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Designation: D 93 02a
Designation: 34/99
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method and depends on definite rates of temperature
increases to control the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To
improve the prediction of flammability, Test Method D 3941, an equilibrium method, was developed
in which the heating rate is slower. This allows the vapor above the test specimen and the test
specimen to be at about the same temperature. If your specification requires Test Method D 93, do not
substitute Test Method D 3941 or any other test method without obtaining comparative data and
agreement from the specifier.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1.4 These test methods is applicable for the detection of
contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials with volatile or flammable materials.
1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards
statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 9.3, 9.4, 11.1.2, 11.1.4, and 12.1.2.
1. Scope *
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40
to 360C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or
an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.
NOTE 1Flash point determination as above 250C can be performed,
however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature.
For residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points
above 100C.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 56 Test Methods for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup
Tester2
D 3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium
Method with a Closed-Cup Apparatus3
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling for Petroleum and
Petroleum Products4
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of
the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 9302.
D 93 02a
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the
tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one
of a number of properties which must be considered in
assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to
define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of
these classifications.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 dynamic, adjin petroleum productsthe condition
where the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen
are not in temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignition
source is applied.
3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heating
of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the
vapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen temperature.
3.1.2 equilibrium, nin petroleum productsthe condition
where the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen
are at the same temperature at the time the ignition source is
applied.
3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis condition may not be fully
achieved in practice, since the temperature may not be uniform
throughout the test specimen, and the test cover and shutter on
the apparatus can be cooler.
3.1.3 flash point, nin petroleum products, the lowest
temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa
(760 mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source causes
the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under specified
conditions of test.
3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe test specimen is deemed to have
flashed when a flame appears and instantaneously propagates
itself over the entire surface of the test specimen.
3.1.3.2 DiscussionWhen the ignition source is a test
flame, the application of the test flame may cause a blue halo
or an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not
a flash point and shall be ignored.
9
For information on U.S. Department of Transportation regulations, see Codes
of U.S. Regulations 49 CFR Chapter 1 and the U.S. Department of Labor, see 29
CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items is revised annually and may be procured
from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20402.
D 93 02a
Temperature Range
5 to +110C (20 to 230F)
+10 to 200C (50 to 392F)
+90 to 370C (200 to 700F)
Thermometer Number
ASTM
IP
9C (9F)
15C
88C (88F)
101C
10C (10F)
16C
NOTE 3Volatile vapors can escape during heating when the sample
container is not properly sealed.
NOTE 4Some viscous samples may not completely liquefy even after
prolonged periods of heating. Care should be exercised when increasing
the heating temperature to avoid unnecessary loss of volatile vapors, or
heating the sample too close to the flash point.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a level
steady surface, such as a table.
9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or
compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any
location where drafts occur are not reliable.
8. Sampling
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with instructions given in
Practices D 4057, D 4177, or E 300.
8.2 At least 75 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer
to Practice D 4057. When obtaining a sample of residual fuel
oil, the sample container shall be from 85 to 95 % full. For
other types of samples, the size of the container shall be chosen
such that the container is not more than 85 % full or less than
50 % full prior to any sample aliquot being taken.
8.3 Successive test specimens can be taken from the same
sample container. Repeat tests have been shown to be within
the precisions of the method when the second specimen is
taken with the sample container at least 50 % filled. The results
of flash point determinations can be affected if the sample
volume is less than 50 % of sample container capacity.
8.4 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if precautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do
not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent loss of volatile
material or possible introduction of moisture, or both. Avoid
storage of samples at temperatures in excess of 35C or 95F.
Samples for storage shall be capped tightly with inner seals. Do
not make a transfer unless the sample temperature is at least the
equivalent of 18C or 32F below the expected flash point.
8.5 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers, since
volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclosure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source
of valid results.
