HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AC 423

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY – A systematic written account of events

ARCHITECTURE – An art which seeks to harmonize in a building the requirements
of strength, utility and beauty.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE – A record of man’s effort to build beautifully.

STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES

•POST AND LINTEL – A beam rests on two vertical supports.

•ARCH AND VAULT – Makes use of several pieces to span opening between two
supports.
•CORBEL – A block projecting from a wall supporting a weight.
•COHESIVE CONSTRUCTION – Employs materials that are shape while plastic are
allowed to happened into homogenous material.
•TRUSS FRAMEWORK – Composed of several pieces of wood or metal that each
shall exist a particular strain, whether tension or compression.

INFLUENCES THAT AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL

STYLE

•GEOGRAPHICAL – Considers the location which affects the development of

commerce, industry, immigration and development.
•GEOLOGICAL – Deals with rocks and soil formation of the locality which dictates
the availability of materials.
•CLIMATIC – determines the characters and thickness of walls, types of roofs, size
of window etc.
•RELIGIOUS – Result of the emotional and spiritual concept and devotion of the
people.
•SOCIAL & POLITICAL – Deals with the form of the government and the standard
living of the people.
•HISTORICAL – Shows how styles are affected by wars, historical upheavals,
invasions and conquest.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

REQUIREMENTS OF UTILITY OR FUNCTION

•Roofed area surrounded by walls
•Provisions for doors, windows and other openings
•Interior partitions and divisions separating rooms.

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•Open courts for light and ventilation

•Corridors, passageways. stairways and elevators for circulation and
intercommunication
•Gradations in geometrical organization in addition to gradation in complexity of
function.
•Other elements providing means of resistance against various forces of
disintegration.
REQUIREMENTS OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY
•Forces acting on walls -Thickness of walls
-Increasing thickness
•Foundations
•Openings -Stresses on a beam or lintel supported only at its ends
+Crushing tendency
+Shear
+Bending and buckling
*When masonry is used to bridge wide openings, some sort of an arch must
be used.
•Roofs

REQUIREMENTS FOR AESTHETIC SENSE

•Conscious striving for artistic effect.
•Expression for preference for certain kind of material or form.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 1
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE

•PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE•
•PRECLASSICAL / EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE•
•WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE•
•AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE•
•GREEK ARCHITECTURE•
•ROMAN ARCHITECTURE•

PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (35, 000 – 8, 000 B.C.)

PERIODS OF DEVELPMENT
a. Paleolithic Period (35, 000- 8, 000 B.C.)
•Implements are crudely made
•Hunting and Fishing
•Caves, dug-outs, tents made of poles and hides
b. Neolithic Period (8, 000 – 5, 000 B.C.)
•Polished stone implements
•Domesticate and raise animals; Till the soil
•Houses of poles and reeds with clay and thatched roof

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*Catal Huyuk (6, 700 – 5, 700 B.C.)– earliest settlement and important
center of trade
c. Bronze and Iron Age (2, 000 B.C.)
•Advanced carpentry and masonry
•Improved dwellings on land
•Roofs assumed rectangular shape

ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
I. Houses/ Shelter

a. Cave d. Later development – Lake dwellings,

b. Hut Tepee, Igloo, Hogan, Trullo
c. Tent
II. Religious Structures
a. Monolithic Structures
• Single stone block
•Pillar at Rundstone
b. Megalithic
•Several Stones
•Stone Henge at Wiltshire, England
•Stone Circle at Avebury
c. Sacrificial Stones
•Simple stones encircled by a swallow trench (vallum) and bank
(agger)
•Encircled by a few big stones

PRECLASSICAL / EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (5, 000 – 30 B.C.)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
•Refined and grandeur column and lintel
•Arch was not common
•Great size and massiveness
•Traditional open court, often surrounded by interior colonnade and the rectangular
room opening on its border front, with its supported by column
•Arch members with relief sculpture and colored
•Painting and sculpture
•Principal motif: lotus and papyrus

PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
Thinite School or Period
•Architecture was primitive
•Sun-dried brick was the principal material
•Masonry was also introduced
•Arch was used

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Memphite School or Old Kingdom

•Royal Tombs: form or pyramids
•Khufu – “pyramid builder”, most outstanding ruler of this period
•A certain standard was set in size and workmanship
•Simplicity and refinement to the colonnades which were used in the courts and
halls of temples
•Main decorative motif was the “papyrus” or “lotus bud”

