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RMD 2501
Steam Turbines
Session delivered by:
Prof Q.H.
Prof.
Q H Nagpurwala
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Session Objectives
PEMP
RMD 2501
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Numerical examples
p
Steam
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RMD 2501
Steam Properties
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Thot
Fuel
Boiler
Generator
Turbine
Pump
p x
Low Pressure
Water
Cold
Pump x
Exhaust Steam
Low Pressure
and temp.
p
Hot
Tcold
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Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
Steam turbine convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high
temperature and pressure into mechanical power-in turn electrical power
The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of
a high velocity jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which
gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a force.
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RMD 2501
Steam turbines are axial flow machines (radial steam turbines are rarely used)
whereas gas turbines and hydraulic turbines of both axial and radial flow type
are used based on applications.
Steam turbines of 1300 MW single units are available whereas largest gas
turbines unit is 530 MW and 815 MW
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RMD 2501
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Application
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RMD 2501
Power generation
Refinery Petrochemical
Refinery,
Petrochemical,
Pharmaceuticals,
Food processing,
Petroleum/Gas processing,
Pulp & Paper mills,
Waste to energy
Waste-to-energy
Turbine Selection
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RMD 2501
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10
Rankine Cycle
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T
3
qinhi
wouthi
qinlo
4
2
win
woutlo
1
qout
s
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12
4
BOILER
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RMD 2501
Low
Pressure
TURBINE
outhi
outlo
3
2
High
Pressure
TURBINE
6
CONDENSER
qinhi
win
13
qout
PUMP
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15
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Reaction Turbine
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13
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Pressure compounded
Velocity compounded
Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbines
turbines.
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RMD 2501
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21
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RMD 2501
Imp lse T
Impulse
Turbines
rbines
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RMD 2501
Profile loss: Due to formation of boundary layer on blade surfaces. Profile loss is a
boundary layer phenomenon and therefore subject to factors that influence
boundary
y layer
y
development.
p
These factors are Reynolds
y
number,, surface
roughness, exit Mach number and trailing edge thickness.
Secondary loss: Due to friction on the casing wall and on the blade root and tip. It
is a boundary layer effect and dependent upon the same considerations as those of
profile loss.
Tip leakage loss: Due to steam passing through the small clearances required
b
between
the
h moving
i tip
i and
d casing
i or between
b
the
h moving
i blade
bl d tip
i and
d rotating
i
shaft. The extend of leakage depends on the whether the turbine is impulse or
reaction. Due to pressure drop in moving blades of reaction turbine they are more
prone to leakages.
leakages
Disc windage loss: Due to surface friction created on the discs of an impulse
turbine as the disc rotates in steam atmosphere. The result is the forfeiture of shaft
power for an increase in kinetic energy and heat energy of steam.
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RMD 2501
Lacing wire loss: Due to passage blockage created by the presence of lacing wires
in long blade of LP Stages.
Wetness loss: Due to moisture entrained in the low pressure steam at the exit of LP
turbine. The loss is a combination of two effects; firstly, reduction in efficiency due
to absorption of energy by the water droplets and secondly, erosion of final moving
blades leading edges.
Annulus loss: Due to significant amount of diffusion between adjacent stages or
where wall cavities occur between the fixed and moving blades. The extent of loss
is greatly reduced at high annulus area ratios (inlet/outlet) if the expansion of the
steam is controlled by a flared casing wall.
Leaving loss: Due to kinetic energy available at the steam leaving from the last
stage of LP turbine. In practice steam does slow down after leaving the last blade,
but through the conversion of its kinetic energy to flow friction losses.
partial filling
g of steam,, flow between the blades is
Partial admission loss: Due to p
considerably accelerated causing a loss in power.
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Nomenclature
V
U
W
Va=Vf = Vm
Vw
Suffix
1
2
Inlet
Outlet
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Velocity Triangles
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26
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Vw1
U
V1
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W1
Va1
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Va2
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V2
W2
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Vw1
U
Va2
W1
V2
V1
Va1
W2
Vw
For 50% reaction design
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RMD 2501
If the
th blade
bl d is
i symmetrical
t i l then
th 1 = 2 and
d neglecting
l ti frictional
f i ti l effects
ff t off the
th
blades on the steam, W1 = W2.
In actual case, the relative velocity is reduced by friction and expressed by a blade
velocity coefficient k.
Thus k = W2/W1
From Euler
Eulerss equation, work done by the steam is given by;
Wt = U(Vw1 Vw2)
(1)
Since Vw2 is in the negative r direction, the work done per unit mass flow is given
by,
by
Wt = U(Vw1+Vw2)
(2)
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RMD 2501
(5)
V1 = {2(h
0-h1)}
(8)
(9)
Where h0 is the enthalpy at the entry to the nozzle and h1 is the enthalpy at the
exit neglecting the velocity at the inlet to the nozzle.
