minutes
49 | P a g e
40 % combining
both the index.
Minimum
minutes
30
3 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

a) Grade designation
b) Proposed use
c) Type of cement
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate
e) Minimum cement content
f) Maximum water-cement ratio
g) Workability
h) Slump
i) Exposure condition
j) Type of aggregate
k) Chemical admixture
:
:
:
:
:
M35
Under water pile foundation.
OPC 43 Grade
40mm
340 kg/m3 (As per Table 5 of
IS 456:2000)
:
0.45 (As per Table 5 of
IS 456:2000)
: High (as per Clause 7.1 of IS 456, 2000)
:
150mm
:
Moderate (As per table 3 of
IS 456:2000)
:
:
Crushed Stone
NIL
TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Specific gravity of cement
b) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
c) Specific gravity of fine aggregate
d) Sieve analysis confirms
:
3.15 (Assuming Standard value)
:
2.88
:
2.47
: Zone II (As per table 4 of IS 383, 1970)
Target Strength:_
Target strength (fck) = Ch. Strength (fck) + 1.65 X Standard Deviation(s)
= 35 + 1.65 X 5.0,
= 43.25 N/mm2
(* Note: - The values of standard deviation is taken from table: 1 of I.S:10262-2009)
Selection of Water-Cement Ratio:Let, water cement ratio = 0.37, which is less than 0.50; hence O.K.
(Where, 0.50 is the maximum water cement ratio required for R.C.C. under
moderate exposure as per Table 5 of I.S.456, 2000.
50 | P a g e
Selection of Water Content: From Table: 2 of I.S: 10256-2009, for 40mm nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate;
Water content per m3 of concrete = 165 kg = 165 Lit.
However, since the above value is valid for a slump range of 25 50 mm; hence let
us increase the water content @ 3% per 25mm increase in the slump value.
Thus, estimated water content for 100mm slump = 166 + (12/100) x165
= 185 lit.
Cement Content:W/C Ratio = 0.35
Water = 185 kg.
Hence, Cement content = (185 / 0.37) = 528 kg
Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content:From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of
total aggregate corresponding to 40mm nominal max. size, fine aggregate of zone II and
with a water cement ratio of 0.5 = 0.71.
However, in the present case; since the water cement ratio is 0.35, hence
increasing the volume of C.A. proportionally (@ -/+ 0.01 per +/- 0.05 change in W/C
ratio); we get,
Corrected proportion of volume of C.A. per unit volume of total aggregate = 0.74
Therefore, proportion of volume of F.A. per unit volume of total aggregate
= 1 0.74 = 0.26
Mix Calculation:a) Volume of concrete
= 1 m3
b) Volume of cement
= (Mass of cement/ Sp. Gravity of cement) x 0.001

= (528 / 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.168 m3
c) Volume of water
= (Mass of water/ Sp. Gravity of water) x 0.001

= (185 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.185 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate = (1 0.168 0.185) = 0.647 m3

51 | P a g e
e) Mass of C.A.
= (Volume of all in aggregate x proportion of volume of
C.A. per unit volume of total aggregate x Sp. Gr. of C.A. x 1000)
= (0.647 x 0.74 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1378 Kg
f) Mass of F.A.
F.A. per unit volume of total aggregate x Sp. Gr. of F.A. x 1000)
= (0.647 x 0.26 x 2.47 x 1000) = 416 Kg
3.1 Mix proportions for Trial No 1
Water Cement ratio = 0.35
Water
= 185 Kg
Cement
= 528 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 416 Kg
Coarse Aggregate = 1378 kg
Ratio of cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate =1: 0.79: 2.61

Result of Slump test = 70mm
Two more such trials are done by varying the W/C ratio by (+/-) 5 % and the respective proportions
of different materials are calculated and tabulated as described below.

