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1.Design Method
1.1.Design Requirements
The report aims to present necessary calculations to provide reinforcement in manholes where
infiltration, traffic load, safety and risk issues cannot be addressed.
2.General
The most crucial condition of the manhole need to be kept under consideration and that is when
the empty and the soil surrounding the wall is wet considering infiltration is blocked.
2.1.Material Properties
The properties of materials used for concrete manholes are as follows:
f`c
=
specified compressive strength of concrete at 28 days
fy
Es
Ec
=
=
=
=
=
30
MPa for concrete in box culverts
specified minimum yield strength of reinforcement
420
MPa
200000 MPa modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement LRFD (5.4.3.2)
modulus of elasticity of concrete in box LRFD [C5.4.2.4]
=
=
4800
f`c
0.5
26290.68 MPa
Load modifier
Load factor
Qi
=
=
applied loads
Total factored force effect
Resistance factor
Rn
Rr
Factored resistance = Rn
3.2.Limit States
The Strength I Limit State is used to design reinforcement for flexure and checking shear in
the slabs and walls, LRFD [12.5.3] . The Service I Limit State is used for checking reinforcement
for crack control criteria, LRFD [12.5.2] .
3.3.Load Factors
The following Strength I load factors st and Service I load factors, s1
shall be used for manhole design:
DC
DW
EV
EH
LS
LL + IM
Strength I
Load Factor
1.25
0.90
1.50
0.65
1.35
0.90
1.50
0.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.75
Service I
Load Factor
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Flexure
Shear
0.9
0.85
2
The factored resistance, Mr, or moment capacity per LRFD [5.7.3.2.1], shall be taken as:
2
The location of the design moment will consider the haunch dimensions in accordance with
LRFD [12.11.4.2 ]. No portion of the haunch shall be considered in adding to the effective
depth of the section.
Vc = 0.17 (f'c)0.5 bw d
s
in which :
1
e
0.7
=
0.6
Exposure factor
(1.0 for Class 1 exposure condition, 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition,
see LRFD [5.7.3.4] for guidance)
dc
tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at the service limit state. (MPa)
Mcr= frxSc
fr= 0.52*(f'c)0.5
Sc= Ig/(0.5xh)
Ig= 1/12xbw x h
Mpa
section modulus
moment of inertia
B-1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations.
6000
1200
1200
300
150
250
200
25
40
25
20
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kN/m 3
mm
mm
kN/m 3
1400
mm
W dlts= W c x tts
W dlts=
3.75
kN/m
W dlbs=
6.25
kN/m
W dlsw=
144.00
kN
W dlbs= W c x tbs
Side walls dead load
W dlsw= 4 x W c x twex x Wx Ht
W bearing=
106.61 kN/m
Wearing Surface (DW)
the weight of the future wearing surface shall be taken as 1 kN/m
W ws=
kN/m
s=
S=
20
1.4
kN/m3
m
Hs=
0.3
0.2
Fe=
1.04
Unitless
Fe shall not exceed 1.15 for installations with compacted fill along the sides of the box section:
Fe=
Unitless
1.04
Calculate the total unfactored earth load:
W e= Fe x s x S x Hs
W e=
8.76
kN/m2
Distribute the total unfactored earth load to be evenly distributed across the top of the culvert:
W sv=
6.26
kN/m
ko=
0.6
s=
20
W sh_bot= ko x s x (Ht+Hs)
W sh_bot=
75.60
kN/m
ko=
0.60
s=
20
10
LSht=
W sll= ko x s x LSht
W sll=
120.00
kN/m
Live Loads(LL)
Live load consists of the standard AASHTO LRFD trucks and tandem. Per LRFD [3.6.1.3.3] ,
design loads are always axle loads (single wheel loads should not be considered) and the
lane load is not used.
Where the depth of fill over the box is less than 600mm, wheel loads are distributed per
LRFD[4.6.2.10]
Where the depth of fill is 600 mm or more, the wheel loads shall be uniformly distributed over a
rectangular area with sides equal to the dimension of the tire contact area LRFD [3.6.1.2.5]
increased by the live load distribution factor (LLDF) in LRFD[Table 3.6.1.2.6a-1 ] using provisions
of LRFD [3.6.1.2.6b-c] .
Equivalent Strip Widths for Depth of Fill Less Than 600mm
When the traffic travels primarily parallel to the span, follow LRFD [4.6.2.10.2]. Use a single lane
and single lane multiple presence factor 1.2
Distribution length perpendicular to the span
S=
Clear span width
1.2
m
Eperp= 2440 + 0.12 x S
E= 2.608
m
Distribution length parallel to the span
LT =
length of tire contact area, in LRFD[3.6.1.2.5]
250
mm
LLDF=
Unitless
1.15 times the depth of the fill in select granular
1.15
backfill, or the depth of the fill in all other cases.
as specified in LRFD [3.6.1.2.6]
Eparallel= LT + LLDF x Hs
Aeq= 1.55176
Eparallel=
0.595
Per LFRD [3.6.1.2.2] , the weights of the design truck wheel is below. (Note that one axle load is
equal to two wheel loads.)