exit,
nozzle The energy supplied to the
blades is the kinetic energy of the jet V12 and the blading or diagram efficiency;
2
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RMD 2501
V
)
=
d =
V
V
w
2
1
((10))
2
1
Using the blade velocity coefficient (k=W2/W1) and symmetrical blades (1= 2),
then; Vw = 2V1 cos 1 U
Hence Vw = 2(V1 cos 1 U )U
(11)
And the rate of work performed per unit mass = 2(V1 cos 1 U )U
Therefore; d = 2(V1 cos 1 U )U 2
V12
4U
U
4(V1 cos 1 U )U
cos 1
=
d =
2
V1
V1
V1
U is called the blade speed
where
p
ratio
V1
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(12)
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RMD 2501
d (d )
= 4 cos 1 8U = 0
V1
d U
V1
or U = cos 1
2
V1
(13)
cos 1
4 cos 1
=
cos 1
2
2
or d = 4 cos 2 1
((14))
Substituting this value in equation (7), the power output per unit mass flow rate at
the maximum diagram efficiency
P = 2U
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(15)
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Degree of Reaction
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RMD 2501
The static enthalpy at the inlet to the fixed blade in terms of stagnation enthalpy
and velocity at the inlet to the fixed blades is given by
V02 similarlyy
V22
h0 = h00
h2 = h02
2C p
2C p
(h1 h2 )
Substituting =
2
2
V
V
h00 0 h02 2
2C p
2C p
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Degree of Reaction
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RMD 2501
But for a normal stage, V0 = V2 and since h00 = h01 in the nozzle, then;
(h1 h2 )
(h01 h02 )
h02) =
(h h ) + (V
1
(V
V
=
[2(h01 h02 )]
2
w2
2
w1
(V
2
w1
Vw22
=0
2
Vw21
=
[2U (Vw1 Vw2 )]
2
w2
(17)
(18)
Assuming the axial velocity is constant through out the stage, then
(V
Vw21
=
[2U (U + Vw1 + Vw2 U )]
2
w2
=
13
(19)
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Degree of Reaction
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RMD 2501
(20)
Va (tan 2 + tan 1 )
=
2U
From the velocity
y triangles
g it is seen that
Vw1 = U + Vw1
Vw 2 = Vw 2 U
1 Va
(tan 2 + tan 2 )
+
2 2U
(21)
( 2 = 1 )
( 2 = 1 )
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Degree of Reaction
Mollier diagram
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Velocity Diagram
Now h01r01 = h02r02 and h1 = h2 for = 0. Then W1 = W2. In the ideal case,, there is
no pressure drop in the rotor and points 1 2 and 2s on the mollier chart should
coincide. But due to irreversibility, there is a pressure drop through the rotor. The
zero reaction in the impulse stage by definition, means there is no pressure drop
through the rotor. The Mollier diagram for an impulse stage is shown in Fig. 1.a,
where it can be observed that the enthalpy increases through the rotor.
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Degree of Reaction
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RMD 2501
Fig.1.a
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Degree of Reaction
U
Substituting 2 = tan 2 +
into equation (21)
Va
Va
(tan 2 tan 1 )
= 1+
2U
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RMD 2501
(22)
Vw 2 Vw1
2U
Vw 2 =
13
W
Vw1
U
yielding = 1 +
Vw1
W
2U 2 U
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Degree of Reaction
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RMD 2501
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The continuity equation m = AV may be used to find the blade height h. The
annular area of flow = Dh. Thus the mass flow rate through an axial flow
turbine is
m = DhVa
m
h=
DVa
Blade height will increase in the direction of flow in a turbine and decrease in
the direction of flow in a compressor.
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RMD 2501
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Let 0 is the overall efficiency of expansion and is defined as the ratio of actual
work done per kg of steam to the isentropic work done per kg of steam between
1 and 5.
Wa
i.e.,0 =
Ws
h1 h5
i.e.,0 =
h1 h5'
(22)
Isentropic or ideal values in each stages are Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, Ws4.
Therefore the total value of the actual work done in these stages is,
Wa = (1-2)+(2-3)+(3-4)+(4-5)
Also stage efficiency for each stage is given by
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Wa1 h1 h2
Wa1
i.e., s1 =
=
=
orWa1 = s1Ws1
'
Ws1 h1 h2 Ws1
Wa = Wa = [ s1Ws1 + s 2 Ws 2 + s 3 Ws 3 + s 4 Ws 4 ]
For same stage efficiency in each stage s1 = s 2 = s 3 = s 4
Wa = s [Ws1 + Ws 2 + Ws 3 + Ws 4 ] = s Ws
(23)
0W0 = s Ws
Ws
0 = s
Ws
(24)
h
=T
s p
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RMD 2501
This shows that the constant pressure lines must diverge towards the right.
Therefore Ws
>1
.
Ws
F expansion
For
i process. It
I is
i obvious
b i
that
h the
h enthalpy
h l increases
i
when
h we move
towards right along the constant pressure line. Hence the summation of Ws1
Ws1 etc., is more than the total isentropic enthalpy drop Ws
Th ratio
The
ti off summation
ti off isentropic
i t i enthalpy
th l drop
d
f individual
for
i di id l stage
t
t the
to
th total
t t l
isentropic enthalpy drop as a whole is called Reheat factor. Thus
0 = stage RF
As
(26)
RF = (Ws / Ws ) > 1
th overall
the
ll efficiency
ffi i
off the
th turbine
t bi 0 is
i greater
t than
th than
th stage
t
efficiencies
ffi i i s
i.e.,0 > s for turbines
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(27)
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Advantages of Reheating
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demerits
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1.
2.
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Material Code/Composition
Casing
IS:2063
Inner casing
GS 22Mo4 Shaft
Shaft
30CrMoV121
X22CrMoV121
X20Cr3
21CrMoV57
Crossover pipe
Valve spindle
X22CrMoV121
Valve body
GS17crmov511
Valve seat
21CrMo57
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Session Summary
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Thank you
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