Take,
Therefore,

Water
= 185 Kg
Cement
= 561 Kg
Also, From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit

volume of total aggregate corresponding to 40mm nominal max. size, fine aggregate of
zone II and with a water cement ratio of 0.5 = 0.71.
ratio); we get,
= 1 0.75= 0.25
Now, re-calculating the quantities of other materials per m 3 of concrete, we get;
a) Volume of concrete
= 1 m3
b)
52 | P a g e
Volume of cement
= (561 / 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.178 m3
c) Volume of water

= (185 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.185 m3

e) Mass of C.A.
= (0.637 x 0.75 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1376 Kg
f) Mass of F.A.
= (0.637 x 0.25 x 2.47 x 1000) = 394 Kg
Thus,
Water
= 185 Kg
Cement
= 560 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 394 kg
Coarse Aggregate
= 1376 Kg
Ratio of cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate =1:0.70: 2.46
Take,
Therefore,

Water
= 185 Kg
Cement
= 500 Kg
Also, From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit

volume of total aggregate corresponding to 40mm nominal max. size, fine aggregate of
zone II and with a water cement ratio of 0.5 = 0.71.
ratio); we get,
= 1 0.734= 0.266
a) Volume of concrete
= 1 m3
b)Volume of cement

= (500 / 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.159 m3
53 | P a g e
c) Volume of water

= (185 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.185 m3

e) Mass of C.A.
= (0.656 x 0.734 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1387 Kg
b) Mass of F.A.
= (0.656 x 0.266 2.47 x 1000) = 431 Kg
Thus, Water Cement ratio = 0.37
Water
= 185 Kg
Cement
= 500 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 431 kg
Coarse Aggregate
= 1387 Kg
Chemical admixture used: 1.5 % admixture

Water cement ratio = 0.35
Selection of Water Content: From Table: 2 of I.S: 10256-2009, for 40mm nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate;
Water content per m3 of concrete = 165 kg = 165 Lit.
However, since the above value is valid for a slump range of 25 50 mm; hence let
us increase the water content @ 3% per 25mm increase in the slump value.
Thus, estimated water content for 100mm slump = 166 + (12/100) x165
= 185 lit.
Since we are using admixture let us reduce the water content by 25 %
Hence, Final estimated water content=(185 x 0.75) = 138.75 lit
Cement Content:W/C Ratio = 0.35
Water = 138.75 kg.
Hence, Cement content = (138.75 / 0.35) = 397 kg
Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content:54 | P a g e
From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of

However, in the present case; since the water cement ratio is 0.35, hence increasing the
volume of C.A. proportionally (@ -/+ 0.01 per +/- 0.05 change in W/C ratio); we get,
= 1 0.74 = 0.26
Mix Calculation:a) Volume of concrete
= 1 m3
b) Volume of cement

= (397/ 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.126 m3
c) Volume of water

= (138.75 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.138 m3
d) Volume of admixture= (Mass of admixture/ Sp. Gravity of admixture) x 0.001

(@ 1.5% by mass of cementitious material)= (2.08 / 1.145) x 0.001=0.0018m3
e) Volume of all in aggregate = (1 0.126 0.138-0.0018) = 0.7342 m3

f) Mass of C.A.
= (0.734 x 0.74 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1564 Kg
g) Mass of F.A.
= (0.734 x 0.26 x 2.47 x 1000) = 471 Kg

Chemical admixture =1.5% by weight of cementitous material
Water
= 138.75 Kg
Cement
= 397 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 471 Kg
Coarse Aggregate
= 1564 kg

Two more such trials are done by varying the W/C ratio by (+/-) 5 % and the respective proportions
of different materials are calculated and tabulated as described below.
55 | P a g e

Take,

Water = 139 kg
Cement=420kg
Also, From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of
= 1 0.75= 0.25
Now, re-calculating the quantities of other materials per m3 of concrete, we get;
a)
Volume of concrete
b) Volume of cement
=1 m3

= (420.5 / 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.133 m3
c) Volume of water

= (139 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.139 m3

e) Volume of all in aggregate = (1 0.133 0.139) = 0.728 m3
f)Mass of C.A.
= (0.728 x 0.75 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1573 Kg
g) Mass of F.A.
= (0.728 x 0.25 x 2.47 x 1000) = 450 Kg
Water
= 139 Kg
Cement
= 420 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 450 kg
Coarse Aggregate
= 1573 Kg
Ratio of cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate =1:1.07: 3.74
Result of Slump test = 138 mm
Take,
56 | P a g e
Therefore,
Water
Cement
= 139 Kg
= 376 Kg
Also, From Table: 3 of I.S:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of
= 1 0.734= 0.266
a) Volume of concrete =1 m3
b) Volume of cement = (Mass of cement/ Sp. Gravity of cement) x 0.001

