ASSIGNMENT # 2

NETWORK DESIGN (CMPE6002)

SUBMITTED BY: BINOD BISTA
STUDENT ID: 18157554
SUBMISSION DATE: 21 April 2015

Question 1:
Consider the network shown in Figure 1. The figure next to the link represents the links
cost.
a. Please use Dijkstras shortest path algorithm to compute the shortest path from F
to all other network nodes. What is the path used by packets from node F to node
B.
b. Now consider multicast routing. Suppose the PIM dense mode multicast routing
algorithm is implemented. For a multicast group where node F is the source and
nodes A, B and E are receiving nodes, please draw the multicast forwarding tree
for this multicast group.
Figure 1

3
A
3

2 7

D
9

2
C

4
6

5 4 8

1 3

2 4
3

H
7

E
8

3
9

Answer:
a)
Step

Start, N

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

F
FG
FGH
FGHE
FGHED
FGHEDC
FGHEDCA
FGHEDCAB

b)

D(A),
P(A)

9,D
9,D

D(B),P(B)

D(C),P(C) D(D),P(D) D(E),P(E)

12,E
12,E
12,E
11,A

6,E
6,E

6,F
6,F
6,F
6,F

4,G
4,G

D(G),P(G
)
1,F

D(H),P(H
)
3,F
3,F

PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) uses dense multicast routing. It implicitly builds shortestpath trees by flooding multicast traffic domain wide, and then pruning back branches of
the tree where no receivers are present.
When node F is source and node A, B and E are receiving nodes, the multicast
forwarding tree for this multicast group is given below.

F-D-A;

F-D-A-B;

F-G-E

Question 2:
Consider distance vector routing. Delay is used as the measured metrics. A network consists
of six (6) nodes, Node A to Node F. Node A has three neighboring nodes: B, C, and D. The
following vectors have come to router A: from B: (6, 0, 5, 9, 8, 4); from C: (5, 2, 0, 1, 4, 5);
from D: (4, 7, 6, 0, 3, 4). The first element of the vector from node X represents the delay
from node X to node A, while the second element represents the delay from node X to node
B, and so on. The measured delays from node A to B, C and D, are 6, 3, and 5, respectively.
What is As new routing table? Give both the outgoing line to use and the expected delay.

Answer:
The distance table is as below:
Destinatio
n

Through
B

12

12

11

11

15

14

10

And the Routing Table is given by:

Destination

Next Hop
B
C
D
E
F

Delay
C
C
C
C
C

5
3
4
7
8

Question 3:
Consider a NAT (network address translation) local network. Should all datagram leaving this
local network have the same IP source address? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method of mapping a number private IP addresses
by a single public IP. This technique allows the hosts in the network to borrow a public
address to communicate to outside networks.
Let us consider a network with 3 hosts with the private IP from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.3

and the public IP for the network is 207.111.64.11. If one of the hosts (192.168.1.2) tries to
access the information from outside network then the datagram consists of source and
destination IP with port number which is forwarded to the router which connects the local

network to outside network. The router then replaces the source IP and port number by its
own IP address and port number but the destination IP address will be the same.
Same case applies for other hosts within the local network. So, we can say that all the
datagram leaving the local network have the same IP address.

Question 4:
Compare IPv6 datagram header with IPv4 header. List four differences between them and
explain the rationale for making such changes.

Answer:
The IPv4 header is as below:
Version

IHL

Type of Service

Identification

Time to Live

Total Length

Flags

Protocol

Fragment
Offset

Header Checksum

Source Address
Destination Address
Option

And the IPv6 header is as below:

Padding

Version

Traffic Class

Flow Label

Payload Length

Next
Header

Hop Limit

Source Address
Destination Address

Version: It helps to identify protocol version.

Traffic Class: It is intended for Quality of Service (QoS). It may distinguish various classes
or priorities of traffic ( in combination with other header fields, e.g. source/destination
addresses)
Flow Label: Identifies a flow which is a group of related datagrams or flow from same
session.
Payload Length: The Total Length is the the length of the IPv4 packet including the header.
But in IPv6, the Payload Length doesnot include the 40-byte IPv6 header. It save the host or
router receiving a packet from having check whether the packet is large enough to hold the IP
header in initial phase. Making for a small efficiency gain. Despite the name, the Payload
Length field includes the length of any additional headers, not just the length of the user data.
It is in Bytes, so the maximum possible payload size is 64 KB.
Next Header: TIt identifies the type of following data - it may be some extension header or
upper layer protocol (TCP, UDP) data.
Hop Limit: Time to Live (TTL) is now called Hop Limit in IPv6. The sending node assigns
some value to this field defining the reach of given datagram. Every forwarding host
decreases the value by 1. If decremented to zero, the datagram is dropped and an ICMP
message is sent to the sender. It protects the IPv6 transport system against routing loops - in
the case of such loop the datagram circulates around the loop for a limited time only
Source Address: It contains the IP address of the host who sent this datagram.
Destination Address: This is the target/destination address where the datagram should be
delivered to particular IP address.

The difference between IPv4 header and IPv6 header are :

1). The IPv4 address is 32 bit and is written in decimal form whereas IPv6 address is of 128
bits and is written in Hexadecimal form.
2). Fragmentation is done by sender and forwarding routers in IPv4 but in IPv6
Fragmentation is done only by sender.
3). Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is available to map IPv4 addresses to Mac addresses
in IPv4 and in IPv6 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is replaced by Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (NDP).
4). In IPv4, broadcast messages are available but in IPv6 broadcast are not available. Instead
a link-local scope All nodes multicast IPv6 address (FF02::1) is used for broadcast similar
functionality.