W wheel=
72.50
kN
The effect of single and multiple lanes shall be considered. In this case, a single lane with the
single lane factor governs. Applying the single lane multiple presence factor:
W wheel= mpfxWwheel
W wheel=
87.00
kN
mpf=
1.20
LL=
LL= Wwheel/Aeq
56.07
kN/m
Dynamic load allowance for buried structures covered by section 12, in percent
shall be taken as:
Load kN/m
Top Slab
Bottom Slab
Side Wall_Down
Load kNm/m
Top slab center
Bott. slab centre
Side wall
Load kNm/m
Top Slab
Bottom Slab
Side wall
DC
3.75
106.61
0
IM=
IM=
28.94
16.23
%
kN/m
LL
56.07
56.07
0
IM
16.23
16.23
0
DC
0.68
19.19
0
LS
0
0
14.40
LL
10.09
10.09
0
IM
2.92
2.92
0
DC
2.25
63.96
0
LS
0
0
72.00
LL
33.64
33.64
0
IM
9.74
9.74
0
12
mm
Sbar=
Abar=
Aused=
150
mm
spacing of reinforcement
2
area of 1 rebar
113
mm
3
area of used reinforcement
754
mm
Calculate the estimated distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the nonprestressed tensile reinforcement. LRFD[5.7.3.2.2].
dc =
31
mm
ds_i= h-cover-BarD/2
ds_i=
119.00
mm
The factor B1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 30 Mpa
B1=
0.85
Per [LRFD 5.7.2.1] , if c/ds <=0.6 x fs then reinforcement has yielded and the assumption is correct.
c/ds=
0.12
a=
B1xc
c=
14.61
OK
0.60
<=
mm
a=
12.42
mm
Mn=
35.72
kNm/m
Mr=
32.15
kNm/m
Mdesign=
25.41
OK
Mcapacity=
32.15
>=
fr=
Ig=
h/2=
Sc=
2.85
0.0003
0.08
0.0038
Mpa
mm
m
m
Mcr= 3x(1xfr)xSc
1=
1.60
3=
0.67
Mcr=
11.45
kNm
Mr=
32.15
kNm
>=
13.74
kNm
OK
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s
in which
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
0.7
Bs=
1.37
0.006
n=
7.61
= As/(b x ds)
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((N)2 + (2N))0.5 - N
j=1-k/3
Mservice= 14.99
kN/m
k=
j=
0.27
0.91
service moment
183.37
<=
252.00
OK
mm
OK
smax1
Smax2= 1.5 h
Smax1=
231.31
mm
Smax2=
225
mm
Smax=
225
mm
Spacing=
150
mm
<=
Smax=
225
Check the minimum spacing requirements per LFRD[5.10.3.1] . The clear distance betwen parallel
bars in a layer shall not be less than:
Smin1=
18
mm
Smin2=
30
mm
Maximum size of aggregate of the coarse aggregate for precast concrete units shall not
exceed 20 mm
Spacing=
150
mm
>
Smin=
30
mm
12
150
113
754
= As/(b x ds)
mm
mm
spacing of reinforcement
area of 1 rebar
mm
area of used reinforcement
mm2
= 0.0008 LRFD[5.10.8]
0.00634
>=
2
OK
Shear Check
Shear strength provided by concrete:
85
kN/m
V=
68
kN/m
Vd=
ACI [11.2.1.2]
design shear at support
design shear at distance d
Vc = 0.17 (f'c)0.5 bw d
Vc =
94
kN
No need additional shear reinforcement
Vd=
>=
68
kN
OK
Bottom Slab
Bottom slab is also assumed to be simply supported. It is clear that wall corner will take moment
However, we know that it can not be more than qxL/8. This approach is found to be conservative.
