Prot

5
5.1 Introduction
G enerator Protection
The generators used in the

powe:t system arc the alteniators which prod\.lce very
1
hisf> a.c. volta. The protection ol g"nerntors is very much complex due lo the foll<>"" ing
reasons.
I.
fhc gtnc.rators
ilr\!
very huge m"d1in, prod udnF, ,4.ry ugh vohnt;,!- and
MC
connL-ctt"dlo bu.iib.lt'!I-.
2. Various other tquipmcnts are .tlways JSSociat cd with the generators. Such
equipments are prime move.rs, excitation systems, voltage regulators, cooling
systems etc.Thus protection or generators must consider the presence of these ()
(her equipml'Mts also.
1 rhe
g('n(rr.itlOr1! ar("
very cosi ly. c-..pt nsive .,nd Vt.r'y 1mport1u1t foctor in , po1er
sy,tem. The prot0<tioll sthtme must b;, such that It should I\OI shut off the
generators .is I.tr os possible. 11w shut off generators result' ir, .lJ power
shorroge.
All these factors make the design of protectjon scheme for the generator. very
much complex.
Delon. studying the \.'tlfi<h&'l prott."Cton )('hcuw for lhc g('.1', r.uors, let us di u..
v.anou faults whic:h c. 1.Jt our M,'k.'JC'. i,1h.-d with th g 1tcnitor .
5.2 Generator Faults
1llt! various faults which can occur associated with a generator an be das..t.jfied
as,
I . Stator faults : Tiw faults associated wtth the stator of the gencr;:itor.
2. Rotor foults :llle faults t\SS<>C.iilted w,th the rntor
o(
th,.. gene.r,ttot.
3 ,\bnor1T1ill running eot"ldieior\S : This includ(s number ol abnorma l rondit,ons

which ma)' o..,.:ur in practice, from whkh th geriernt or mu:-t be protected
Let us discuss these faults in detail.
{5 1)
5 2
Generator l"rotection
5.2.1 Stator Faults

The st,,tor faults means faults associaU!d with the three phase armature windings
o( the generator. These faults are mainly due to the insulation failure of the c1rmature
winding. The main types of stator faults aw,
I. Phnse to ciltth faults
2.l'hns, to ph.,se fults
.3. Inter-tum faults in\olving turns of same phase winding.

The most important and common fault is phase to earth fault. The other two are
nol very common whi.le inter-tum fault is "-et}' difficult to detect.
5.2.1.1 Phaat to Ewth Faulb
Tht"'\C foults mil.inly occur in the annatur slot,. Tht fault., are dangerous and ct.n
caus,.. S('vc,ro damage to the cxpcn$IVC! m.a.chine. The fault curl'(."l\ls lcs3 than 20 A cause
aegligible burning of core if machine is, tripped quickly. But if the fault currents are high,
severe burning of stator core can take place.This may lead to the requirement of
replacing the Jami.nations which is very rostly and time consuming. So to avoid the
damage due to phase to earth faults, .o separare, 5"1\Sltive e.trth fault prottttion is
n<'CeS5<lry for the generators 1011gwith the earthing rcsl;,tan,:e.
5.2.1.2 Phue to Phae Fallb
The phase to phase faults means short circuit behveen two phase windings.Such
foults are uncommon because the insulation used between the coils of different
phases in .a slot is large. But once phase to earth fa.ult occurs, due to the over heating
ph.ts(e to ph.,se foult al<;<> may occur. This fault is likely to occur at the c,,d connections of
the ormature winding,, whic.h are ,,ver,heating prts outside the slots. Such fault
u
verc att"ll"tg with very hlgh tcmpet-'tuttS. This may lcMi hJ melting o( cJOJ)p\"f
and lire ii the insulation Is not fire resistant.
5.2.1.3 Stator Inter-Tum Faults
l'he etlils used in the alternators are generally multitum coils. So short
c:i.rcuit bet."-l-.>en the turns of one coil may occur, which is called an inte_r..tum
fault.This f1uh c,ccu" due to curr<'nt surg,,. with high .,,,Ju of (L di/dt) voltAgc
acm th" tum.But
,r th; coils used are single tum then this fault can not our. Hence for th<' large
mo.chines of the order ol 50 M VA and more, it is a normal practice to use single tum
coi.ls.But in some countries, multiturn roiJs are very commonly uS<>d where protection
against i.n tcrturn fauJts is must.
Protoe1lon a.nd Switchg,,ar
5.3
Generator
Protectlon
5.2.2 Rotor Faults

The rotor of an alternator is generally a field winding as most oF tl,e alteri,ators
are of rotating field type. The field winding is made Ll_P oi number of turns. So lhe 4"0ndudor to ea.rth faults and short circmt r...-ecn the h.J.Tns or the fieId ,vind ing, are
the conHno11ly occ::u.rrin,s faults with 1-e.pcct to :1 rotor. rhe,,e (\ults arc caused due ,o
the 54verc mrr:Mnl(3J nd thcrm,,I stn.--sses,.,cting on tho field '"u,ding insultlon.
'TI e field windin:gis gt"nCr.llly not ground(IO ilnd henrc ingr, hne to ground fault
does not give any fault current. A second fault to earth wdl short circuit the part of
frle field winding and may there by produce an unS)'mmetri cal fie:d syStem. Such an
l.lnsvmmetrical system gives rise to the unba1mced forces on the rotor and results in
exo:ss prcssu ri. or\ the bcMings ,,nd th1. shaft distort ion. if uch ., fn u lt is nol de.ired
\.C'1')' ('itrly. So it is very mueh 1,ec,es,ry to lmnw 1hc c>.h,tnf(' o( the flr...t ,,
(-;eurrl 1t.et
of th<' rth laull so tht corr('(tive meosure,;

occui,;.
<"" I' be
lokrll N>fon,s.'<'.or1d faull
The unb;1lanced lo,, cUng on the generator is responsible to prod uce the
neg.:1thE.
sequence currents. These currents produfre a rotating magnetic field which rotates in
opposite di r:(".<:tion to lh.:tt of rotor magnetic field. Due to thl field. t.here is ind1K'ed
e m f. in the rotor winding. This cnuses overhcatmg of the rotor.
Rotor crth fouh proll'<'tion and rolor h mp<!r,,t-urc in,1kJ.to arc thl: t
Jnd
are p,o\.'idt. d tolarge r,1ttng gerwratorl'I.
lntiat
5.2.3 Abnormal Running Conditions

