General Pathology Review Notes:

Lungs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Mucous gland hyperplasia -------Chronic bronchitis

Airway dilation and scarring-----Bronchiectasis
Air space enlargement------------Emphysema
Smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus section------Asthma
Pneumoconioses--------------------Nota
Atopy---------------------------------Asthma
Blue Bloaters------------------------Chronic Bronchitis
Expiratory Airflow Limitation----Asthma
Anti-trypsin deficiency-------------Emphysema
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Masson bodies-------------------------Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Ferrougenous bodies------------------Asbestos
Schaumman bodies--------------------Sacoidosis
Asteroid bodies------------------------Sarcoidosis
Keratinization--------------------------Small cell CA

Small cell vs. non-small cell CA

Adenocarcinoma, small and large cell CA. Carcinoid.
1. Inhibits Caveolin 1 of pulmonary fibrosis----------- TGF- B1
2. Complication of Amiodarone in pulmonary disease----------- Pneumonitis and Fibrosis
3. Homogeneous granular precipitate within the alveoli--------- PAP (Pulmonary Alveolar
Proteinosis)
4. Atheromas of pulmonary artery------------------------------------ Pulmonary Hypertension
5. SARS- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome etiology-------- Coronavinus
6. Most common manifestation of Asbestos exposure-----------Pleural plaques
7. Organism that causes both acute lower respiratory tract inf. and meningitis in
children--------------------------------------------------------------Haemophilus influenzae
8. Org.
causing
community
acquired
pneumonia
in
pts.
with
cystic
fibrosis--------------------------------------------------------------------------Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
9. Tumor with lung < 3cm.------------------------------------------T1
10. Metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal LN -------N2
11. Most common type of Lung cancer in women---------------- Adenocarcinoma
12. Sympathetic Ganglia invasion effect of lung CA spread----- Horner Syndrome
13. Lambert- Eaton Myasthenic syndrome- caused by auto-Abs to presynaptic
membrane----------------------------------------------------------Calcium Channels
14. Collar-button lession tumor--------------------------------------Carcinoid tumor
15. Tumor composed of organoid trabecular----------------------Carcinoid tumor
16. Coin lesion on routine chest film-------------------------------Lung Hamartoma
17. Type of mesothelioma resembling fibrosarcoma-------------Mesenchymal type
18. Distant Metastasis-------------------------------------------------M1
19. Kulchitsky cells found in----------------------------------------Small cell

PRELIM EXAM ON:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

White Bloob Cell Disorder, B-Cell, T-Cell, Both or None

CLL----------------------------------------B Cell
Anaplastic Lymphoma-------------------T Cell
Burkitt's Lymphoma ---------------------B Cell
Hairy Cell Leukemia---------------------B Cell
Marginal/ Mantle Zone Lymphoma--- B Cell

T-Cell, B-Cell , RS (Reed-Sternberg) Cell, NK Cell

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CD3----------- T-Cell
CD 56--------- NK Cell
CD 15---------RS Cell
CD 21 -------- B-Cell
CD 30-------- RS Cell

CML, Polycythemia Vera (PCV), Essential Thrombocytosis, Primary Myelofibrosis

1. Increased Red Cell Mass ----------------------PCV
2. Erythromelalgia-------------------------------- Essential Thrombocytosis
3. Dry tap------------------------------------------ NOTA- Hairy Cell Leukemia
1. CD marker of Histiocytes--------------------CD 1+
2. LCA Leukocyte common Ag----------------- CD 45
3. Most common CA of children---------------ALL
4. Most common Monoclonal GammopathyMGUS
5. Best test to diagnose leukemia---------------6. TRAP + (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase)--- Hairy Cell Leukemia
7. EBV receptor--------------------------------------- CD 21
8. Express high levels of cyclin D1------------------Mantle (zone) cell lymphoma
9. Clover leaf/ flower cells---------------------------- Adult T cell Leukemia
10.
Reed

Sternberg
cell
variant
in
mixed
cellularity
type
Hodgkins
Lymphoma----------------------------------------Mononuclear variant
11. FAB classification of M6 of AML ------------Erythroid myeloid subtype
12. Most common myeloproliferative disorder13. Combination
of
calvarial
bone
defects,
diabetes
insipidus
and
exophthalmos-------------------------------- Hand Schuller Christian Triad
14. Birbeck granules best seen in-----------Electron microscopy as tennis racket like appearance.
15. Most aggressive Hodgkins lymphoma---------16. T cell location in the lymph node--------------Paracortex
17. Common manifestation of CML----------------18. FAB classification with gum infiltration--------M5 monocytic leukemia
19. LAP score of pts. With CML --------------------Decreased LAP score
20. Leukemia that metastasize into the testis--------------ALL