INFLUENCES
GEOLOGICAL - Egypt has 4 natural products
•Stone, bricks (clay)
•Reed – for brick reinforcement
•Leaves – dates and palm combined with clay for roofing
•Timber
Uses of Stones (limestone, sandstone, alabaster and hard stones – granite,
basalt, quartzite)
•Building establishment – ex. Foundation, solid walls
•Vases
•Personal Ornaments
2 Types of Bricks
1. Sun-dried Bricks – palaces, houses, other buildings, tombs,
temples
2. Burnt Bricks – rare before the coming of Romans
Timber
•Use for better building
•Procedures a buttress joints (flat and flying)
•Upper parts of the windows
Kinds of Timber
a. ACACIA – for making oats
b. SYCAMORE – coffin or known as mummy cases
c. PALM – for fencing walling, reinforcement; for roofing
CLIMATE
•Spring
•Summer
•Rain – rare
- INUNDATION – they are not going to work. They will just concentrate in
construction or erecting building (July – October)
- HIEROGLYPHICS – Egyptian writing
- FLAT ROOF – because of very rare rain
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Style of Architecture

•Massiveness
•Simplicity

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•Grandeur

IMPORTANT FEATURES
•Post and lintel
•Tunnel – shaped vault for the roof in the rectangular plan
- domical roof for circular plans
- flat roof for the exterior
•Hieroglyphics for wall interiors
•Batter wall – inclining from base to top

EXAMPLES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

A. Tomb Architecture
• Mastaba (stairway mastaba – earliest form)
Mastaba of Thi – erected for the royal architect and superintendent
of pyramids
•Pyramids – Pyramid of Giza
•Rock-cut or rock hewned tomb
B. Temples
•Sanctuaries into which only kings and priests penetrate
•Used for mysterious activities and priestly processions
Parts:
1. Entrance Pylons – massive sloping towers fronted by obelisks
2. Hypaethral Court – large court open to the sky
3. Hypostale Hall
4. Sanctuary
5. Other outer enclosures

a. Temple outer and enclosure e. Priests House

b. Subsidiary Temple f. Granary and many stones
c. Birth Houses
d. Secret lakes or grooves
Types:
1. Mortuary Temples – for ministrations to the dead pharaohs
2. Cult Temples – for worship of the ancient and mysterious gods

Obelisks – monumental pillars originating from Heliopolis

- free standing
- height 9-10 times the diameter of the base
- has 4 sides filled with hieroglyphics crowned n top with a pyramidion with a
metal capping
- Shaft of square section and pyramidal tip usually commemorative originated
from the symbol of Heliopolis (sun god)
Sphinx – common in gateway of temples
- faced in sunrise that signifies new life

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- A mythical monster w/ the body of a lion and a head of

a. Man or woman – androsphinx
b. Ram – criosphinx
c. Hawk – hierocosphinx

C. Dwellings – made of crude ricks, 1-2 storeys high with flat or arched ceiling and
a parapet roof partly occupied by a loggia
a. PLANS – core plans are usually symmetrical
b. WALLS – usually thick, made of stone, bricks are reserved for important
building, batter wall
c. OPENINGS – colonnades and doorways are square headset and spanned by
massive lintel, windows were generally absent
d. ROOFS – generally flat and constructed of massive slabs of stone
e. COLUMNS – simplest style of support
1. Square pillar – height is 6x the diameter; with painting and low relief carving;
base is disc-shaped with rounded upper edge.
2. Polygonal columns – 8-16 sides; shallow fluted columns
3. Bud and bell columns – derived from bundles of papyrus reeds; bud type
shows 8 papyrus stems
4. Foliated capital – of various ornate type
5. Palm type column – s simple cylindrical shaft
6. Osiris pillat – resembles the Goddess Hathor or Osiris
7. Hathor – headed capital column
f. MOULDINGS – very few due to hieroglyphics
Types;
1. Torus of Roll Moulding – also bead moulding; usually cover the corners of
temples
2. Gorge – hollow moulding; sometimes capped y cora or kherker crestings; like a
Greek Cavetto
g. ORNAMENTS – usually symbolical most favorite motifs of design; red, blue, and
yellow

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE (5000 – 333 B.C.)