In practice there are number of situations in which generator is subjected to some
abnormal running condtions. The protection must be pro,iided against the abnom1al
ronditions. These ttbnorm.11 c<Jnditionsindudc,
I . Overlo:tding
2. Overs-peeding
3. Unbal,mced lo.iding
4. Ovcrvoltage
5. failure of prime mover

f> l.<lG& of (!)(Citation {Field failure)
7. Cooling systm foilur<>
5.2.3.1 Overloading
Due to the continuous overloadinij, the o\ erheating of the stator results. This may
iocrease the winding n>mp<lrature. I( this lemperaturc rise cxcet'ds certain limit the
insuwtion of the winding may get damaged The degree of o,erloading dccjdl'S the
dk'Cts .im1 tcmper turc rbc. The ovcrcun-ent protection ,s gc. ner..illy -.'t to vny tugh
Protecllon and Switchgear
,Jluc hence rontinuous OvfillOOds o(
5 .4
,o.,,,.rator Proi.ctlo<I
less; value than the sctting onnot be scnStod
by
(t\'i!tcurn.?nt protecllon.
S.2.3.2 Ovtrspeeding
h, case of hydr.auHc generators a sudden 106s or load results in 1.wcrspt'Cding of

!h.: gcmir.ttor . 1his b t>,ecau tht \ttcr flow to the tu rPine C..1l\1,ot be stc1pp'd <)r n:d11.eed inst,mtly . Gt'fl('rally a turbogovmor is provldcd to pre\,eot the ovespeedi1"8
l!ut if there is any fault In the turbin.e go.,emor then the dangerous ovcrsping ""'Y
t.:ake place. HC'nce it is necessary to supervise the working of turbine governor and
:.tke some corrective measures iJ there is some fault in the goe.rnor.
S.2.3.3 Unbllanud l.oldlng
The u1,b,1ltmc,. loading or the geti-L>tator rci.ults in che circulation of nl"gotlivt St'<IO(nct)
currents. 'fht'5f".l c:urr(l'nts pr<>dvC't" the- rotating magnetic:fit>ld. 11,is: rot,,ting n,agnctic field
rotates at the synchronous spt.ied with respect to rotor. The dir\.'"Ction tlf rot.1tion of this
magnetic field is opposite to that or rotor. Hcnc,, effectively the relative speed between
the two is double the synchronous speed.
Thus the e.rn.(. gels induced, having double the norn,al fruc,,cy, in the rotor
winding.The dr< ultmg currents due to the inducro e.m.f. are responsible to O\'t>rheat
tl,e rotor winding a, w,11 as rolor , lamping,.Continuous unbolanc...:I t.111cl moro
11\an H1".:i o( the r,11.;-d lood causes tre1ne11dous heating which is d0tninnnt
inc:ase of
C\'hndrical rotor of trubo.1ttema tors.
The re 1sons for the unbalanced load ('IO(ldilions are,
I Occu rrence or uns}mmctrical faults near the generating stat ion.

2. ll\t' failure of dt(Uit breaker nc4r the gffl<'raling st,,tion in daring ,,U the
thn.-.e
p}mSts..
Negat1vc sequence protection is important to prevent dangt-rm.is situations due to
n.,qpti\e seqtu.>nee currei:,ts which arc because of unbalanced load ond itions.
S.2.3.4 Overvottage
n,it... ovc.rvoltages ,n'f." basically due to the overspeed1ng of generators. Another re>><>n
for th,: ovcrohges i the faulty op<'l'llion or voltage n-gul,ttors. Not only th., u1tcnMI
ovt,rvo1tagc. .1rr.' d;mgt:rou." bu, Atmphc.'rk surge volg.es con flliw reach to tho
gonor,,rors. Such atm06pherk surge voltiges are g,,ner by direc-t lighting strokes to
the aerial lines of high voltage system. Inductively and capacitively. these surges
can get trans.feaed to the gener3tor. To protect the generators from surge
,oltages.the surge arresters and surge cap.citors are often used .
1\e the time of restnkmg ,1cr<. the contacts of circuit breakers, the transient O\'er
,oltdges gel gcuct.l. Su<.h !lurgt.-s an.- caU,-d swilthing ),urg..-s and
f."Jr\
be Limitt-.'d
by
Pfind SwitcllgNr
5.5
Generator Protection
the uses of modem circuit breakers. R.C surge suppret-sor& also help in reduang
sw"it.'chlng surges. Another situation, when the transient overvoltages are generated , is
whet1 the arcs are grounded. During arcing grounds, the tran$ient vt1l tagc:s havin:g
,unp,litode$ five times more than the normal line to nNllr.il peak amplitude M gcm:.r.lfl."<i. .
Such tr 1ns2cn1 voltagt.'.S arc d,u,gcr01.1s and ('.H'I be redm.'Co.d by U(;in.g rcs sta 'l(.'C earthi,,g.
5.2.3,5 Faihn of Prime MoYef