8.6 Samples of very viscous materials shall be heated in
their containers, with lid/cap slightly loosened to avoid buildup
of dangerous pressure, at the lowest temperature adequate to
liquefy any solids, not exceeding 28C or 50F below the
expected flash point, for 30 min. If the sample is then not
completely liquefied, extend the heating period for additional
30 min periods as necessary. Then gently agitate the sample to
provide mixing, such as orbiting the container horizontally,
9.3 Prepare the manual apparatus or the automated apparatus for operation in accordance with the manufacturers instructions for calibrating, checking, and operating the equipment. (WarningGas pressure should not be allowed to
exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)
9.4 Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the test cup and its
accessories before starting the test, to ensure the removal of
any solvent which had been used to clean the apparatus. Use
suitable solvent capable of removing all of the specimen from
the test cup and drying the test cup and cover. Some commonly
used solvents are toluene and acetone. (WarningToluene,
acetone, and many solvents are flammable. Health hazard.
Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordance with
local regulations.)
10. Verification of Apparatus
10.1 Adjust the automated flash point detection system
(when used) in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
10.2 Verify that the temperature measuring device is in
accordance with 6.3.
10.3 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus or the
automated apparatus at least once per year by determining the
3
D 93 02a
11.1.4 Turn the stirring device at 90 to 120 rpm, stirring in
a downward direction. (WarningMeticulous attention to all
details relating to the ignition source, size of test flame or
intensity of the electric ignitor, rate of temperature increase,
and rate of dipping the ignition source into the vapor of the test
specimen is desirable for good results.)
11.1.5 Application of Ignition Source:
11.1.5.1 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point
of 110C or 230F or below, apply the ignition source when the
temperature of the test specimen is 23 6 5C or 41 6 9F
below the expected flash point and each time thereafter at a
temperature reading that is a multiple of 1C or 2F. Discontinue the stirring of the test specimen and apply the ignition
source by operating the mechanism on the test cover which
controls the shutter so that the ignition source is lowered into
the vapor space of the test cup in 0.5 s, left in its lowered
position for 1 s, and quickly raised to its upward position.
11.1.5.2 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point
above 110C or 230F, apply the ignition source in the manner
described in 11.1.5.1 at each temperature increase of 2C or
5F, beginning at a temperature of 23 6 5C or 41 6 9F
below the expected flash point.
11.1.6 When testing materials to determine if volatile material contamination is present, it is not necessary to adhere to
the temperature limits for initial ignition source application as
stated in 11.1.5.
11.1.7 When testing materials where the expected flash
point temperature is not known, bring the material to be tested
and the tester to a temperature of 15 6 5C or 60 6 10F.
When the material is known to be very viscous at this
temperature, heat the specimen to a starting temperature as
described in 8.6. Apply the ignition source, in the manner
described in 11.1.5.1, beginning at least 5C or 10F higher
than the starting temperature.
D 93 02a
and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial
application of the ignition source, since test specimens containing low-flash material may give an abnormally strong flash
when the ignition source is first applied.) (WarningThe
operator should exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during the performance of these test methods. The
temperatures attained during these test methods, up to 370C
(698F), are considered hazardous.)
12.1.3 Turn the stirring device at 250 6 10 rpm, stirring in
a downward direction.
12.1.4 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature as
indicated by the temperature measuring device increases 1 to
1.6C (2 to 3F)/min.
12.1.5 Proceed as prescribed in Section 11, with the exception of the preceding requirements for rates of stirring and
heating.
12.2 Automated Apparatus:
12.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of performing the procedure as described in 12.1, including control
of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen, application of
the ignition source, detection of the flash point, and recording
the flash point.
12.2.2 Start the automated apparatus in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions. The apparatus shall follow the
procedural details in accordance with 12.1.3 through 12.1.5.
11.1.10 When a flash point is detected on the first application, the test shall be discontinued, the result discarded, and the
test repeated with a fresh test specimen. The first application of
the ignition source with the fresh test specimen shall be 23 6
5C or 41 6 9F below the temperature at which a flash point
was detected on the first application.
11.1.11 When a flash point is detected at a temperature
which is greater than 28C or 50F above the temperature of
the first application of the ignition source, or when a flash point
is detected at a temperature which is less than 18C or 32F
above the temperature of the first application of the ignition
source, the result shall be considered approximate, and the test
repeated with a fresh test specimen. Adjust the expected flash
point for this next test to the temperature of the approximate
result. The first application of the ignition source with the fresh
test specimen shall be 23 6 5C or 416 9F below the
temperature at which the approximate result was found.
11.1.12 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe
handling temperature, less than 55C (130F), remove the test
cover and the test cup and clean the apparatus as recommended
by the manufacturer.