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL
Tigris and Euphrates – first civilization in Western Asia
Persia – mountainous area; north of Assyria
Plain of Mesopotamia (Meso = middle , Potamus = river)
GEOLOGICAL
Chaldea or lower Mesopotamia
– Alluvial district of thick mud and clay deposited by Tigris
Assyria – plenty of stones
Persia – hard colored limestone

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CLIMATIC

Chaldea – swamps and floods Persia – dry, hot climate of high table
land
RELIGION
Babylon - Marduk
Assyrian – Gods
Polytheism – Worship of heavenly bodies
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Babylonian and Assyrian character
– Massiveness
– Monumentality
– Grandeur
Examples:
Ziggurat – temple tower of sacred mountain
City of Babylon – palace of Nebuchadnezzar
AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE (3, 000 – 1, 100 B.C.)
FEATURES
-Low pitch roof
– Corbel arch
– Development of stairway

DOMESTIC UNIT
MEGARON – an enclosed porch; living apartment
THALAMOS – bedroom
Methods of walling
•Cyclopean – irregular shape stones
•Polygonal – much smoother stones
•Rectangular
•Inclined Blocks

EXAMPLES:
1. MINOAN ARCHITECTURE
A. PALACE OF KNOSSOS, Crete – 52 x 275m2 with architectural form called
bent axis.
2. MYCENEAN ARCHITECTURE
A. CITADEL OF TYRINS – laid out rectangular with Megaron
B. LION GATE, MYCENEA – outer gateway of fortress of Mycenea
C. TOMB
TREASURY OF ATREUS – a beehive tom, also means Dome of
Heaven

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (800 – 30 B.C.)

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INFLUENCES
Geographical – mountainous
- Boundaries: Adriatic Sea, Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea
Geological – Ample supply of good building stones
*Marble = mineral of greatest importance to Architecture
*Terra Cota = baked tile
Climatic – intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat
Religious – Nature worshipping [Aegean] – venerated trees and animals
- Built sacrificial altars for worship in open air structure
Historical
- Greek Architectural Periods:
a. Aegean/ Minoan Period – refers to Crete [Helladic]
b. Hellenic Period – temples were usually built
- use of Doric columns, marble sculptures, optical illusions, mural
painting
c. Hellenistic Period – civic built; use of Corinthian columns

CHARACTERISTICS
•Simplicity and purity of lines
•Perfection of proportions
•Refinement of details
1. Low pitch or flat roof on 1-4 storey buildings
2. Development of Megaron – domestic unit of Aegean Architecture
3. Houses and Palaces – chief building type
4. Several types of walling: cyclopean, polygonal, rectangular, inclined blocks
Classification of Temples
•Name after the God •Name according to Plan
•Name according to no. of Columns •Name according to Intercolumnation

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
1. TEMENOS – sacred enclosure which is usually the highest part of Greek City
Acropolis = ‘upper city’
•Erecthion
•Parthenon
•Temple of Nike Apteros
•Propylae (Entrance Gate)
•old Temple of Athena
•Stoa of Eumenes
•Statue of Athena Promochos
•Theater of Dionysus (Theater God)
•Odeion of Herodes Aticus
•Pinacotheca – contains painting
•Glypthotheca – contains sculptures, statues
2. CIVIL SQUARES

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3. TEMPLES
Parthenon – Architect: Ictinus Callicrates
- Master Sculptor: Pheidias
- largest temple
- Plan: Peripteral Octastyle (a single file of 9 column surrounding Naos
wall)
- Doric order
- dedicated to Goddess Athena Parthenos
- 40’ high golden statue of Athena stands at the Naos
- vertical features were inclined in walls towards the top to correct
appearance of falling outwards
Erecthion – Architect: Menesicles
- called an Apteral Temple
- Plan: irregular – distinctive feature
- Caryatids – female statues used in place of columns
Temple of Zeus, Abrigentum – Architect: Callicrates
- Second largest of the Greek Temples
- unusual with its triple Naos
- Atlantes – carved male figure
Temple of Nike – Architect: Callicrates
- Ionic temple dedicated to ‘wingless victory’
- Small temple – 23’ high from base to apex
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus – Architect: Deinocrates
- Master Sculptor: Scopas
- called the Hellenistic Temple
- Contains 100 ionic columns
4. PROPYLAE – entrance gateways: usually mark the approach to the sacred
enclosure to the many Greek cities
EXAMPLES: by Mnesicles, 437 – 431 BC the entrance to Acropolis; first conscious
spatial transition of interior spaces
- at Epidauros
- at Priene
- at Eleusis
5. THEATERS – open-air structures, hallowed out of the slope of a hillside
Theater of Dionysus (Athens)
- The prototype of all Greek theater; accommodate 30, 000 spectators
Theater of Epidauros
- Architect: Polycleitos; most beautiful & best preserved theater
6. PUBLIC BUILDINGS
a. Agora – town square, center for Greek social life
b. Stoa – long colonnade building used around public spaces as shelters and
as religious shrines
c. Prytaneum –senate house used by dignitary of the city and also as the
place where distinguished visitors and citizens may be entered