1he faHu.re of prime mover results in motoring operation of synchronOU5 gt.".
l1erator. The generator draws active pG'\""er from the network and continues to run
lllsynchro nous speed,1.S ,. synchronous molor.This rnaylead to dangerous mech.anic.1t
rotw:Utions if ;illowed to pc.r..,is.t for more t:tt.,n twenty Sll nds. The scriuuK ov<:rl1e:,t1ing of
the >tt'1m turblncbiad(';I may result. To provent this th rccl"l<' power protoct,o,,
!!ch11-.--ved by direction.'1 pe,wer rdaysis us,ed.
5.2.3..6 Loss of Excitation

The lnss <>f CJ<Citation or reduced excitation is possible due to the field failure i.e.
open.mg of fic.ld winding or due l'o short circuit In field or due to som e fovlt Ln
("\cile't' S}'?!ttm.
Such loss o( cx('ltltion r11,sults hl IOS5 of l')rnd\fonlsnl within " second ond ths cau:,,;t"S
the increa!.e in speed of the gener.itor. Smee power inpul to the;- m.:.chbw remnins
same, the generntor starts working as an induction generator, drawing the
reactive power from the bus. TI,e machine starts drawing an exc-iting current from the
system. which is equal to the full Jood r.ited voluo. This leads to the <>verhealing of the
,t,tor wind ing and the rotor bod)' due b> indt1{ed currents. The loss of c, i:,tion "14\)"
1.11w li.!Jd tn th.. ,of .5lipping cond ition which results in the n'>lt 1gic r<.<h1ct.ion tor the
output l1bov c haU rN.' r,Ucd lo.id.
Loss o( excitation $hould not
persist for long and rorr('('tive measures hkc

dis<onna:tion of altemator shou ld be taken immediately. For tJ,is a tripping scheme
can be used which ca.n trip the generator circuit breaker immediately when there is a
field failUl'I!.
5.2.3.7 Coollng Syat.m flllu,.

TI1e (allure or ('.()()ling syst(m .tl!,c:. caus severe overheJting to rise thl'
icmperature above safe limit This "'.8)' le.-.d to insulation failure.. causlng some olher
faulls to oo:ur. 1l>e thermocou ples or resistance thermometers arc u in

large
machines to sense the temperature. The corrective measures are taken \vhenever the
tetnp;'lw'C exceeds the Limit.
.Ap..trt from the abovt ,:lominnnt .1bnc.,rma l ('Ondltions. M>lnc mndltions rna,y
exist
wluch n1. rJre in practice. Such C."on.di1i-0ns .ire, n:,ng .;;;ynchronlzation., l(l(al
5.9
Protection and SwitchgMr
C..nerotor Protection
overhe;,ting. i(nkage in hydrogen circuit,moisture in the generator winding, oxygen

in
pure waf er circuit,vibrations, bearing currents,,. excessive bearing temperature etc.
5.3 Basic Differential Protection Scheme for Generators
A bn,ic difforentiI prolt>etiun sclwrne 11s. I for the g(,x-rtors is shown in

the Fig 5.1. It is known lhJt tho differentiI rt'lay opcrol.. whm the phosor
diflrrmce of lh'O or mote similar elec:trk.ll quantities iexre(.'<fs a predetermined
v"luc.
...
CT
_;_
-nding
_. T.
,/
E.ldemal
fault
.... ..
'
.
'
'
''
/'
-- ..
Oiffe<en(ia.1relay
Fig. 5.1
Suppose the curttnt I nows through the primor)' of C.T.s to lhe cxlernol foult If lh..two C.'1'.s h:w<. s.. m, r.J tio, tMn no c\.lrtmt will flow thr01.1gh lhl' relay 4'nd it l't"m.1ins
inoperative,,
Bu, now if an internal fau.l t OC(ur5 at poinl X as shown in the Fig. 5.2, the
current
Aows tluou gh the laull from both the sides. The primary CWTeRls are 11 and 12 while
tht ,;(>condary n1rrertb t1.re i 1 and i2. So the (urtent flowing throvgh 1he relay will be 11
.. :- Even :,Otnc t'.l1rnnt nowing out of one side whale a 1,rg.e c\lrrent ttnte.ri.ng the
other ,tdcwill c.n1hc tht! di(fcnmHal C'\J rr(rnt. Such A C'Ur'r(,._,,I is rL-sponsible to
opct:ttc
lh\ rl"'l;,y.
1,
,/
IX
F111.1
,,
-- -'...
... t 1
t,
....
----'-: ---- _ _ _ ,_ _'.
Offl'etenlial
"'"Y
Li
Fig. 5.2
Generator Protttctton
Thus the rela y c-urrent is proportional to the pha,or dillermce between lhe
currents entering and leavii'S the prot11, t,'<l circ11JI and if the differential currmt exceeds
the pickup ,,alue,. the re.lay operates..
This ba,ic dlffeM>tial scheme has following disad vantages
l Thls circuit (J_pe:r.t.t<-. s inc,ccurMtl)' with he,\vy krn11I foulb..
2 Th C.T.s may saturate ond c- ius:t lUll'(J ual S{'( ond,uy cu rrents ond the
di{fcrcnc:c of St".'<'ondary curr<!rHS m.ay approach the p,clcup valu e to opcrate the
relay unnecessarily.
These disadvantages are overcome in the percentage diffe.Nntial relay.

