PC1432: List of Constants and Formulae

! Speed of light in a vacuum:

c D 2:998 " 108 m/s

! Electron volt:
1 eV D 1:602 " 10!19 J

! Magnitude of the charge of an electron:

e D 1:602 " 10!19 C

! Mass of an electron:
me D 9:109 " 10!31 kg

! Magnitude of vector (cross) product of A

and B:
jA " Bj D AB sin !

! Permittivity of the vacuum:

#0 D 8:854 " 10!12 C2 /Nm2
! A vector A in terms of its components:
A D Ax iO C Ay jO C Az kO

! Components of C D A " B:
Cx D Ay Bz # Az By ,
Cy D Az Bx # Ax Bz ,
Cz D Ax By # Ay Bx

! Scalar (dot) product in component form:

A $ B D Ax Bx C Ay By C Az Bz

! Definition of a scalar (dot) product:

A $ B D AB cos !

! Electric field definition:

F
ED
q0

! Coulombs constant:
1
D 8:988 " 109 Nm2 /C2
kD
4"#0

! Electric field of a point charge:

1 q
ED
rO
4"#0 r 2

! Coulombs law:
1 jq1 q2 j
F D
4"#0 r 2

! Gausss law:
I
Qencl
E D E $ dA D
#0

! General definition of electric flux:

Z
E D E cos ! dA
Z
Z
D E? dA D E $ dA

! Electric potential energy of q0 in the presence of q1 , q2 , q3 , : : ::

!
"
q1
q2
q3
q0
C
C
C $$$
U D
4"#0 r1
r2
r3
q0 X qi
D
4"#0 i ri

! Electric potential energy of two point

charges:
1 qq0
U D
4"#0 r

! Potential due to a collection of point

charges:

! Potential due to a point charge:

1 q
U
D
V D
q0
4"#0 r

V D
1

U
1 X qi
D
q0
4"#0 i ri

! Potential due to a continuous distribution

of charge:
Z
1
dq
V D
4"#0
r

! Potential difference expressed as an

integral of E :

! Work done by a conservative force:

! Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor

in a vacuum:

Wa!b D

Va # Vb D

b
a

F $ dl D Ua # Ub

C D

! Definition of capacitance:
C D

b
a

E $ dl D

E cos ! dl

#0 A
Q
D
Vab
d

! Capacitors in parallel:
Ceq D C1 C C2 C C3 C $ $ $

Q
Vab

! Potential energy stored in a capacitor:

! Capacitors in series:

U D

1
1
1
1
D
C
C
C $$$
Ceq
C1
C2
C3

1
1
Q2
D C V 2 D QV
2C
2
2

! Expression for current:

dQ
I D
D njqjvd A
dt

! Volume density of electric energy in a

vacuum:
1
u D #0 E 2
2

! Expression for current density:

I
J D D njqjvd
A

! Definition of resistivity:
E
$D
J
! Relationship
resistivity:
$L
RD
A

between

! Definition of conductivity:
1
%D
$
resistance

and
! Relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance:
V D IR

! Terminal voltage of a source with internal

resistance:
Vab D E # I r

! Definition of electric power:

P D VI

! Resistors in series:
Req D R1 C R2 C R3 C $ $ $

! Resistors in parallel:
1
1
1
1
D
C
C
C $$$
Req
R1
R2
R3

! Kirchhoffs
junction rule:
X
Ii D 0

! Kirchhoffs
loop rule:
X
Vi D 0

1
dx
C x 2 /3=2
Z
1
dx
p
2 C a2
x
Z
x
dx
2
.a C x 2 /3=2
Z
1
p
dx
2 # x2
a
Z
1
dx
2
a C x2
Z
dx
x
Z
x n dx
Z
sin x dx
Z
cos x dx
Z

.a2

CC
a2 a2 C x 2
$
#
p
D ln x C x 2 C a2 C C
1

CC
a2 C x 2
#x $
D sin!1
CC
a
# $
1
!1 x
D tan
CC
a
a

D #p

D ln.x/ C C
x nC1
D
CC
nC1
D # cos x C C
D sin x C C

sin2 & C cos2 & D 1

cos 2& D 1 # 2 sin2 &

sin.#& / D # sin &
cos.#& / D cos &

where C is a constant.