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improvement
in
United
States-Brazilian
78
relations .
Whereas Eisenhowers visit was generally
considered a success79, having inaugurated an era
of good feeling 80 between both countries, it
probably came too late to avoid Brazils bid for a
more diverse and independent foreign policy. Less
than a month after Eisenhowers tour, UDN-backed
Jnio Quadros, the opposition candidate in the
upcoming presidential elections, visited Cuba and
praised the Castro regime, claiming that its
agrarian reform policies were a model for Brazil. If
Quadross trip was only part of his publicity
strategy, it at least echoed the general mood among
Brazilians. Some months later, the front-runner in
the presidential succession struggle went on to
declare that he would not tolerate that, under the
pretext of Inter-American domestic struggles, the
ruthless phantom of the Cold War sets foot in the
continent 81. Not even the Act of Bogot, adopted
in September 1960 by the Council of the OAS to
recommend measures for economic development
within the framework of OPA, changed Brazilian
perceptions about Washingtons intentions. As
Brazil became a key piece on the Cold War
chessboard, the U.S. was left with few alternatives
to secure its position in Latin America.
Quadros and Goulart: how far could independence go?
When Jnio Quadros took office in January
1961, Brazil enjoyed an international standing that
few could imagine ten years before. The country
was relatively less dependent on the United States,
having taken advantage of the increased
competition between them and the blossoming
economies of West Germany and Japan. Moreover,
despite the lukewarm results of Operation Pan
America, Brazils regional influence was taken to
unprecedented levels due to the initiative 82 . If
nothing else, OPAs demise was the downright
evidence that the priorities of Latin America and of
the Eisenhower administration were ultimately
irreconcilable. That, to a large extent, explains why
John Kennedys inaugural speech was concentrated
on U.S. foreign policy, and specifically of Americas
sister republics south of our border, to whom he
offered a special pledge, a new alliance for
progress, one aimed at assisting free men and free
governments in casting off the chains of
poverty 83 . The new administration believed that
The coffee-and-milk or coffee with milk (Portuguese: cafcom-leite) regime is the term used to describe the informal
agreement between the agricultural elites, most notably the
coffee and dairy producers, that ruled the country during the
early Republican era after the military stepped down, from
1894 to 1930. During this period, representatives of the two
most populous and hegemonic states of the First Republic, So
Paulo and Minas Gerais, alternated the presidency between
them. See Hentschke, Vargas and Brazil, 284.
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