5.4 Basic Percentage Differential Protection Scheme for Generatora
ll11s protection s.hm is als.> cnll,-d bias,'<! differential pn>t...,t ion scheme. Tot' Fig.5..3
shows th connections of the peric-.e.:ntage difforentfal relay.. in such a protl-t"t' im s,eheme.
C.T.
C.T
, ..
r
.. .......... .. ..... "
'2
--....,..
Operating
' c::oil
Rettre nln,g 0il
Fig. 5.3 Percentage dlffenntlalprotection sctiem.
The fauJt occurs at point X and the primary currents i.n the circuit arc 11 and
11. The C.T. secondary currents are i1 and i. The current flowing through the
operting roil of the rel)' is i1 - i2. Whil<' the current Oowing through the restraining
coil of the
rely
u (!L.i.!.i. )
. This is b<x:,,ul!C the Op<"roting coil Is connectl'd to tm, midpoint
of
the restraining coil.
Thus if the number of turns of the restraining coil is N then i1 flows through
and i1 nows through remaining

N
The totdl ampere tturu are ,, N
i, N
+ ""
' :z
i.e. N
PC11onand Swltct,o-ar
(
11
; } TMs
ls as good as the now o( current
(it ;i,)
through the entlre
reslramlng
co:I.
The
operati1,g char.1...-tetistks
of )uch n biaSt'ti diffl'rential

c>si,,rat,no reg,an
r\ob)' 1.s shown m the Fig. 5.4,

Th{> ('har.:,ctc.-ris liQ .;how tl,.-t
e,pr at low currents, ratio of
Nonoperating,o\}icl'I
d11feren tiaJ opera:-ing current to

aremgc restraining cum:nl is a
fi).4.'.\J pcrccnt.lgc. Hence the
,dJ, i, en ll d !Jw pen. e1,t.1ge
d,ff,n:nual rcl,1y.
This
basic
p<-rcentagc
diffrmmtia l prot ection scheme
rorms the
basis
of
the
practically very conunonly used
-W! IOrQU8
-.,ii
Ae ti'9lntng
current
Fig.
5.4
pcr\'ntagc difltre-nti.11 protection schcm,c for aUc.rnator stator wjndings. This popular
xh.c-m, Gi knowJl as 81.1.Sed diJfore.ntia_l prot( ti<>n or Mc.rzPrice pn.,tt.:ction.
La;I u. l.li uss th(' d,taltii
llternator stator windin
o(
Merz...1-..1 protection schen,e for lh1..... thrf'e ph,sc
5.5 Merz.Price Protection of Alternator Stator Windings
Th,s is most commonly used protection scheme for the allt'nnator stator windmgs.
The ..:hem, is als<> call-d biosi differential protection and pcrrentagc dlffon-ntial
prott"ttion .
"'fl.St'<!
LLsmg current transformers. The wires connecting relay (oils to the current tra.nsfornter
s.e>nd.nries are ,cailt.-. d pilo'I wires.
tr1 lhis mc.1t hlod , the currrnts <II the o f'fld!il o( the proh-ct ttd 51.tion
i-lf'C
Under nonnaJ conditions, when there is no foull in the wi_ntdings. the currents in
the pilot \-Vires fed fmrn C.T. seronda.rie; re equal. The diJfe.rentlal current i1 - l1
through the opt.1or.1ting C.Oll.s c.,f the rehJ)' ts zero. Hl"nce the tcl.ay is
and
inopera6\'1".
<ystcm is id 10 Ix- bal,ma'<I.
\\'hen fault occurs inside Uie ptot:ted se<:tlon of th stator windings, the
differential current i1 - i2 flows through the operating coils of the relay. Due to
this cwrent, the relay operates.This trips the generator circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section, The field is oL> disconnected and is discharged tlvough a suitllblc
impcdan.
Th,Fig. 5.5 show< J schi!nmtk ,rrnmgemcnt of Meri-Pritt protection scheme for a
star connected t,llerna1or.
Pr
Ion 111d Switchgear
....
''"'""
..2._r
'
' '..
<ot
'
. .... ,_J V L
"'"'
.... ................
...... .. .. .
o.c.
l o.c.
':
''
CT
.... .
ce
.... .. -''
''
earth
/ n1111Arill
' ....
...J V L
Iii
waldin,g
C..Mrator Protection
.0::.
'
'
5 -9
allam.l'llof SUt(OI
_, v L
.. - - ----. .
St.11r con1ee
0C -Otl..ng co.,
'
..ce.. -
!oe. '
l!'aiflil'IQ 00,
Cirow brN..-r
R C.
'
'
'
RC
re,"_.._,;' .. .. .. .. ...... ...... .. .. . . ..R..C... ..

