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Abstract approved:
An Integrated Analog
Multiplier Circuit
by
Einar Traa
A THESIS
submitted to
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Science
June 1968
APPROVED:
March 4, 1968.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION
Basic Principle
10
12
Linearity
23
26
Circuit Fabrication
29
Measurements
30
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Bandwidth
33
Linearity
33
Gain
40
Useful Range
41
42
CONCLUSIONS
Performance
45
Usefulness
46
46
BIBLIOGRAPHY
48
AN INTEGRATED ANALOG
MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION
Basic Principle.
I0(expN
Or
V
,,-11-110
clVbe
kT
Or
V
be
kT
= --lo
q
e
o
and I
14
()
Q6
Q:4:1
Vref.
V2
V3
I
IiJ,
I2
- Input
+ Input
.011
+ IV
'1
4R
V /R
Y
IVY
kT
= -
log
Further,
I
Y0
kT
- --log T-
and V2
q(Vi-V3)
o
exp(
kT
q(V2-V3)
I
exp(
kT
q(V1-V2)
q(V1-V3-V2+V1)
exp(
kT
kT
exp(2-(- --)(log
kT
exp(
kT
I
2))
- log
T-
3
2
I
I
4
1
+I
I +I
2
1
I
_y
DIYy R
1,
2
V
_y
y R
RyIz
Y Y
V I
and
I
I
- I
Y Y
Compare this to
V
I
2 -1
R '
and Q
I
I
('1)
1 I
and
I5 = I2(-f-L61).
7'I
RIa
Y Y
and
- -1-111
RyIy
Fig. lb.
Q6
- I33
2-.----
and
Y Y
- I5
2---Y-
-I
Y Y
diff, out = (I 6 -I 5
-(I -I
4
-1.-I (I
Y Y
w-I z)
Iw - I
= +I x +
-15-
Vx
Vx
+Ix + 17 = 2N-
So,
2V
I
1-(I
Y Y
diff, outRIw
=
4V V
- I
---1
RR I
x y y
Vdiff, out
_...2<.._/1=
R R I
x y y
Fig. 2.
CC
TV ref.
tvx
Ax
II 2
iIw
C)--- Q10
Q9 --0
"
tvx
Ry
+iv
Q2
10
1,
+I
and
1
18 = 12 +
+1
Furthermore,
V
= (iI y + -1
)(X
R
1
V
I 2= (-12-1
- R )0(
V I
I
(II
Y Y
oe
14 = (IIz +
Y Y
I
15 = (I w -
-1-AXi
R I oc
Y Y
V I
16 =
+ -Y--t1-)0(
w
R I 04
Y y
11
= ,k(iI
-1
R
+ 2((fI
is
+ iI w - -1
R
-1
R
+ -(II
is
0((-1-I
I +I
V
)
0; I
14))
-1 ())
I
Similarly,
18 = ot(
V
- -1 )
R
RI
Y
Y
Consider,
+ I
=dI y
+ II
A x .
2V
-1 oe
R
clV
AR
2 --YI
Y Y
-1
R
cy I
(
is
and
and I
12
2
.
-AIx
Aiv
I
/II
13
Lo
= 2mf
r
r
C
C
b
b
c
s
fr
14
15
kT
qI
where
k = Boltzman's constant
T = Absolute temperature
q = charge of an electron
I
= Emitter current
Fig. 4.
rb -ohms
400
0-
10
15
I---=>
20
e-mA
16
wTren
r = nr
/S
I =IsE i
no
j-zi
17
18
6.4V 0
80
80
6mA
2mA
6mA
2mA
BmA
8 A
11,
0-
+ input
signal
65
lmA
1,3mA
0 65
65
- input
signal
65
- gain
control
input
+ gain
control
input
4 mA
1'16 mA
0
Cl)
1000
+i +i
2
19
'
= 33 ohms by measurements of
existing samples.
=
26 mV
I
T e
From Fig. 4:
= 2.3 pF at -10 V; C s
2.3(
0.45
10
cs
cs
= 19 V, C s = 1.72 pF
cs
= 15 V, C s = 1.92 pF
20
C
0.15 pF at -10 V
10
0.15( ----)
V
cb
0.36
21
Note: There is no
y-input, since the
effect of the
y-input is only to
modulate the small
signal parameters
of the x-input
equivalent ckt.
Resistors are
in ohms.
Capacitors are
00
0
in pF.
c.,
0,
TH.
1384
IOW
22
Fig. 7.
Gain
A
-
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.5
Freq.
- GHz
23
Linearity.
2.
3.
4.
24
Fiq. Ba.
el
V = V
- V
e2
iitail
rl+re2
el
'e2
0
e2
el+re2
e2
'tail
+Itail
litail
el
0
>
'tail
Iel
25
26
T'
27
or R
external anyway, R
28
Scale:
-- inch equals
1 mil in the
actual circuit.
Fig. 10.
29
Circuit Fabrication.
30
Measurements.
31
32
See Fig. 8 page 24. The total current should not exceed
20 mA due to power limitations.
33
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Bandwidth.
Linearity.
34
Fig. 11.
Gain
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.5
Freq.
- GHz
35
and Q
36
Inputs
x
Y
0
-13
-17
-22.1
-26.38
-30.46
-34.16
-37.04
-37.14
100
- 8.68
+ 2.66
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
25.69
37.44
49.36
61.42
74.43
200
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Note:
Inputs
y
300
- 5.18
+22.16
400
- 1.21
+57.74
116.68
175.58
233.93
291.35
346.24
395.98
500
- 0.66
+73.15
146.90
220.25
292.82
363.74
431.36
491.66
600
- 0.65
+86.40
173.32
259.57
344.76
427.76
506.62
576.48
700
- 0.89
+96.77
194.27
291.01
386.45
479.40
567.66
645.56
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
77.18
104.81
132.32
159.27
185.14
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
- 2.75
+40.58
84.0
127.38
170.62
213.37
254.69
292.90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Output
37
output
- volts
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x-input
-volts
y=o
38
output
- volts
x =0. 7V
0.6
=0.6V
0.5
0.4
x=0.4V
0.3
x =0.3V
0.2
x=0.2V
0.1
x=0.1V
X=0
0
0
0.2
0.4
U.6
y-input
-volts
39
2.
3.
4.
Normalized
incremental
gain -%
100
90
80
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
>
Input
voltage
- volts
40
Gain.
R.
26
V -
26
2x160x0.4x0.4x0.975x0.975
= 228 5 mV
146x146x10x(10-3)
.
41
Useful Range.
42
Fig. 15.
ramp x ramp
parabola.
Fig. 16.
ramp x sinewave
sinewave with
ramp envelope.
note phase
invertion.
43
Fig. 17.
(sinewave)2
= sinewave of
double frequency.
Fiq. 18.
squarewave x ramp
= squarewave with
ramp envelope.
44
Fig. 19.
sinewave x pulses
= pulses with
sinewave envelope.
45
CONCLUSIONS
Performance.
Bandwidth:
Theoretical
0.35 GHz
Measured
0.2
GHz
Linearity:
2% half range
x-input
233.93 mV
Range:
46
Usefulness.
47
48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.