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d. Bouleuterion – council house, a covered meeting place for the

democratically elected councils
e. Assembly hall – used by the citizens in general
Examples: Thersilion, Megapolis; Ecclesiaterion, Priene
f. Odeion – a kindred type of theater were musicians perform their works for
approval of the public and competed for prizes
g. Stadium – a foot race course in the city, normally founded on convenient
natural ground
h. Hippodrome – similar to stadium but longer; use for horse and chariot
racing
Prototype of Roman Circus
i. Palaestra – wrestling school
j. Gymnasium – a place for physical of all kinds
Prototype of Roman Thermae
k. Naval buildings – ship sheds/ store

7. TOMBS
Mausoleum – derived from mausolos, Artemisia dedicated a monumental
tomb to her husband Mausolos.
EXAMPLES:
- Halicarnasses Mausoleum – by Satyrus and Pythius, one of the ancient
wonders of the world
- Nereid Monument, Xanthos
- Lion Tomb, Cnidos
- Tomb of the Weepers, Sidon
8. DOMESTIC BUILDINGS – internal open court or peristyle with porticoes on
three sides and chambers grouped around it; generally one storey
EXAMPLES:
•House No. 33, Priene – one of the best examples surviving megaron type.
•Maisson De La Colline
9. TREASURY OF ATREUS
10. CITADEL – fortification

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (750 – 500 B.C.)

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL – commercial trade enabled Romans to penetrate other places.
- Italy became a major port in the Mediterranean
-surrounded y water, almost flat
-Industrial Revolution of 1830 – introducing the use of reinforced concrete
GEOLOGICAL – brick, rubble, pozzolana (use of concrete)
CLIMATIC – South: almost tropical, North: temperate, Central: sunny
- diversity of architectural features
RELIGIOUS – lesser venerations of the Gods and more veneration of Emperors

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- concentrated on civic type of structures, which would satisfy the Emperor’s

caprices
- a part of the constitution of the State
SOCIAL – because of homage to emperors, Romans went out of Italy to
conquer other countries and establish the Roman Empire.
- revealed in the architectural manifestation of characteristics in these
structures: thermae, circus, amphitheaters, basilica, temples and dwelling
houses.
- several emperors are known for love of temples
HISTORICAL – conquest of several countries, colonized under the Roman Empire
DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
1. ENTRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
Features: •Radiating arch
•Tuscan column
•Atrium type of house plan
•Temples usually faced the south – square in plan & the cella
corresponds to Greek “naos”
2. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Characteristics: •vastness
•magnificence
•osteatation
•ornateness
EXAMPLES OF ROMAN STRUCTURES
A. FORUM – open space at the center corresponding to the Greek Agora.
Forum of Trajan, Rome – largest forum
Forum of Romanum – oldest and most important
B. ROMAN TEMPLES
1. Rectangular
Temple of Venus, Rome – Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus
2. Circular and Polygonal
Pantheon, Rome – corresponds to Greek Parthenon
- most known as the S. Maria Rotunda: was converted into a Christian
church; built by Agrippa.
C. BASILICAS – halls of justice and commercial exchanges; a link from the classical
to the Christian architecture.
- Plan of Christian Basilican Churches were patterned after the plan of Roman
Basilicas.
Ex. Trojan’s Basilica – Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus
D. THERMAE – palatial public ba
E. THEATERS – used for musical performances
F. AMPHITHEATERS – used for gladiatorial combats, mortal combats, also used for
naval exhibitions
Ex. Coloseum, Rome – chief example; begun by Vespasian and completed
by Domitian

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G. CIRCUS – place for horse and chariot racing

Ex. Circus Maximus, Rome – largest with total capacity of 250, 000
spectators
H. TOMBS – Roman practice of cremation, burial and interment, sarcophagus and
urns are found in the same chamber
I. TRIUMPHAL ARCHES – erected for the victories of general & emperor.
J. TOWN GATEWAYS & ARCHES – minor arches built around Italy
K. PILLARS OF VICOTRY – memorial columns erected to record triumph of
victorious generals
L. ROSTRAL COLUMNS – erected to commemorate naval victories
M. PALACES – served as a prototype for Renaissance Palaces
Ex. Palace of Diocletian – largest approx. 8 acres; referred to as “a city in a
house” the elevated on platforms and underneath is the furnace.
N. ROMAN HOUSE
Types: •Domus – private house
•Villa – country house; buildings arranged around the court or
peristyle
•Insula – multi-storey tenement house
O. AQUEDUCTS – used to carry water supply to all parts of roman town or city
Ex. Pont du Gard, Nimes
P. FOUNTAINS – often design with clumns and statues.
Q. BRIDGES – simple solid and practical in construction to resist rush of water

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 2
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE

•EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE•

•BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE•
•ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE•
•GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE•
•RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE•
•BAROQUE & ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE•
•NEOCLASSICAL & GOTHIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE•
•MODERN ARCHITECTURE•

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (4th A.D. – 12th Century)

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL – Christianity; a strong force and was brought to Rome y St. Peter
and St. Paul and several other missionaries; a strong influence in the formation of a
new architecture Judea

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– an eastern province of the Roman Empire, Rome being the center of world
civilization. North Africa, Syria, Asia Minor and Egypt, where local influences
affected the growth.
GEOLOGICAL - Old ruined Roman buildings provided plenty of materials for the
new architecture.
- Bricks were used considerably
- The nave or aisles were made of wood or timber
CLIMATIC – varied climatic condition
RELIGIOUS – house activities of the early Christians.
- Early Christian were contented in modest churches
- In A.D. 313 Constantine issued proclamation giving Christianity equal rights
as the other religion
- A.D. 323 he was converted and Christianity was made the state religion
SOCIAL – The early Christians were poor and lack means for building; use old
materials of the ruined buildings of the previous era.
HISTORICAL – 753 – 31 B.C. – Roman Republic
- 27 B.C. – 312 A.D. – Roman Empire
- 250 A.D. – Emperor Decius begins a period of persecution of
Christians

Two distinct types of plans

• Basilica Type – found in the west
• Central Type – built around two intersecting axis; found in the east

TYPES OF BUILDINGS
•Churches
•Tombs
•Baptisteries
•Monasteries
•Catacombs
•Sepulchral Churches and tombstones.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
PLAN – basilican (for churches) and central type plan (for baptisteries and
campaniles)
WALLS – use of rubble or concrete, faced with plaster, brick or stone.
OPENINGS – Arcades, doors and windows were either spanned by semi-circular
arch which were often resting directly by a lintel.
ROOFS – Timber roofs c0ver the central nave
- open trusses were painted with decorations
- side aisles were vaulted, apse was domed and lined with glass mosaics
COLUMNS – usually taken from old ruined buildings
- vary in sizes and design
MOULDING – crude variations of old Roman types

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ORNAMENTS – color was used to entrance glimmering richness of mysterious

interiors.
- mosaics represent religious items
EXAMPLE:
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (324 A.D. – 15th Century)

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL – In 330A.D. the capital of Roman Empire were transferred to
Byzantium
- Eastern Roman Empire and spread to Greece, Russia, Asia Minor, North
Africa, Venice, Ravenna, and as far as France.
GEOLOGICAL – did not have god stones for buildings; bricks and rubble for
concrete;
CLIMATIC – Eastern climate, flat roofs were popularly used for summer resting
place, combined with oriental domes, with small windows on walls.
- open courts with surrounding arcades with the usual fountain or a pool of
water in the middle.
RELIGIOUS – In 323 A.D. Christianity was proclaimed as the religion of the
Empire.
-Basilican plan was adopted but combined with oriental dome.
-the eastern ranch of the Christian religion which adapted Byzantine style is
devoid of statue for decorations and conserved the old rituals and doctrines.
SOCIAL & POLITICAL – eastern empire became known as the Byzantine Empire,
replacing Rome as the center of Roman rule.
-Arab invasion s reduced the area of the empire
-13th century to first half of the 14th century, an Ottoman Sultanate tried
to conquer byzantine
-1453 the city fell to Sultan Mohammed II, making the end of Byzantine as a
political entity
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
-simplicity in external design, resulted to the use of clay and rubble
-Richness in internal treatment importing “marble”
-the dome become almost obligatory in Byzantine churches
-exteriors were emphasized by massing vaults
EXAMPLE:
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople – also known as Megale Ecclesia or great Church
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
PLANS – distinguished by a central space covered with a dome on pendentives
- short arms on each side form a Greek cross.
-Unlike early Christian churches, Byzantine churches has no bell towers
WALLS – the walls are usually bricks and encrust with colored marbles and
shining glass mosaics.