"'"ilflbolll ,.'II,
Fig. 5.5 Men.Price protection for star connected oltomator
The differential te-l,1y gi ves protectio:r, against short circuit fault in the stator
winding of a generator. The C.T.s are connected in st.tr and are provided on both, the
outgoing side and machine winding connections to earth sid. The restrttining coils are
cnrrs1zro from the ,;.,-,ondary conncc1ion ,ol C.T.s in each phse, through pilot
wires.
1he t)pt.tating coil!, ate tnl'fgh A. d by ch(tilpping:, frnm 1\.:J, c.1,n,ng coi19 and
the c:r.
nc>\ltttl .1rthing et,1,ncctio1-.
oeit.a oo.til'lecieo aJl&o. :lollQr
Th,;i s1inih1r
arr..ng, JJwnt 1s used for the d,h;., comwch>d altc,n1ator i:.t.,tor
St!, .ndir.,i
C T
.- ""
r - - - - ..
winding..
a:, i;.hown i.n th Fig. 5.6. .-, v
'''
'
'' ""
'''
I .
'
'
! - - - - - - - ''PilO\ wii--
oc. - Opr
(".(1/t)
R.c.- Re,sc,,.,lnillg ooa
C e - Circull b,
rr
,.,....
C D
- -
,...J V
..J V I_
L.
r --- -- - - - - --- -- - - - -,
'
''
'
'
!
'
' oc
R.C.
o.c.
R.C.
'
oc
'
'
'.
'
--- .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ..
-!
P9to1.-,1age
o hr..n<..1,1r
Fig. 5.6 Men.Pric protection for Mita connected alternator
The C.'l'.s on the delta connected machiru, winding id ar., conncloo in delta while
ihc
outgomg ends are connected in star. The reslra ining coils are placed
in e,ch phase, o?n<!rg"ized by the secondary connections of C.T$ while the
operating
cotb Me cnergizd from the restraining coil tappings and the C.T. neutra1 earthing.
c:r.s
l f thcr is a fouJ, due to a short orcuit ln the prok""l'1ed zort4!' of the windings.
it
proJucc,; a d ifferenc, b,:twccr, the cum.'l\ts in the primary windings o( C.1'., on
both
side-:, of the g:cner,ttur wind ing. of the same pha!!!e. Th.i rt-suits ln a dUfer nce
between
1h,e scrond1.1ry c,urcnts of th(' two cwrent transformers. Thus,. under fault
oondabons,
a d1ffe-rentiaf current flows through the operating coils which is responsible to trip the
relay ond O)'<'n the cirwil breaker. U... differentia l relay O)'<'ration depends on the
n. laHon btwct"'n the t-. urrcnt ln the operating coi.l and that in the restraining coil
In ,'1ddHlon to lhltripping of drcuit bre-akcr, the pert"'entage drif forcnlla l rcfay
tnp a h,mt n.'sl'I m,dtiC('ln1act ,1.:dlfory rrlay. This ,u11.Ulary relay s1mu1l.'11rously ir,ifoHcs
the followfng opcrntlons,
I. . Tripping of the main circuit breaxer of generator
2. Tripping of the field circuit breaker
3. Tnpping of the ne\lttal dn:ult breaker if it ls present
.J. Shut down of I.he prim mover
s. Turn on hf co! g, If providt.od for fcty
C,)(
S4.:flL"f1, tOr uncf,..r foully
conditt01'S,
6. Opcr:.tion of alann and /or annundaror to indic21te the occurren of the fault
and the operation of the relay the field must be opened immediately otherwise
it st"rts feed.ing the fouIt.
Whn diffcrcntiI rcl,,ying is used for the protection, C.T., at both the ends
o(
gl'1Wn1tor must b( or l"qu.1J ratio and equo1ll accur.1C)' ntlwrwjs,e if th( error is
tXl"'.'("Y1vt".,
,\ rong oper,ltiC>n of tht rdl1)' mily re-suit. The c.iu of unequal currents nn both
the
,ide. of C.T.s without any mull are ratio errors, uncquI length <!f the lcds, unequal
sooindary burdens etc.
This scheme pro.,ides very fast protection to the stator winding against phase to ph,,se
faults and phase to ground faults.If the neutral is not grounded or grounded throgh
,ststanthen additional scnsitl'-'C c.uth fault relay should l>c rrovidc<I.
flw advontagH ol 1his schem(" are,
l. Very high sp<'('d OJl"rtion with operating time of about 15 msoc.
2. lt a Uows low fault setting whic:h ensures maximum protection of cnachine

windings.
:ls It ensures romplie stabWt)' und.r the most ..vere through and external
faults.
Protectionand Switchgear
11
Generator Protect on
'1. h docs not rcquir(l current tr 1nsf.ormttrs with oir g:Jps <r sp<o. elnJ
bnl.,mdng
reah.Jtc.'.S.
5.6 Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Generator
Gt.-ncrllll\' Mt=rz-Price protection bttsed on circulating current principle pr<wid tht

pro:1."CC1on 1go lnst intcmal e.uth faults-. Uut for lurgi' gcnc rritors, as these on? costly. :in
ridd,t:on,ill prot<llo1, sc.:h,e.rn callt'<.i r<'Strich-,-d <'arth foult prot""'"Ciun jS, provi<lt'd,
i,hen the neutrol is .olldly grounded then the generator gets ct>mpletely protect ed
against earth foults. But when neutral is grounded through earth r,,sistancc, then the stator
...,indlngs gel partly protocted against earth faults. The pel"Ct.-....i,tag of w inding prolt".<b.'.d
dcpcmds on 1he v.atue of eMthing
stance omd the relay setting.
1n this scheme. th \1a,Jue of el\rlh n.1. 'tSIJn<'l', relny s..Httng. currnt rcttlng of o.itth
resistm\Ce- must be c1, fully Selected. The earth fault:. ire raN. near the ncutr I point th<'
'l.l'Olt,,ge of neutral point with respect to e;lrth is very tes.s. But when earth fauh occun.
near the neutral point thc.n the insufficient voltage ac:ros.s the foult drives ,ery low (ault
current than the pick up current of reL,y coll. Hence the relay coil n-.mains
inoperative.Thus 15 to 20'!.. winding from the neutral side rem.i..ins unprotected in this
schem. Hence it is c:.l.k-d t'('5ttk:U canth foult ptoh.:ctit'H\. lt !I U$util practice to
prot".1:l '),, Q( lht Wifl,11111)
The r,.s' trktcd enrth fault protection scht.me ts shown in the Fig. 5.7.
-Genetator
- ----.s.tator
C.T.
tml
'N
..
-.-.
'
''.
I
,' o v
''
' '
E aOp,ere1ing
r il 't f a ucoil
lt :
''... ... -- ... ... . . . .. . .. . . ..
'
I,,
-..J V
t,
'
''
) V I
n("\
nr.
V '
n("\
,...., .
_l
y
8
V I
... .. ....
1,
'
'
Ag. 5.7 Restricted earth fault protection

