EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS

48, North Street, Aranarai, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India. Email ID: expertsyssol@yahoo.com,
Phone: 9345276362,
9865129743,
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 89S52 BASED UPS
Perambalur (expertsyssol@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT
UPS control using micro controller is highly reliable less complex and
economical when compared the conventional UPS system. This paper explains about
the design and implementation of UPS using micro controller. The micro controller is
mainly used for control applications. So, micro controller is used for this proposed
work. The main function of the UPS (uninterrupted power supply) is to provide an
uninterrupted power supply and it should function automatically when the mains
supply cutoff. This automatic function in the conventional UPS is done by control
system. It involves certain complex work. So, in this proposed work, micro controller
does the automation of the UPS. Some of the automatic functions to be done by the
micro controller are overload protection, no load release, deep discharge cutoff and
inverter operation.
There are different types of micro controller families. In this proposed work,
the micro controller-89S52 because of its high on chip ROM capacity, RAM capacity,
serial ports, input ports, etc. The micro controller 89S52 is superior in its memory
capacity. This micro controller is best suited for fast development. Since flash
memory can be erased in few seconds compared to the twenty minutes or more
needed for the 8751. By this, 89S51 is used to eliminate the waiting time needed to
erase the chip and thereby speedup the development time. It is a 40 pin micro
controller in which 3 pins are used for serial interfacing, i.e., one acts as receiver
another acts a transmitter and the third as ground. By this we can interface any
components serially, it has 4 ports, port 0, port 1,port 2 and port 3 and it is used for
various functions of UPS such as on load release, deep discharge cutoff and so on.
This micro controller can be operated at high frequencies and it consumes low power.
Thus it is ideal for many projects.
There are different types of UPS. They are OFF line UPS and ON line UPS. This
paper focuses on the design of Offline UPS. Because it is mostly prepared than ON
line UPS. For example, it finds its application in the household appliances, a personal
computer, and so on.
The transistors used in this UPS design are replaced, as MOSFET’S because of
its certain special features are positive temperature coefficient so that it has high
current carrying capability. It has low switching losses and the MOSFET turn on and
turn off can be obtained rapidly. Also it is easily available and has switching
performance.
INTRODUCTION: -
The conventional UPS system involves complex control system. In order to
reduce the complexity of the control system of conventional UPS embedded
controller are currently being used. This project describes the design and
implementation of 1KVA UPS using micro controller. The micro controller used
here are AT89C51 because of its high memory capacity. The type of UPS involved
in our project is OFF LINE UPS.
An UPS is one, which provides uninterrupted power to the load. UPS is
essential for computers, data processors, data transmitters, microwave relay
station, Nuclear reactor control, etc., There are two major types of UPS. They are
ON LINE UPS and OFF LINE UPS. The off line-UPS are one that supplies power
during the commercial power failure and the charge over takes place through
relay automatically. The ON LINE UPS is one, which virtually free from dips,
fluctuations as it works on the battery all the time irrespective of the commercial
power failure. This project describes the design of OFF LINE UPS because of its
extensive use.
UPS SPECFICATIONS:-
Output Power :- 1 KVA
Output Voltage :- 230V
Output Frequency :- 50Hz
Battery input :- 12V, 120AH
Battery used :- Lead acid Battery
Charging Time :- 8 Hours
Discharging Time :- 4 hours
Type of UPS :- OFF LINE UPS

MOSFET IN UPS DESIGN:-

In this project N- Channel MOSFET (IRFZ44) is used. Banks of MOSFET’s are used
and they are connected in parallel fashion. Also, while connecting in parallel the
layout should be symmetrical. During paralleling the gate of the MOSFET’s should
not connected directly and it should be connected through resistors, which is
called ferrite bead resistor. The drain source resistance of the MOSFET should be
equal else it will cause thermal stabilizing effect. Also the drain source resistance
greatly depends upon the dimension. At low voltages the Rds (on) of MOSFET is
low. But it becomes high when the current is high.
 MOSFET SPECIFICATIONS (IRFZ44):-
VDSS :- 55V
Rds (on) :- 17.5mΩ
ID :- 49A
The special features of IRFZ44 are,
Ultra Low on Resistance
Fast switching
Why MOSFET, why not Power transistor?
Low switching losses,
Drive power required is low,
High current carrying capability,
Low voltage (4V) is required to turn on the MOSFET and energy efficient,
Self commutating, and
Reliable and can be operated at hazardous condition.