Tumor, Diseases of Immune System, Heart diseases:

1. Choristoma------------excessive growth in an abnormal location or heterotopia.
2. Causes of cell injury
a. O2 deprivation
b. Physical agents
c. Chemical agents and drugs
d. Infectious agents
e. Immunologic reactions
f. Genetics derangements
g. Nutritional imbalance
3. Fibrinoid Necrosis---------assoc. with type III Hypersensitivity
NOTE: types of Hypersensitivity (ACID)
I - Anaphylaxis or Immediate
II - Cytotoxic
III - Immune Complex
IV - Delayed/Cell Mediated (T-Cell)
4. Mechanism of cell Injury
a. Decrease ATP
b. Mitochondrial damage
c. Calcium Influx
d. Increase ROS (reactive O2 Specie)
e. Membrane damage
f. Protein Misfolding, DNA damage
5. Generation of Free Radicals
a. Normal metabolic processes
b. Absorption of Radiant energy ex. Ionizing radiation
c. Inflammation
d. Enzymatic metabolism exogenous chemicals or drugs
e. Transition metals
f. NO (Nitric Oxide)
6. Apoptosis in Pathologic State
a. DNA Damage
b. Accumulation of misfolded proteins
c. Cell death on certain viral infection
d. In Parenchymal organs
7. Accumulation of lipid on parenchymal organs
8. Metastatic Calcification
a. Sarcoidosis
b. RF
c. Paget disease
d. Necrosis

Dystrophic Calcification------- Ca++ deposits in dying tissues/Necrosis with NORMAL calcium level
Metastatic Calcification-------- Ca++ in normal tissues; Hypercalcemia
9. Outcomes of chronic Inflammation
10. Roles of Macrophage
a. Phagocytosis
b. Key effector cells
c. Participate in effector phase of Humoral immunity
11. Main cell in chronic Inflammation---------------Macrophage
12. Eosinophils------------------------------with MBP (Major Basic Protein)
13. Granulomatous Inflammation
a. TB
b. Leprosy
c. Syphilis
d. Cat scratch
e. Sarcoidosis f. Crohn dse
14. VEGF----------------------------Angiogenesis
15. Postmortem Clot----------------Lines of Zahn
16. Right to Left Shunt --------------------------Early Cyanosis
a. Tetralogy of Fallot (VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, Overriding of Aorta, Right ventricular
hypertrophy)
b. Transposition of Great Arteries
c. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
d. Tricuspid Atresia
Left to Right Shunt---------------------------Late cyonosis
a. VSD
b. ASD
c. PDA
17. White infarct except
a. Spleen
b. Heart
c. Kidney
d. lungs-----------Red Infant (hallow organ kasi!)
18. Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
a. Micrognathia
b. Rocker bottom feet
c. Congenital heart disease
19. NK cells--------------------CD 16 and CD 56
20. Class I MHC --------------CD 8 Tc/Ts lymphocytes
21. Class II MHC -------------CD 4 Th/Ti lymphocytes
22. HLA B27------------------- Ankylosing Spondylitis
23. Myasthenia Gravis---------Type II hypersensitivity
24. T- Cell mediated----------- Type IV hypersensitivity
25. Epitheloid Cells ---------- Activated Macrophages
26. ANA ----------------------- Anti-Nuclear Antibodies in Autoimmune disorders:

4 Patterns of Nuclear Fluorescence suggests type of Ab (+) in patients serum

1. Homogenous/Diffuse nuclear staining
2. Rim/Peripheral ------------ Ab of DNA
3. Speckled pattern ---------- Ab of non-DNA
4. Nucleolar pattern --------- Most often in SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
27. DiGeorge Syndrome ----------Absence of T lymphocytes; del 22 q 11
---------- Fail to dev. 3rd and 4th Pharyngeal pouch-----No THYMUS
28. Systemic Sclerosis-----------------Progressive interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the skin
and multiple organs
2 MAJOR TYPES
1. Diffuse Scleroderma------------Wide spread skin and visceral involvement
2. Limited Scleoderma----------- with CREST syndrome
C Calcinosis---------------------Ca++ depo. On soft tissue
R Raynauds Phenomenon -------PAIN
E Esophageal dysmotility
S Sclerodactyly------------------ Hands (sloughing)
T Telangiectasia--------------- Dilated small BV Surface of skin
( Spider Angioma)
SJOGREN SYNDROME-----Chronic disease characteristics:
1. dry eyes ------- (Keratoconjunctivitis)
2. dry mouth ----- (xerostomia) resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of
LACRIMAL and SALIVARY GLANDS or SICCA
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease:
1. SLE
2. Systemic sclerosis
3. Polymyositis
X linked Agammaglobulinemia
------BRUTONS Agammaglobulinemia--------- Failure of B cell precursors to develop into
mature B Cell
IMMUNOLOGY NOTES:
1. Hyper - IgM Syndrome
---------Patients make IgM abs. but are deficient in their ability to produce IgG, IgA and IgE
---------Affects ability of helper T cells to deliver activating signals to B cells and
macrophages.
2. Di George Syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia )
----- Deletion of Ch. 22 q 11
----- T - Cell deficiency results from failure of development of 3 rd and 4th pharyngeal
pouches (No thymus)
3. Severed Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