Mstrength=
48.55
kNm/m design strength moment
Mservice=
33.51
kNm/m design service moment
BarD=
12
mm
Sbar=
Abar=
Aused=
150
mm
spacing of reinforcement
2
area of 1 rebar
113
mm
area of used reinforcement
754
mm3
Calculate the estimated distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the nonprestressed tensile reinforcement. LRFD[5.7.3.2.2].
dc =
46
mm
ds_i= h-cover-BarD/2
ds_i=
204.00
mm
The factor B1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 30 Mpa
B1=
0.85
Per [LRFD 5.7.2.1] , if c/ds <=0.6 x fs then reinforcement has yielded and the assumption is correct.
c/ds=
0.07
a=
B1xc
c=
<=
14.61
mm
OK
0.60
a=
12.42
mm
Mn=
62.63
kNm/m
Mr=
56.37
kNm/m
Mdesign=
48.55
Mcapacity=
56.37
>=
Ig=
0.0013
h/2=
Sc=
mm 4
m
0.0104
OK
Check the section for minimum reinforcement in accordance with LRFD[5.7.3.3.2]
1.00
width of concrete design section
b=
m
0.25
height of concrete design section
h=
m
fr=
2.85
Mpa modulus of rapture LRFD[5.4.2.6]
0.13
Mcr= 3x(1xfr)xSc
1=
1.60
3=
0.67
Mcr=
31.80
kNm
Mr=
kNm
56.37
38.17
>=
kNm
OK
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s
in which
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
0.7
Bs=
1.32
0.004
n=
7.61
= As/(b x ds)
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((N)2 + (2N))0.5 - N
j=1-k/3
Mservice= 33.51
kN/m
k=
j=
0.21
0.93
service moment
234.30
<=
252.00
OK
smax1
Smax2= 1.5 h
Smax1=
146.23
mm
Smax2=
375
mm
Smax= 146.2334
mm
Spacing=
150
mm
>
Smax= 146.233
(Acceptable)
mm
Not OK
Check the minimum spacing requirements per LFRD[5.10.3.1] . The clear distance betwen parallel
bars in a layer shall not be less than:
Smin1=
18
mm
Smin2=
42
mm
Spacing=
150
mm
>
Smin=
42
mm
OK
12
mm
Sbar=
Abar=
Aused=
150
113
754
= As/(b x ds)
mm
spacing of reinforcement
area of 1 rebar
mm
2
area of used reinforcement
mm
= 0.0008 LRFD[5.10.8]
0.0037
>=
2
Shear Check
162
kN/m
V=
107
kN/m
Vd=
0.5
Vc = 0.17 (f'c) bw d
Shear strength provided by concrete:
161
kN
Vc =
No need additional shear reinforcement
Vd=
>=
107
kN
OK
35.21
23.47
kNm/m
kNm/m
12
mm
BarD=
Sbar=
Abar=
Aused=
150
mm
spacing of reinforcement
2
area of 1 rebar
113
mm
area of used reinforcement
754
mm2
Calculate the estimated distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the nonprestressed tensile reinforcement. LRFD[5.7.3.2.2].
dc =
31
mm
ds_i= h-cover-BarD/2
ds_i=
169.00
mm
The factor B1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 30 Mpa
B1=
0.85
Per [LRFD 5.7.2.1] , if c/ds <=0.6 x fs then reinforcement has yielded and the assumption is correct.
c/ds=
0.09
a=
B1xc
c=
<=
14.61
mm
OK
0.60
a=
12.42
mm
Mn=
51.55
kNm/m
Mr=
46.40
kNm/m
Mdesign=
35.21
Mcapacity=
46.40
>=
Ig=
0.0007
mm 4
m
OK
Check the section for minimum reinforcement in accordance with LRFD[5.7.3.3.2]
1.00
width of concrete design section
b=
m
0.20
height of concrete design section
h=
m
fr=
2.85
Mpa modulus of rapture LRFD[5.4.2.6]
h/2=
Sc=
0.10
0.0067
Mcr= 3x(1xfr)xSc
1=
1.60
3=
0.67
Mcr=
20.35
kNm
Mr=
kNm
46.40
24.43
>=
kNm
OK
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s
in which
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
0.7
Bs=
1.26
0.004
n=
7.61
= As/(b x ds)
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((N)2 + (2N))0.5 - N
j=1-k/3
Mservice= 23.47
kN/m
k=
j=
0.23
0.92
service moment
199.41
<=
252.00
OK
mm
OK
smax1
Smax2= 1.5 h
Smax1=
231.24
mm
Smax2=
300
mm
Smax= 231.2419
mm
Spacing=
150
mm
<=
Smax= 231.242
Check the minimum spacing requirements per LFRD[5.10.3.1] . The clear distance betwen parallel
bars in a layer shall not be less than:
Smin1=
18
mm
Smin2=
42
mm
Spacing=
150
mm
>
Smin=
42
mm
OK
12
150
113
754
= As/(b x ds)
mm
mm
spacing of reinforcement
area of 1 rebar
mm
2
area of used reinforcement
mm
= 0.0008 LRFD[5.10.8]
0.00446
>=
2
Shear Check
Shear strength provided by concrete:
176
kN/m
V=
126
kN/m
Vd=
Vc = 0.17 (f'c)0.5 bw d
134
kN
Vc =
ACI [11.2.1.2]
design shear at support
design shear at distance d
>=
Vd=
126
OK