BATTERY:-
Battery is one of the major components of Battery. There are two major
types of UPS. They are (1) Primary Batteries and (2) Secondary Batteries. The
primary batteries are not chargeable. Some of the major types of primary batteries
are Carbon Zinc, Alkaline, lithium cells and so on., The rechargeable batteries are
most widely used type. Some of the major types of batteries are Ni-Cd, Lead acid
batteries, Ni-Cd, NiMH, Rechargeable alkaline and Lithium ion. Recharging it can
reuse these types of batteries. Of these types Lead acid batteries are mostly
preferred because both the battery product and the manufacturing process are
proven, economical and reliable. The lead acid batteries are discovered during
1950 and it is the most widely used battery in the world. Lead acid batteries
remain popular because they can produce high and low currents. The reaction
which occur inside the lead acid batteries are
PbO2+Pb+H2So4 → 2 PbSo4 + 2H2O
When lead acid battery is discharged beyond certain limits, sulfation will occur
and it results in permanent failure of the battery. Connecting deep discharge cut
off circuit can prevent this. The indication for this sulfation is, the positive plate
becomes light brown and the negative plates will become dull, off white.

BATTERY CHARGER:-
Battery has to be charged by a charger through supply mains. A lead acid
battery should have 2.1V per cell when fully charged and while discharging it
should be around 1.8V per cell else it will cause permanent damage to the battery.
 The charging and discharging of a battery is ideal at 12 hours rate which means
that a 120AH battery is to be charged or discharged at 120/12 =10 amps rate. A
120AH battery when discharged at 10A rate will take 120/10 =12 hours to be
completely discharged. But in practice it is observed that the battery will get
discharged within about 11 ½ hours. In other words higher is the discharge rate
the lower will be the capacity.

MICROCONTROLLER: -
The micro controller is one of the major components in this design. It performs
various control actions. There are different families of micro controller. This design
uses AT89C51, which belongs to 8051 families. It is a 40 pin micro controller,
which has 4 ports, and each takes 8 pins. Rest pins are designated for Vcc, GND,
XTAL1 and XTAL2. The major advantages of 89C51 are high memory capacity, on
chip ROM in the form of flash memory. In this design the various control actions to
be done by the micro controller are
(1) Deep discharge cut off
(2) No load Release
(3) Over voltage and under voltage cut off
(4) Inverter operation
Programming on the ports can do these functions.

NO LOAD RELEASE: -
When there is no load across the secondary terminals of inverter transformer
T2 (0-230-600V as output tapping), its voltage shoots up to 290V. A sensing
transformer (T1) which is connected across 0-230V tapping of T2, the output of
this transformer is rectified by the rectifier circuit and filtered by L-C filter to
smoothen the output of the filter is given to a non inverting terminal of the op-amp
and the op-amp gives the logic “1”as output during no load condition. For normal
loaded condition, output of the op-amp will be logic “0”. When the output is 1,
switch off signal is send to the micro controller.

DEEP DISCHARGE CUT OFF:-

This circuit prevents the battery from deep discharge. There will be a preset
value set by the potentiometer PR1 that is connected to the inverted terminal of
the op-amp 741. When the battery voltage drops below the preset value output of
the op-amp will be logic ”1” which is indicated by LED glow. When LED glows, then
a switch off signal is send to micro controller.

LOW BATTERY CUT OUT: -

The circuit is built by op-amp 741. This circuit operates when low voltage occurs
in the battery. The glow of the LED is the indication of the low voltage of the
battery. The circuit is mainly involved while operating the inverter on the PC. By
this indication the programmer can safely shut down the system safely after
saving the programs.