-----Defects in both humoral (B- Cell) and cell mediated (T Cell) immune responses
4 Wiskott - Aldrich Syndrome
.
------Immunodeficiency with Thrombocytopenia and ECZEMA and marked recurrent
Infection; X-linked recessive
5. Genetic Deficiency of Complement System
-------Def. of C2 most common
6. AIDS---------- retrovirus human immunodeficiency deficiency virus (HIV) characterized by
profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasm and
neurologic manifestations
Western blot bands: p24, gp41 and gp126/160
Decrease CD 4:CD 8 ratio
7. Altered Monocyte/Macrophage Function in AIDS
1. Decrease Chemotaxis and phagocytosis
2. Decrease Class II HLA expression
3. Diminished capacity to present Ag to T-cells
8. Opportunistic Infection accounts for the majority of Deaths in untreated patients with AIDS
CANDIDIASIS-------------most common fungal infection in AIDS
9. Tumors associated with AIDS
1. Kaposi Sarcoma
2. Lymphoma
3. Uterine Cervix
4. Anal Cancer
10. Amyloidosis
Amyloid------------- pathologic proteinaceous subs. deposited in extracellular space in tissues
and organs of the body.
PRECURSOR
1. Hemodialysis associated Amyloidosis in Chronic Renal Failure----------A - beta 2 - microglobulin
2. Senile Systemic Amyloidosis -------TTR (transthyretin)
GEN PATH MIDTERMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
1. Vector: Sandfly------------- Leishmaniasis
2. Clinical presentation of pt. with leprosy ------ Decreased cell mediated immune response
3. Stained black in Ag Methenamine stain; MOT: pigeon droppings---Histoplasma capsulatum
4. Fungal normal Flora of skin, vagina and GIT: ----------- Candida albicans
5. Encapsulated fungi that cause meningoencephalitis ------- Cyptococcus neoformans

6. False about Prions--------------------Contain DNA and RNA in its coat

7. Type of Hypersensitivity of TB granuloma ------------ Type IV or Delayed type
8. Cause of gas gangrene ------------------- Clostridium perfringens
9. Common site of manifestation of mumps ----------- Parotid Gland
10. Bacterial Adhesins as a virulent factor ----------- Pili
11. Ulcerated whitish Mucosal Lesions in the buccal cavity --- cheeks near the gumline --- Koplik
Spots----------Measles Rubeola
12. Pseudomembrane in tonsillar/pharyngitis ----------- Corynebacterium diphtheria
13. Hepatic Schistosomiasis except:
a. Portal hypertension
b. Splenomegaly
c. Esophageal varices
d. Ascites
e. Liver Abscess
14. Organ/Tissue first affected in polio virus -------- Oropharynx
15. Condyloma lata TRUE -------------- Secondary Syphilis
16. Acquired from ingesting undercooked pork and penetrate skeletal muscle----Trichinella spiralis
17. Influenza virus adhesion ------- Hemagglutinin
18. Post-streptococcal Syndrome----------- Streptococcus pyogenes/Group A
19. How can the baby acquire congenital Rubella syndrome-----------pregnant contract the virus
during first trimester
21. Cytopathic effect of HERPES VIRUS --------- Cowdry type A
22. GRO --- paps smear squamous dysplasia ---------- due to HPV 16
22. Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) type of anemia ---------- Microcytic, Hypochromic
23.Gonococcal infection ---------------- Infection of what organ may lead to ectopic pregnancy
------Fallopian Tube
24. Most common Infectious agent causing acute respiratory disease -------- Virus