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OPENINGS – Doors and windows are usually crowned with semi-circular or horse-
shoe arches.
-semi-circular arches support galleries
ROOFS – Domes of bricks, or stone and concrete
COLUMNS – columns use structurally support galleries only; massive piers and
thick walls carry the superstructure.
MOULDINGS – not of much use; rough imitations of Roman mouldings; flat ends or
facias are used instead of string courses or cornices.
ORNAMENTS – extreme elaboration

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (8th A.D. – 12th Century)

INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL – combination of Roman and Byzantine architecture but basically
Roman in style.
GEOLOGICAL – common materials used: stone, brick, marble or terra cota, as well
as readymade columns and other features from the old Roman buildings.
CLIMATIC – Northern: dull climate contribute to the use of:
•large windo for sufficient light
•high pitch roof throws snow and rain off
- Southern: sunny climate contribute t the use of:
•small windows minimize sunlight and arcades for sun shading
•Hat Roof
RELIGIOUS – Christianity resulted into erection of churches
- Papacy had been of great power and influence
SOCIAL & POLITICAL – establishment of feudal system
- landlord build castles to separate and protect them from the peasants
- castles were made with man-made canals
HISTORICAL – style were based on Roman and byzantine elements last until the
Advent of Gothic architecture in the mid 12th century
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
-sober and dignified
SUMMARY
MATERIAL - continued use of Roman material
STYLE - principle f equilibrium; rib and panel vaulting
PLAN – latin cross plan
WALL – roughly built of recycle material
OPENINGS – windows: rose/wheel window; doors: recessed jambs/ doorway; corbel
arches under the eaves of a church
ROOFS – rib and panel vaulting
COLUMNS – Ionic and Corinthian
MOULDINGS – elaborately curved
ORNAMENTS – principal: fresco; favorite subject: vegetable and animal form
EXAMPLE

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Pisa Cathedral – one of the finest examples of Romanesque church

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (12th A.D. – 16th Century)

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
LANCETTE (12th Century) – pointed arches; geometric tracery window.
RAYONNANT (13th Century) – rose and wheel windows
- a reaction against the grand scale of high gothic cathedrals resulted to
smaller, more intimate cathedrals with more complex details.
FLAMBOYANT (14th – 16th Century) – developed after the hundred years war,
characterized by flame-like tracery window
EXAMPLE:
Chartres Cathedral – has 130 stained glass window
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTER – lofty and aspiring quality
STYLE – arcuated with pointed arch; developed flying buttresses
MATERIAL – stone (principal material), timber(roof)
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE - Cathedral
PLAN – regard to convenience than symmetry
ORIENTATION OF FAÇADE - west
WALLS - Rubble masonry
OPENINGS – spanned by pointed arches; jambs of doors; receding plains like
Romanesque;
- window: tracery(prominent feature) with stained glass
ROOFS – Internal: rib and panel vaulting; External: timber covered with slate or
lead roofing
COLUMNS – shafts: combined or group forms
MOULDINGS – numerous and varied from Roman forms
DECORATIONS – stained glass: chief; other forms: stone and wood carvings

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (14th – 17th Century)

– Emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and regularity of parts
– Orderly arrangements of column
– Semi-circular arches, hemispherical domes, niches, aedicules
– Filippo runelleschi: one of the innovators of Rennaisance Architecture
– Develop in Florence
– ”rebirth”

THREE PHASES OF RENAISSANCE

•Early Renaissance/ Quattrocento
•High Renaissance
•Mannerism

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EXAMPLE
Saint Peters Basilica
CHARACTERISTICS
PLAN – square and symmetrical; proportions are based on a module
FAÇADE – Symmetrical around their vertical axis
COLUMNS & PILASTERS – used Roman Orders
ARCHES – semi-circular or segmental
VAULTS – do not have ribs; semi-circular or segmental on a square plan
DOMES – large structural feature that is visible from the exterior
- means of roofing smaller spaces
- indispensable element in church architecture
CEILINGS – flat or coffered; Frequently painted or decorated
DOORS – usually have square lintels
-set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental preachment
WINDOWS – may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch

BAROQUE & ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE

•••In Italian, the word barocco means bizarre, and Baroque architecture certainly
was extravagant. Buildings in the Baroque style have many of these features:
• Complicated shapes
• Large curved forms
• Twisted columns
• Grand stairways
• High domes
• Trompe l'oeil paintings
Italian Baroque
Churches with enormous domes, swirling forms, huge spiraled columns,
multicolored marble, and lavish murals. The same exuberance was expressed in
non-religious buildings.
EXAMPLE: The Trevi Fountain in Rome
French Baroque
•Lavish details
•Church buildings were usually symmetrical and orderly
EXAMPLE: Palace of Versailles
English Baroque
Architect Christopher Wren used restrained Baroque styling when he helped
rebuild the city. EXAMPLE: St. Paul's Cathedral
Spanish and Latin America
Baroque ideas combined with exuberant sculptures, Moorish details, and
extreme contrasts between light and dark. Called Churrigueresque after a Spanish
family of sculptors and architects, Spanish Baroque architecture was used through
the mid-1700s, and continued to be imitated much later.
EXAMPLE: Casa del Prado in California is a lavish re-invention of Spanish
Baroque, or Churrigueresque, architecture.