NOTE 9Exercise care when cleaning and positioning the lid assembly
so not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or temperature
measuring device. See the manufacturers instructions for proper care and
maintenance.
PROCEDURE B
12. Procedure
12.1 Manual Apparatus:
12.1.1 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the
volume capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup
with the test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup.
The temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at
least 18C or 32F below the expected flash point. If too much
test specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess
using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place
the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the
apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly
engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in
place, insert the device into its holder.
12.1.2 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 3.2
to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0.189 in.), or switch on the electric igniter
and adjust the intensity in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions. (WarningGas pressure should not be allowed
to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.) (Warning
Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it should be
extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test cup and the
gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor space can
influence the result.) (WarningThe operator should exercise
(1)
(2)
(3)
where:
C = observed flash point, C,
F = observed flash point, F,
P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and
K = ambient barometric pressure, kPa.
NOTE 10The barometric pressure used in this calculation is the
ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of the test. Many aneroid
barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are
precorrected to give sea level readings and would not give the correct
reading for this test.
D 93 02a
manual apparatus and 21 laboratories participated with the
automated equipment) and a 1994 IP cooperative test program
using 12 fuel samples and 4 pure chemicals. (Twenty-six
laboratories participated with manual and automated equipment. The apparatus used either a gas test flame or an electric
resistance (hot wire) device for the ignition source. Information
on the type of samples and their average flash point are in the
research report.10
(4)
A 5 0.029,
X 5 mean result in C, and
r 5 repeatability.
(5)
(6)
B 5 0.071,
X 5 mean result in C, and
R 5 reproducibility.
(7)
17. Keywords
17.1 automated flash point; automated Pensky-Martens
closed cup; flammability; flash point; Pensky-Martens closed
cup
10
Supporting data (the results of the 1991 interlaboratory cooperative test
program) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained
by requesting Research Report RR: S151008.
11
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021007.
D 93 02a
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS
D 93 02a
mm
mm
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
(in.)
min
max
(min)
(max)
79.0
1.0
2.8
21.72
45.47
50.72
55.75
3.8
53.90
2.29
79.8
...
3.6
21.84
45.72
50.85
56.00
4.0
54.02
2.54
(3.11)
(0.04)
(0.11)
(0.855)
(1.790)
(1.997)
(2.195)
(0.15)
(2.122)
(0.090)
(3.14)
(...)
(0.14)
(0.860)
(1.800)
(2.002)
(2.205)
(0.16)
(2.127)
(0.100)
(in.)
min
max
(min)
(max)
12.7
4.8
13.5
23.8
1.2
7.9
12.00
16.38
18.65
13.5
5.6
14.3
24.6
2.0
...
12.32
17.00
19.45
(0.50)
(0.19)
(0.53)
(0.94)
(0.05)
(0.31)
(0.472)
(0.645)
(0.734)
(0.53)
(0.22)
(0.56)
(0.97)
(0.08)
(...)
(0.485)
(0.669)
(0.766)
equipped with devices for locating the position of the cup in the
stove. A handle attached to the flange of the cup is a desirable
accessory. The handle shall not be so heavy as to tip over the
empty cup.
A1.1.2 Cover:
A1.1.2.1 Cover ProperThe cover shown in Fig. A1.3
shall be of brass (A1.1.1) and shall have a rim projecting
downward almost to the flange of the cup. The rim shall fit the
outside of the cup with a clearance not exceeding 0.36 mm
(0.014 in.) on the diameter. There shall be a locating or locking
device, or both, engaging with a corresponding device on the
cup. The four openings in the cover, A, B, C, and D, are shown
in Fig. A1.3. The upper edge of the cup shall be in close contact
with the inner face of the cover throughout its circumference.
A1.1.2.2 ShutterThe cover shall be equipped with a brass
shutter (Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.4), approximately 2.4 mm (332
in.) thick, operating on the plane of the upper surface of the
cover. The shutter shall be so shaped and mounted that it
rotates on the axis of the horizontal center of the cover between
two stops, so placed, that when in one extreme position, the
8
D 93 02a
mm
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
IA
J
K
L
M
N
A
(in.)
min
max
(min)
(max)
18.3
2.38
7.6
2.0
0.69
2.0
6.4
9.6
43.0
50.0
...