REVIEW NOTES on GENERAL PATHOLOGY

TOPIC: IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
1. TYPE III Hypersensitivity -------------- SLE
2. Ig that can cross the placenta ----------- IgG
3. Mechanism of disease by Pathogens:
1. Utilize host nutritional resources
2. Physical damage to host tissue
3. Production of toxic substances
4. Primary Immunodeficiency disorders ------- Digeorge, Hyper IgM syndrome & others
5. Hassals Corpuscle of Thymus----------------Type IV reticular epithelial cells
----------- potent source cytokines
----------- aids in maturation of dendritic cells
6. Stroma ------------- Facilitate cell to cell and Ag - receptor interaction
7. Major function of B cells ----------- Secretion of Abs.
8. Checkpoint Cell ------- Regulatory Cells
9. Antigen Binding Region ------------ Variable Region; VDJ Segment
10. Methods of Diagnosing ATOPY
1. History taking
2. Skin test
3. RIST
4. RAST
11. Mngt. Of Allergen
1. Avoidance of allergen
2. Hyposensitization
3. Dry therapy
12. Mechanism of cytolysis
1. Complement fixation to Ag-Ab complex on cell surface
2. Phagocytosis enhanced by Ab (opsonin)
3. ADCC-----------Ab-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
13. Immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema-------Wiskott - Aldrich Syndrome
14. Dont belong in the group
a. Nocardioses (the only bacteria)
b. Pneumocystoses

c. Candidiasis
d. Histoplasmosis
e. Cryptococcosis
15. HIV pt. --- high incidence of what CA ------- Kaposi Sarcoma
16. Abnormality of HIV ----------- Decrease phagocytosis and chemotaxis
17. Precursor of senile systemic amyloidosis------ TTR/Transthyretin
18. CA of thyroid associated in amyloidosis --- Medullary CA
19. Stain from gross examination of amyloidosis ----------- Lugol's stain
20. Clinical manifestation of amyloidosis except ---- Atroply of myocardial fibers
---------- should be Cardiomegaly
21. Diagnosis of multiple myeloma asso. Amyloid:
1. Presence of M-band in electrophoresis
2. Bence-Jones protein in urine
3. Increase Light chains and monoclonal Ig
23. Transplantation in same species --------------- Allogeneic; Syngeneic
23. Allogeneic Transplantation ------------ Alloantigens elicit both cell mediated and
humoral immune response
------------ Transplanted cells det. by polymorphic genes inherited
from both parents
24. Cytokines in Cancer
a. Leukotrienes
b. Y - IFN
c. Growth factors
d. 2 of the above
e. All of the above
DISEASE of INFANCY and CHILDHOOD
1. Polydactyly and Syndactyly ---- MALFORMATION
2. Cleft lip with or without Cleft palate ---- MALFORMATION
3. Amniotic band ----- Disruption
4. Infant of Oligohydramnios sequence
5. Hyaline membrane dse. ----- RDS
Note: Eosinophilic thick hyaline, membranes lining the dilated Alveoli

6. Necrotiting Enterocolitis (NEC) --- Submucosal gas bubbles --- Pneumatosis intestinalis
7. Bone marrow infant with PARVOVIRUS B19 --- 5th dse. of childhood
erythema infectiosum (erythroid precursors)
8. Brain --- Yellow discoloration -------- Kernicterus --- Increase B1
9. Hydrops Fetalis; Cystic Hygromas ---- edema, generalized, neck
10. Hydrops Fetalis --- Compensatory hyperplasia of erythroid precursors ----- Extramedullary
hematopotesis; Non-immune hydrops fetalis
11. Galactosemia --- LIVER Extensive FATTY CHANGE and delicate fibrosis
12. Cystic fibrosis ------------- Changes in pancreas
Note: Dilated and Plug ducts with eosinophilic mucin
13. CF involving the lungs ------------ Pseudomonas Infections
14. Congenital capillary hemangioma ------ Benign (Von Hippel Lindau Dse.)
15. Sacrococcygeal ------- Teratoma
16. Adrenal Neuroblastoma ------- ALK gene, Anaplastic, Lymphoma, Kinase gene
17. Homer -Wright pseudorosettes ----- tumor cells concentrically arranged at central space
filled with NEUROPIL (faintly eosinophilic
fibrillary material); (+) NSE
18. Ganglioneuromas ------------ Neoplastic Ganglion Cells
--- Spindle shaped Schwann cells --- background of stroma
19. Wilms tumor --- lower pole of KIDNEY
------- with tightly packed BLUE Cells consistent with BLASTEMAL COMPONENT
--------- Focal Anaplasia