( Network card) ( ...

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1. Local Area Network LAN.
2. Metropolitan Area Network MAN.
3. Wide Area Network WAN.
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100 2.
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100 2.
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( ) Enterprise Network:
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Global Network
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1. Peer to Peer Network.
2. - Server-Client Network.
3. Combination Network.
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Ser
ver
Work Group
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Server Based Network.

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1 File Servers:
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2 Print Servers: .
3 Application Servers:
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4 Communication Servers:
Domain
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5 Mail server: .
6 Database server:
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11 100
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1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Star Bus Topology
5. Star Ring Topology
6. Mesh Topology
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Segment
Linear Bus.
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Hub S
witch.
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- .
Terminator
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- Barrel Conn
ector Repeater.
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- Token Passi
ng Token
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- Free Token

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: Workstations
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1. Coaxial Cable.
2. Twisted Pair.
3. Fiber Optic.
Coaxial Cable:

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1 Thin: 0.6 10 Base 2
185
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2 Thick: 1.2 10 Base 5
500
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Thin Thick
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- . - .
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BNC T.
Twisted Pair:
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Unshielded Twisted Pair(UT
P)
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Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)

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100 Mbps
100
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1000 Mbps
100 .
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1.
2. UTP.
3. .
1. crossover.
2. Straight.
3. Roll over
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Straight
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:
crossover :
Twisted Pair
RJ 4.
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Roll over
COM UTP.
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568A : - - -
- - - - .
568B : - - -
- - - - .
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1. RJ 45.
2. Crimper.
3. .
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core Kevlar
Core
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5. 100 / 200000 /
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Microwave
Infrared
Satellites
:
Network Adapter Card NIC LAN Card
LAN Interface Card LAN Adapter IEEE
 MAC 48
ROM 24
24
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1. Repeater.
2. Hub.
3. Switch.
4. Bridges.
5. Modem.
6. Router.
7. Gateway.
8. Brouter.
Repeater:

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Hub:
4
24
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M
ultiport Repeater
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1. Active Hubs:-
Multiport Repeater .
2. Passive Hubs:
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3. Hybrid Hub: .
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Switch:

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Switch:
MAC
MAC Request
Buffer
Port
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1 Switching Hub
Hub Bits .
2 LAN Switch
MAC .
3 Routing Swi
tch Router.
Switch:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. 100 10
Hub.
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12
24 36 48 .
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B.W
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Bridg:
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Bridg:
1.
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2. MAC Address ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
ARP
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3. 802.3
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4. .
5. .
Modem:
Modulation
Demodulation
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Internal .
External RS-232.
:
RJ-11.
:
Network Lines Dial-Up:

56 .
leased Lines:
24
64
45 .
1.
2. Baud
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Router:

TCP/IP
Frame Ready
IP.
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AR
P
IP
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1. 20 .
2. TCP/IP.
3. LAN WAN.
4. .
5. Traffic .
6. .
7.
 Subnets.
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NT IBM

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Brouter:
Brouter Multiprotocol Router
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5.
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1. Windows95
2. windows98
3. windows Me
4. windowsNT
5. WindowsNTserver
6. Windows2003server
7. windows2000professional
8. Linux
9. Unix
:
- (Net Scape - Inter
net Explorer - Mozilla Firefox) .
- Outlook Express
Net Meeting .
Easy Cafe
Microsoft LAN Manager
:
Norton Internet Security .

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1. Syntax:
Packet
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2. Semantics:
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3. Timing:
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TCP.
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IP.

Layering Protocol Stick

Binding
Protocol Stick .
:
: FTP Telnet.
: TCP SPX NETBEUI.
: NCP SMP.
:
NETBEUI: NetBios extended user interface
.
NetBios: Network basic input output system
20: 200.
FTP: 21
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
.
HTTP:
Mozilla Epiphany Konqueror
Links Lynx..
TCP/IP: TCP / IP
TCP IP
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TCP/IP :
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TCP
 IP
TCP/IP :-
1. (Network Interface):
Ethernet Token-Ring
2. (Internet): I
P
3. (Transport):
Internet TCP UDP
4. (Application):
ASCII
EBCDIC IBM
.
TCP/IP:
1. Transmission Control Protocol TCP
2. User Datagram Protocol UDP
3. Internet protocol IP
4. Internet Control Massage Protocol ICMP
5. Address Resolution Protocol ARP
6. Internet Group Management Protocol IGMP
7. FTP File Transfer Protocol
8. NetBIOS Network basic input output system
9. IPX/SPX internetwork packet exchange /sequenced packet exchange
TCP/IP :
1. TCP : Co
nnection-based
TCP
.. Connection Based
...
.
2. :UDP User Datagram Protocol
No connection-Based
TCP

... UDP
UDP
TCP ..
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3. :IP Internet Protocol
IP Address
IP

..
Token-Ring Ethernet
4. : ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IP
Ping Echo Request Echo Reply
5. :ARP Address Resolution Protocol
IP
IP X
ARP ARP
 ARP IP Router
ARP IP
ARP
6.
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7. IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
Multicast Multicasting.
8. SMTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
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9. FTP )File Transfer Protocol)
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10. SNMP)Simple Network Management Protocol)
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11. NetBIOS Network basic input output system
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12. IPX/SPX) internetwork packet exchange /sequenced packet exchange
IPX
13. SPX

IP:
8 32
4 0 1.

221.33.90.20 IP

Classes IP
Class A, B, C.
Class A:
(Bit) Network Add 24 Node Address
Class A :
Network. Node .Node. Node 126:1.
Class B:
16 (Bit) Network Add 16 Node Address
Class B
Network .Network .Node. Node 191:128.
Class C:
24 (Bit) Network Add Node Address
Class C
Network. Network .Network. Node 223:192.
D, E .
Class D 224-239. Multicast.
Class E 240-255 .
:

A
1 126
1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
126
16777214
B
128 191
128.1.0.0 to 191.254.0.0
16382
65534
C
192 223
192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0
2097150
254

:
32
IP.

A
8
24
255.0.0.0
B
16
16
255.255.0.0
C
24
8
255.255.255.0

IP :
11000111.01100100.00110010.00100001
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND 11000111.01100100.00110010.00000000
199.100.50.0
:
:
20.42.4.75 20.42.4.2
Class A
20
20.x.x.x=20.x.x.x
.
:
20.42.4.75 30.42.4.20
Class A 20.x.x
.x 30.x.x.x.
 IP
- : DHCP .
- Automatic Private IP Addressing
DHCP IP
DHCP
IP Automatic Priv
ate IP Addressing IP=169.254.x.x
255.255.x.x
Proxy Server Net Gateway .
OSI
Open System Interconnection
ISO I
nternational Standard Organization .
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Data Link Layer
7. Physical Layer
:
( ).

OSI
.
format
.

.
Segment
User Oriented Network Oriented

Segment IP
IP
Packet.
MAC Address
FCS CRS Frame CRS
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Session

100% FCS
Frame Check Sequence
.
0,1
Media