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•••In French, the word rocaille refers to rocks, shells, and the shell-shaped
ornaments used on fountains. During the 1700s, a highly ornamental style of art,
furniture, and interior design became popular in France. Called Rococo, the lavish
style combined the delicacy of French rocaille with Italian barocco, or Baroque,
details.
Rococo architecture is actually late version of the Baroque style, and is most
often found in Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, and Russia. While there are many
similarities between the Baroque and the Rococo styles, Rococo buildings tend to be
softer and more graceful. Colors are pale and curving shapes dominate.

Features of Rococo Architecture EXAMPLES OF ROCOCO

include: ARCHITECTURE:
• Elaborate curves and scrolls • The Wieskirche in Bavaria
• Ornaments shaped like shells • Hermitage Winter Palace in St.
and plants Petersburg, Russia
• Intricate patterns • Smolny Cathedral in St.
• Delicate details Petersburg, Russia
• Complex, asymmetrical shapes • Archbishop's Palace at Prague
• Light, pastel colors Castle, Czech Republic
• Belvedere Palace in Vienna,
Austria

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
– Produced by the neoclassical movement
– A style principally derived from the architecture of Classical Greece
ORIGINS
•the Louis XVI style formed in shape and structure the end of late baroque
tendencies, with classism serving as its framework
•Neoclassicism in architecture is evocative and picturesque, a creation of a distant,
lost world, framed within the romantic sensibility
•Neoclassicism desired to return to the perceived “purity” of the arts Rome

DEVELOPMENT
•Neoclassicism first gained influence in Paris, through a generation of French art
students trained at the french academy in Rome
•At first, classicizing décor was grafted onto familiar European forms
•A second neoclassical wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously
archacological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 3
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

•ARCHITECTURE OF CHINA•
•ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA•
•ARCHITECTURE OF JAPAN•
•ARCHITECTURE OF CAMBODIA•
•ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA•
•ARCHITECTURE OF THAILAND•

ARCHITECTURE OF CHINA
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL – covers nearly 1/13 of the land area of the whole world.
RESOURCES – timber is the principal building material combined with brick.
CLIMATIC – continental type of climate that varies from region to region; severe
winters
RELIGIOUS
•Ancestor Worship – small altars or shelf containing wooden tablets inscribed
with names, title, date of birth and death.
•Taoism – discouraged commerce and trade, ceremonies
•Confucianism – concerned with the achievement of an ideal society
•Buddhism - predominant religion
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
1. UNITY OF STRUCTURE OR ORNAMENT
-beautifying of structural element

2. GOD ANTI-SEISMIC ORNAMENT

- wooden columns n plinths with shallow foundation
3. A HIGH DEGREE OF STANDARDIZATION
- dimensions were based on standard modules
4. BRIGHT COLORS
- used according to the nature of the building
5. SYSTEMATIC GROUPING
-courtyards became the basic units n which groups of buildings were
formed
Feng Shui – a body of rules which govern the planning of any town or building
controlling siting, orientation, plan and even color and position of the doors
CHINESE STRUCTURES
•CHINESE HOUSE
-filled with brickwork; ne storey with 3 bays.
•CHINESE TEMPLE

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- roof is the dominant feature

•usually of yellow or green grounded tiles
•ridge pole is decorated with porcelain statue
•PAGODA
- a buddhist temple in the form of a square or polygonal tower with roofs
projecting from each of itsmany storeys
•PAI LOU
- monumental gateways having a trabeated form of stone or wood
construction
EXAMPLES:
Hall of Supreme harmony; Greatwall of China

ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
INFLUENCES

GEOLOGICAL • Hinduism: Garba –

• lack of stone Griha
• bricks (standard material) • Buddhism: Stupa
•Sal- important timer for • Islam: Mosque
building • Jainism: Rock-cut shrine

RELIGION

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Torana – Monumental Gateway

PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
MEHRGARH
Barabar Mounts, Bihar
Grotto of Lomas Rishi – private bathroom
Mohenjo-Daro – largest city in Indus Civilization
Harappa – a raised citadel cmposed of 6 mountain centers and uran form
Granary at Harappa
VEDIC
Buddhist Stupa – dome-shaped monument was used as a
commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.
- adopted in Southeast and East Asia
EARLY COMMON ERA
Khajuraho – adhering shikhara temple style
- UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Showed increase in elevation of wall
LATE MIDDLE AGES
Vijayanagara Architecture
Large and small temples
•Chennakesava Temple
•Hoysales Wara Temple
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE AND MUGHAL ERA
Taj Mahal – built as a tomb for Queen Mumtaz by Shah Jahan
COLONIAL ERA
Rastrapati Bhavan – Presidential residence