Cansider that earth fault occurs on phase 8 due to breakdown of its insulation lo
.r1h. c1s sh<mm in the fig 5.7. The rault current 11 wHI flow through the core,
fr.,
5- 12
Proi.ctlon and Switchgear
Generator Pr-UOO
oi muchiru" to f:>ilrth and c<impletc th r3th through the earthing 1'cSi.btttllce. 'fht- CT.
secondary current I flows through the operating coil and the restricted earth fault relay
coil of the difier<>ntial prott'ction. The setting of resttit"ted earth fault relay and setting of
ove:rcurrent relay are lrTldepcnden t of each other. Lfodct tJ,ls secondary curntnf I.,
the rd.ly operates to trip the circuit brei'.lke.r. Tix> voh..1. gc Vb i.s surficll'nt to drtvc the.!
cnough f.lult current I!wht>n thllnult poinr ). l.,wny frum tJw nut.r.11 p..)int
f f t lw foult point x is ncnrer to the neutral point then the \'ollmg:C' vb_ is small and
not s-u ffichmt to drl'1e enough fau.11 cunen t 1,. And for this 1,, relay cannot operate.
Thus part of the winding from the- neutral point remains unprotected . To overcome
this, iJ relay setting is chosen \'ery low to make it sensitive to low fauH currents, then
,ti:rong op1. r,1tlon of relay l'ni\ )' n 1,1t. Tl\( lay can or..1tc unc.h.!r tht.: conditions of hc,I\ y
through l,rnh,.i11,1cc111-.1te C.T.s.SJluration of C.T., etc.H,.,,eo prn<tic.illy 15% of

windl11g from the nrutr,11 point is kepi unprutcct1,d,
85% of the \o\'ind irig -'S.:.in. t ph.1se to e;irth foults.
protecting the 1'Cmn1111ni;
5.6.1 Effect of Earth Resistance on % of Winding Unprotected

Let us see th(' cff1.:ct or c.1t'lh tf'S.ist.a nce on the w" of the winding \ 1hkh
remai
uoprol-.:t'h.d .
R
":..-...:i;..i;.g
N
r---"-:::'"' ...
Earth
resistance
v wtm
d"'"
,.uth
r<"Sistdnce R used to limit
earth fault current as shown in
the Pig.5.8.
The
value of the resistanre

R limits the earth foull rurrent.
'I
is unprotected
U' the 1resl!itancc R 1s vi:rv
Fig. 5.8
C<,nid,r
small Le, the ,wutral is almost

solidly grounded, then the fault
current is very high. But high
fault <:Urrents are not
desirable
lnoe sm..UI R is nol preferred
for th<' lari,e machine..
t=or' lo\,, rt.-.st,iu\Ct: K. th<. vnluc or R is -ielco. eted suc:h 1t,.,.,t full l,d n rrent
Jli.tsscs through tht> 1,eutr.il. for a hill line to r'k"Utn1J volti,ge V.
1n med,um resistance R, the earth fault current is limited to about 200A for f ull
line 10 neutral voltag"V, for a 60 1.-IIW machine.
In high resistan<e R, the earth fault current Is limited to about 10 A. This i$ used
for dlst-ribu tion lransformcrs and S''neracor-transforrncr uni .
ProtK11on and Swhct,v-ar
5 - 13
1''i-<>w highlr dl-e v;iluc o( CMth r<'slst.incc R. li!SS is tlw 4. arth fault current and ltSS
perccntagc o/ winding gets protected. Large percentage ol winding remins
,u1protected.
l.ct
Full line to neutral \10ltage
I = l'ull lo.1d ,urr.nl of largest copocil)' gcn,rator

R Ei,rth rt'Slstncc
Th<-"n the value ()f the resistilnce R is.
V
R :T
.And the 1>< r.-ntagc of wit1db,g u.nprott..-..-ctcd is glvct, by.
'}., of winding unprolN:ted R\ . ., x. 100
I,,
!l1. Jnlmum opera ting curl'<'nt in the prima.ry of C.T.
If relay setting used is 15% then 10 is 15% of the full lo.1d cu rr,,nt of the
largest
m.1chine and so on.
Grfatcr perl"Cnt.1g -,( wind ings or :,.nld,JI c.1p.1dty m,,ddn-.'S running
p,.u.,llcl get
prut,"<:led
Example 5.1 : A
g11r aior is prOln<JNI by n.". SlriC't('d t'lfrllt fin, Jt

protection. lhr' generator rnt fn gs art 13.2 kV 10 A1VA Ti,percer,tage af
a:iindi,rg proteclcd a zmst phttse to gromrd j,1ult is 85%. Tlte rr:lay St'iting is
sud , that it tr;ps for 2()% 01,1 of balawt. Cnlc.'11/a.te thr T'lSL<lance lo , ,utilttl
in tlie ntutra/ to grom:11 romuxtion.
1
Sotvt.lon : 11,c given , ,IU<"S,