= (376 / 3.15) x 0.001 = 0.119 m3
c) Volume of water

= (139 / 1) x 0.001 = 0.139 m3

e)Volume of all in aggregate = (1 0.139 0.119-0.0018) = 0.74 m3
f)Mass of C.A.
= (0.74 x 0.734 x 2.88 x 1000) = 1565 Kg
g)
Mass of F.A.
= (0.74x 0.266 2.47 x 1000) = 486 Kg

Water
= 139 Kg
Cement
= 376 Kg
Fine Aggregate
= 486 kg
Coarse Aggregate
= 1565 Kg
3.7 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
57 | P a g e
%
admixtur
e
Trial No.
Quantity per
m3 of
concrete
Proportion
Quantity per
m3 of
concrete
Proportion
Quantity per
m3 of
concrete
Proportion
Quantity
per m3 of
concrete
Proportion
Quantity
per m3 of
concrete
Quantity
per m3 of
concrete
Water
(liters)
Cement
( kg )
F.A.
C.A.
185
528
416
1378
---
0.79
2.61
185
560
394
1376
---
0.70
2.46
185
500
431
1387
---
0.862
2.774
W/C
Ratio
0.35
Observe
d slump
(mm)
70
0
0.33
53
0
0.37
82
1.
14
139
397
471
1564
---
1.86
3.93
0.35
1.
139
420
450
1573
---
1.07
3.74
139
376
486
1565
---
1.29
3.74
0.33
38
1.
15
0.37
Tests for Compressive Strength:Grade of

concrete
Target
strength
N/mm2
M35
43.25
Water
cement
ratio
Concrete
proportion
%
admixture
0.37
1:1.29:4.16
1.5
CONCLUSION
58 | P a g e
Compressive
strength
At 7 days At 28 days
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
24.5
37.5
Observed
Slump
(In mm)
153
59 | P a g e

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MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mr. Rituparna Goswami

(Dr. P.K. Khaund)

HOD, Civil Engineering Department

Annexure (Auto Cadd Drawing)

1.1 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

1.2 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Gains strength over time.

Not weakened by moisture, mould or pests.

Versatility- Concrete is used in buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, sewerage systems

1.3 INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE

1.3.2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

Impact Value of Aggregate

1.3.3 COARSE AGGREGATES

One-fourth of the minimum dimension of the concrete member.

Apparent specific gravity

To interfere hydration of cement

Deleterious materials generally found in aggregates, may be grouped as under

Limits of Deleterious Materials-The maximum quantity of deleterious materials shall not

1.3.4 FINE AGGREGATES

Very dry aggregate ( having no moisture)

1.4.2 TYPES OF CEMENT

9. Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to IS 12330

1.4.3 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT USED IN CONCRETE

Provides strength to masonry.

Stiffens or hardens early.

Possesses good plasticity.

An excellent building material.

Desirable properties of construction water;

PERMISSIBLE LIMIT FOR SOLIDS

1.6 TYPE OF MIXES

1.6.1 FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF MIX PROPORTIONS

1.7 SLUMP {IS 7320 (1974)}

Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.

It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.

Table determining degree of workability

Very dry mixes; used in road

Low workability mixes; used for

High workability concrete; for

1.8 ADMIXTURES ( IS 9103 : 1999 )

vibration or compaction. The effect of super plasticizers lasts only 30 to 60 minutes,

1.9 CURING OF CONCRETE

2.1 TESTS ON AGGREGATES:24 | P a g e

2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

2.1.2 FLAKINESS TEST {(IS 2386 (PART - I) 1963)}

The apparatus shall be consists of the following:

Fig: Flakiness test

2.1.3 ELONGATION TEST {(IS 2386 (PART - I) 1963 )}

2.1.4 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE {(IS 2386 (PART I) 1963 )}

2.2 LABORATORY TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATES

2.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS {( IS 2386-(I) (1963))}

2.3 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

2.4.2 INITIAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT {IS:4031-(PARTV)-1988}

Fig- Initial Setting time test.

2.4.3 FINAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT {IS:4031-(PARTIV)-1988}

Fig: Needle with annular collar

2.4.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE {IS-516 (1959)}

Clean the moulds properly and apply oil.

Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 50mm thick.

Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel.

Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m.

Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.