ARCHITECTURE OF JAPAN
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY – has 4 Major islands
- Bounded by Russia, China, Korea
GEOLOGY- 4/5 of Japan were still covered w/ forest & vegetation
- good quality bamboo, volcanic stones & timber
CLIMATE – has 4 seasons
RELIGION – Shintoism: ancient Japanese religion; Buddhism
Torii – Monumental Gateway

ARCHITECTURE OF CAMBODIA
EXAMPLES:
Angkor Wat, a temple complex
Angkor Thom, a royal city and Buddhist temple complex

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ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA
EXAMPLES:
Borobudur, Indonesian Ancient Temple

ARCHITECTURE OF THAILAND
EXAMPLES:
Wat Phra Kaeo (Temple of the Emerald Buddha
– temple contains more exquisite carving and decoration per square
centimeter than any comparable site in the world. Almost every surface is
covered with inspired decoration within the temple compound.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 4
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

•PRE-HISTORIC/ PRE-SPANISH PERIOD•

•SPANISH PERIOD•
•PHILIPPINE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE•
•AMERICAN PERIOD•
•POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE•

INFLUENCES
HISTORY
•Negritos – earliest settlers in the Philippines.
- believed to have migrated from Borneo, Sumatra & Malaya
•Islam – introduced by Arab traders from Malay and Borneo
•Spanish Colonial Era-End of 16th Century – Manila has become a leading
commercial center in East Asia
1898 – Philippines acquired its independency on Spain, United States took
control of the Philippines until 1946
•American
Roadways, sanitary facilities and schools – brought by American rule
Commerce, trade and agriculture – given additional intention
•World War II
1942 Japanese occupied Manila
1945 Recovery of the entire islands
RESOURCES
Minerals – petroleum, iron, copper, gold, limestone, nickel, cobalt, silver; can be
found in abundance
Nonmetallic Minerals – rock, ashpalt,gypsum, asbestos, sulfur and coal
Quarried – limestone, adobe, and marble
Wood – narra, molave, yacal, dao, ipil, guijo, tanguile, etc.
Palm, nipa, rattan and bamboo

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RELIGION
•Animo-deism – existence of life in every direction
•Islam – introduced y the ara in 1830, flourished in mindanao
•Christianity – introduced by the Spaniards

PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
PREHISTORIC
•Lean-to
•Caves
•Treehouse
FOLK DWELLINGS
•Isneg ‘binuron’
•kalinga
•Ifugao ‘fale’
•Ivatan ‘rakuh’
•Tausug ‘bay sinug’
•Maranao
•Bahay- Kubo

SPANISH ARCHITECTURE
Bahay na bato
Also known as Bahay Kastila or Bahay na Tisa
• developed as residences of the rich during the 19th and early 20th century
• A spacious, durable, comfortable and elegant house occupied by large extended
families
• usually built adjacent to street and to neighboring houses
Forts and Fortresses
-were constructed by Spanish Friars as a defense

PHILIPPINE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Islamic influence in Architecture was brought by Arab traders.
Mosques were the predominant Muslim structure in the Philippines.

AMERICAN PERIOD
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Chalet – a “suuran house’ which ecame popular with the middle class in the early
20th century
Bungalow – one storey house with wide picture windows introduced y the
Americans
Important Architects
Daniel Burnham – commissioned by Gov. Gen. Howard Taft to draft the master plan
of Manila and Baguio, and to design the Government capitol buildings.

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Tomas Mapua – 1st registered Architect; founder of Mapua Institute of Technology

Other Architects
Andres Luna de San Pedro – son of Juan Luna
Crystal Arcade, first department store
Perez Samarillo building / Regina Building, first Skyscraper
Juan Arellano
The Legislative Building, now National Museum
The Post Office Building
Metropolitan theater
Master Development Plan of UP DIliman
Senate Building

Pablo Antonio
FEU Main Building
PNB Building
Juan Nakpil
Reconstruction of the Quiapo Church
UP Admin Building
UP Library
Rufino Building

POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
1940 – Grand Civic Structures; elegant homes
Manila – Paris of the Orient
Brise Soleil (sun Breakers)
– favorite architectural feature contributing to International Style
Domestic
– Two Storey Apartment with individual entrances

Important Architects
Leandro locsin
UP Catholic Chapel
Cultural Center of the Philippines
Folk Arts Theater
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Tower One (Ayala Ave, Makati City)
Francisco Mañosa
San Miguel Corporation Headquarters
Coconut Palace
Tahanang Filipino
Ateneo Business School

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