\\ ,
13.2 kV
Rotii,g = 10 MVA
From rating, cakul1h? tht. lull load cu rrent,
= RJ.1ing in VA O
!Ox106
.fjyL
J:i' ,LJ .2 x l03
= 437.386 A
RtJ.-,y setting i!i 20':" out of bri lance Le 20% or thr rat<'d curn-...,1 <"tivah:-s the
relay .
1.= 4337.3S6x 1 = 87An A
= Minimum oper.litfr,g rurtl"r\t
\I Linc to neutral voltage
/J
Gene,rator P
= 13.2x1
76,21.02 V
Jj
'l <>f wi11d
i"S
u11protectcd
= 15'N.
as 85% is
prot,,ctod
1
5
R
l
"
x
l
O
O
l
o
=
R
x
8
7.
4
7
7
x
l
O
O
7621.
02
R
1
3
.068
- Example 5.2 ; A ,t.rr i-v11111c1 d J piwst . 12

,WVA, ll kV u/t,mnlor h
rt'ftttln.icl! of W It 1$ prokctc ""tt by ,'vftrz.-Prict
circult,ting curnnt schcme uJiich is r.-t
lo
"P<"'"'' for fm,lt
rurri:nl 1101 ltlis //um 200
A. Cnlculat, th,., twlue of l>irlhing

rc-sislrmce to iv prauid,"Ci in ordtr IO msure that
only 15'% of tht 11f matoT rinding
rtmd1111:: ,mprdt f,I.
Solution : rh1.: given v.alut.'S arc,
R.>ting 12 M
V,_ - 11 kV
VA
..
IL =
"3xlfx10l x
i._
1
2
x
1
0
I
X
<
1
0
0
IO
8366X
.
l
O
'
" 629.li.166 A I
e:
rak-d
currrnt
V
v,. - I J ,10'
,/3 -
..fj
63S0.8529
6
3
5
0
.
8
5
2
9
X
X =
:.mlptokct<.-d
winding
"
3
x
'
l
'
l
x
and
R
e
a
ct
af
\C
t
1.0083
X
n
rc,1ctance
per
phl.se
Rt.,itl
.rnc of
R. ting = ..fj VL 11.
12x10-
OO
PNKectlonand Swltchge1r
515
Generator Protecdon
(% of unprot,,cted wmding) ,(X)
15
" JOO x l.0083

= o.1s12 n
v =- \'Olt.ige induCbi ln unprote<ted
"'"i.ndi..ng
x V s 0.15 6350.8529
= 952.6279 V
Q
Fault t;.urnmt
200 A
z
=
lmp '<loncc offon'.<1 to the foul!

952.6279
V
-=
200
. .(II
= 4.7631 n
Now
Z r ... j (rc.lcl.lm"C of unprotcch.".CI

winding)
,.. i (o.1s12J n
IZI
...
{2)
Jr'+ (o .
1s12)1
Equating (1) and (2).
Jr' + (0 .1512)'
22.61175 = r ' 0.02286
r 22.6646
4.7631 =
..
.
.
.
.
4.7607 n
This is he earthing resistance required.
5.7 Unres1rlcted Earth Fault Protection

'The unrtStrkled rth fault proll'ction US<'.S residually cmuw,ct -d earth fault l\'lay.
1t lt"lsists of three C.T.s.one in ,t1dl phase. Th,.. St'<.X>ndary windings of these C.T.s
41re
)Me<:tcd in parallel. n., earth faull
rcl:ay is connected ocross the secondaries which
carries a residual current. The scheme is shown in the Fig. 5.9.

When there Ls no fault, under normal conditions, vector sum of the three lit\(>
c,un.'.f\l!. is zero. HrJlce the Vt.". 'Clor sum of the th S\'.<'.C>.

z.e.ro.
l\dtuy
currents b also
Pto141ctlon and Switchgear
Gener110r P..-ton
5 16
C.T
a1or
..&. ,.t.a. tor_w_in_di_n_g ..,
..
Eafltiing
res1S4tlnee
-. -
'
'.
''
'
'
'
'
- - ----'
-I,.V. I
I V I
-1,.
0,,,V. 0
,- - _ _ _
'
....
""l...._
--- ... .
.l.
----
RN)'
1-...11y oonnOC>Od)
To tripCil'cuil
Fig. S.9 Unrestflc1eld ..th fault

prolKtlon
So if I,.,, 1,,and I., are C.T. secondary currents then under normal conditions
we can WT itc,
i,.... )" t ib>
= 0
Tlie sum of Ilic 11;..,., f\lrroml1i i "" duI (Utf\'i'lt 1., wh,el\ is ,.., under non'MI
o::,nditioos.
1l-.e earth fault relay is connected in such a way that the residual current flows
through the relay operating coil. Under nocmal condition, resid..a l current is zero so
rl!lay does not ca rry any OJrrent and is inopentive.Howe\.'eT jn presence of earth faull
co1\ditkm. the balanC\' gets disturbed and the residunl current llil!i is no more :1.ero. JJ
this currcnl ls mo_n, th<l1" the pkk-up \'alu(' or the enrth f:,ult J'(
)', the nla) opttah.l.>f
,,,J opens the drcuit bnkrr through tripping of the trip eira,it.
In the scheme shown in the Pig. 5.9, the earth fault at ny location near or away from the
location of C.T.s can cause the residual current. Hence the protected zone is not
definite. Such a scheme is hence called unrestricted earth fault protection.
5,8 Balanced Earth Fault Protection

In pr,,ctlcc for ,,,...11 roting altcrnoton, the neutral end of the three phao<s ar
oonnc...:tcd to a single point.Hence it is not possible to intmduc.. C.T. In each phase on
neutral side as required in MerzPri protection. In such C3$4!$, the bala.nced earth
fault protection can be used.
5 .17
Generator Protec11on
The balanced earth I.ult prot<'<Cti on i shown in the l'ig.5.10.
c.r
.J
..
C.T
''
'''
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
IV
I V I
,-4
.. .. .... .... ..
,,
,,
-.:
-- -
'
'
'
' Ray
''
'- - - -
Fig. 5.10 B1l1nctd earth fault prottellon