1.22
31.8
7.6
19.8
3.18
8.4
2.8
0.79
2.8
10.4
11.2
46.0
51.6
0.36
2.06
44.4
8.4
(0.72)
(0.094)
(0.30)
(0.08)
(0.027)
(0.08)
(0.25)
(0.38)
(1.69)
(1.97)
(...)
(0.048)
(1.25)
(0.30)
(0.78)
(0.125)
(0.33)
(0.11)
(0.031)
(0.11)
(0.41)
(0.44)
(1.81)
(2.03)
(0.014)
(0.08)
(1.75)
(0.33)
D 93 02a
6.4 mm (14 in.) in thickness unless the heating element is
designed to give equal heat flux densities over all the wall and
bottom surfaces.
A1.1.2.9 Heater, Electric ResistanceIf the heater is of the
electric resistance type, it shall be constructed so that all parts
of the interior surface are heated uniformly. The wall and
bottom of the air bath shall not be less than 6.4 mm (14 in.) in
thickness unless the resistance heating elements are distributed
over at least 80 % of the wall and all the bottom of the air bath.
A heater having such a distribution of the heating elements
positioned at least 4.0 mm (532 in.) away from the internal
surface of the heating unit can be used in conjunction with a
minimum thickness of 1.58 mm (116 in.) for the wall and
bottom of the air bath.
A1.1.2.10 Top PlateThe top plate shall be of metal, and
shall be mounted with an air gap between it and the air bath. It
may be attached to the air bath by means of three screws and
spacing bushings. The bushings should be of proper thickness
to define an air gap of 4.8 mm (316 in.), and they shall be not
more than 9.5 mm (38 in.) in diameter.
10
D 93 02a
mm
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
(in.)
min
max
(min)
(max)
6.20
17.0
9.80
11.92
1.40
8.56
12.4
8.56
8.1
9.9
8.64
5.1
17.0
27.4
7.11
9.73
6.50
18.0
9.85
12.24
1.65
8.61
13.0
8.61
8.6
10.7
8.69
5.6
17.5
28.2
7.16
9.78
(0.244)
(0.67)
(0.386)
(0.469)
(0.055)
(0.337)
(0.49)
(0.337)
(0.32)
(0.39)
(0.340)
(0.20)
(0.67)
(1.08)
(0.280)
(0.383)
(0.256)
(0.71)
(0.388)
(0.482)
(0.065)
(0.339)
(0.57)
(0.339)
(0.34)
(0.42)
(0.342)
(0.22)
(0.69)
(1.11)
(0.282)
(0.385)
FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Thermometer Adapter, Ferrule, and Packing Ring
11
D 93 02a
NOTEThe stem shall be made with an enlargement having a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 mm greater than the stem and a length of 3 to 5 mm, the bottom
of the enlargement being 64 to 66 mm from the bottom of the bulb. These dimensions shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig. A3.1.
IP 15C
IP 16C
IP 101C
Pensky-Martens Low
Pensky-Martens High
Pensky-Martens Medium
Name
Range
Graduation
Immersion, mm
Overall length 65 mm
Stem diameter, mm
Bulb shape
Bulb length, mm
Bulb diameter, mm
5 to + 110C
0.5C
57
290
6.0 to 7.0
cylindrical
9 to 13
not less than 5.5 and
not greater than
stem
140 to 175
90 to 370C
2C
57
280 6 10
6.0 to 7.0
cylindrical
7 to 10
not less than 4.5 and
not greater than
stem
143 to 180
20 to 150C
1C
57
290
6.0 to 7.0
cylindrical
9 to 13
not less than 5.5 and
not greater than
stem
140 to 175
0C
85 to 95
1 and 5C
5C
required
ring
0.5C
90C
80 to 90
10 and 20C
20C
required
ring
1 to 260C
2C above 260C
1 and Table A3.2 for
emergent stem
temperatures
20C
85 to 95
5C
5C
required
ring
1C
12
5 to
13
For
Test
at
57
57
Immersion
10C
25F
5F
5F
1C
2C
1F
0.5C
Subdivisions
Long
Lines
at
Each
50F
20C
10F
5C
Number
at
Each
IMM
ASTM
10C or
10F
57 mm
320F
9C or
9F
57 mm
IMM
ASTM 160C
Special
Inscription Permit
Heating to
1F
0.5C
Scale
Error,
max
Expansion
Chamber
287
287
Total
Length
65
6.0
to
7.0
7.0
to
6.0
Stem
OD
8.0
to
10.0
13
to
9.0
Length
OD
4.5
to
6.0
not
greater
than
stem
Bulb
230F
110C
32F
0C
Bottom
of
Bulb
to
Line
at
86
to
99
98
to
85
Distance
680F
360C
212F
100C
Bottom
of
Bulb
to
Line
at
Scale Location
227
to
245
237
to
221
DisRange
tance
Bottom
of
Bulb
to
Ice
Point
Ice Point
Scale
Distance
to
Bottom,
min
7.5
to
8.5
8.5
to
7.5
2.5
to
5.0A
5.0
to
2.5
Length
64
to
66
66
to
64
Distance
to
Bottom
Stem Enlargement
Distance
to
OD
Top,
max
Contraction
Chamber
The length of the enlargement, and the distance from the bottom of the enlargement to the bottom of the bulb shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig. A3.1.
Scale error: 1C up to 260C; 2C over 260C.
C
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining mercury separations; and under no circumstances should the
thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
D
Scale error: 2.5F up to 500F; 3.5F over 500F.
10C-62 90 to
Pensky- 370C
Martens,
High- (200 to
Range
10F-62 700F)
Martens
LowRange
Tag
(20 to
Closed
Tester 230F)
9F-62
Pensky- +110C
9C-62
ASTM
Number
Range
and
Name
Graduations
D 93 02a
D 93 02a
TABLE A3.3 Standardization Temperatures
NOTEThe emergent column temperatures are those attained when using the thermometers in the test equipment for which the thermometers were
originally designed. In some cases these temperatures are markedly different from those realized during standardization.
Temperature
Average
Temperature of
Emergent
Column
Temperature
Average
Temperature of
Emergent
Column
Average
Temperature of
Emergent
Column
Temperature
Temperature
Thermometer 9C
(5 to + 100C)
0C
19C
35C
28C
70C
40C
105C
50C
Thermometer 9F
(20 to 230F)
32F
66F
100F
86F
160F
106F
220F
123F
Thermometer 10C
(90 to 370C)
100C
61C
200C
71C
300C
87C
370C
104C
Thermometer 10F
(200 to 700F)
212F
141F
390F
159F
570F
180F
700F
220F
IP 15C (7 to 110C)
0C
19C
20C
20C
40C
31C
70C
40C
100C
48C
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
A
Average
Temperature of
Emergent
Column
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to
Total length, mm
Stem OD, mm
Bulb length, mm
Bulb OD, mm
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line at
Distance, mm
Length of graduated portion, mm
Ice-point scale:
Range
Bottom of bulb to ice-point, mm
Contraction chamber:
Distance to bottom, min, mm
Distance to top, max, mm
Stem enlargement:
OD, mm
Length, mm
Distance to bottom, mm
Medium-Range Pensky-Martens
5
50392F
10200C
57
0.5C
1C and 5C
5C
0.5C
1F
5F
10F
1F
ASTM
88F (88C)
57 mm IMM
205C
400F
285 to 295
6.0 to 7.0
8.0 to 12.0
>4.5 and <stemA
20C
68F
80 to 90
145 to 180
7.5 to 8.5
2.5 to 5.0A
64 to 66
Bulb OD shall be greater than 4.5 mm and less than the outside diameter of the stem (C).
14
D 93 02a
ndecane
nundecane
ntetradecane
nhexadecane
Purity, mole %
Flash Point,C
Limits, C
99 +
99 +
99 +
99 +
52.8
68.7
109.3
133.9
62.3
63.0
64.8
65.9
12
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: S151010.
13
Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, ASTM MNL, 6th
ed., ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 1990.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. FLASH POINT MASKING PHENOMENON
X1.2 This flash point masking phenomenon most frequently occurs with ignitable liquids that contain certain
halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane (methylene chloride) and trichloroethylene.
X1.5 It is recommended that if this condition is encountered during the flash point testing of these type of materials,
testing should be discontinued.
15
D 93 02a
X2. FLASH POINT TEST AND FLAMMABILITY OF MIXTURES
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 9302) that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) Added a paragraph to the Introduction about flash point
values being dependent on the test procedure used.
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16