At th outgoing ._ide. the three C.T... .ire- cormected in p.lrallid .-.. an: conn(X'hd bl
unrestricted earth fault protection. A single CT. is connected on the neutral side
in the pik>t wire ctmnecting neutraJ of alternator to earth. The neutral earthing is
athiC\rM thrt_q,rgh the earthing ?Ui.sUnce.A relay is ronncctt.
across the C.T.
secondnrk-s.
Under normal tonditions, the ttlt cm.ator lmc c;vrrcnts add to zero. 1-1<:nte the
...t".Ctor 51,1m or th current1- t.hruugh the secondaru.'!, of C.T. is t,I 1,ro. Thu no
curr<_"_nt flow 1hrough the rcL,y and M> 1'1eutral c,urie :wro ('u rrent hence no
01rrcr\t is sup1pl100 to rela) from ncut:ri\l 1l>idl".So relny is inoplrativl,
rr
the fault appears at F2r at a position outside the protected zone 1hen the smn
of the- alternator Line currents is exactly equ;.tJ to the current in the neutral. Thus wn>
curn.-nt Aows thr<msh the n!lay is inopc,rJ1b, e.
But if tho fauJt Ol"'<:ur'S nt 1:1 which i$ the ptot(1(."tt'd un then vector
sum of i!lte>rnJ tor line C"U rrcnt'!t is diffcrrnt th.1n chr currt'nt lhroug.h nlutr,1(
sid c-urrt-nt tr,u\S(ormcr. Mcnee a t(")idu al curie,r\t Oov,rs through the refoy. If
this is gre;stcr lhar\
the- pickup vlue of the ,..[ay, the relr operates. This trip, th<, tripping circuit,
opening the circuit breaker .
By this scheme, the protection ag,ltnst earth faults is restncted t'o the
f'\"g:on
bttt:n the neutral and the position where line ct.1rn1,t trnnsfonn<?nt
,1r'C
ins1.11Jf.'d.
ProtKtlon and Switchgear
Generator Pl'OIKtiol1
5 18
5.9 100/o Earth Fault Protection

As seen uptiH r.ow. no protection scheme is in a position to give<ompete
protection to the sta'.or or gcncrat0< against earth faults. The maximum
prot,'CtiOll
<ll:hi ved is upto 85 to 90"1. from the schemes disc-ussed uptill now.
Uut m modem d1,)'S it is possible to provide JO()% (,1r1h foult proll'<'Hon to chc
s:no, or tlw &<'"<'r.itor It us,s a courting tr;;._nsformrr nnd th( 4cxted sign,'ll curr,
t.
111.e hcrne is shm,n m the Fig.S,11.
- -- -- -- t,. ---- -- --,
'
-- - --- --
,'..
- Stalor ot
the
oener8klr
-..--- R
---- Earthing reslstance
Me
..., ;ng -
-c::5--= = ;
Sog,,el
16uH!I
ot 12 $HJ
--Fig. 5.11 100% onrth fault prolK11on

A C'OupHng tr.mformtr 1s cunnt_'Cled belW1.'ffl the earth ,lnd th<' (;uthing: r1... it111
R , .: 111 neutrnl 10 g:ro-und circuU. The primary or the courling traJlSfornwr is

e),_cit<'J
b) .x>d -d signal current source. This ooded signal current has a r""l"cncy of 12.5
Uz..
Thu current is continuously injected into the generator stator winding through the
--iooondary of the coupling transformer.
During thr normal condition the signal current injected into the sta tor OO\$
through strlly capacitan<\! of the g,norator and dir,,- 1y connect1,d system. But
when
.u-'lh ,.,ult occurs. the 5tr.,y ca cH,u\l"C is byp.issrd. 'fhis ll"K'tt'i3SCi chc m cmitoring cur
r..nt. This Increase is mt.asu rcd b)I a me:tsuring device- Dt-p.1ndlng upon this me
1surement rm lmml-di,1te corrective ac-tion is taken.
This schem e gi,cs the protection of 15 to 20% or stator winding from the neutrill
side. the portion which is unprotected by Merz-Price prote("tion. The remaining
por11on Ls proteded by Men-Price protection. Overall 100 of stiltor windmg gees
pn)lt'(led against earth f,,ults.
S - 19
Pro4..:t.lon and Switchgear
G.nerator
Protection
5.10 Stator Protection Against lnterturn Faults
The Mer-2-Pfice protection syslem g;,e,, protection ag,J.inst phaSl! to phase faults and
earth faults. II doos nol give prot;!Ction against intertum faults. TI,e inter tum fault is A
short circuit between the tums of the same phase winding. Thus the current pt0tlua."<I
due to 5Uth fault is " kx:t1I drcruit ('ummt and it do..-.-.-s not -'ffcct the cutTl'l"lts
nttnng ond leaving th<' winding at the two ends,whcre C.T.s ore localed.
H<"1Ce
-MPr-tPrke prott'<'.tion annot give protection ,lgj,\inst lnt<'rt1.1n\ fault.
In single tum generator, there is no question of interturn faults but in multitum

generators, 'the intertum fault protection is necessary. So such intertu m protection is
pro,ided for multitum generators such as h.ydroelectric generators These generaiors
h,we double winding armatures. This means. ech phase winding is divided into
two h.1l1tt'S1 dut! to t w very htwy curtl.nts wMch they have 10 c:.1rry Thi.s
spliuing of
,inglc phui:;e winding into two ls orlvant.JSl'OU :, in providing intttrtum faul l
prottion I<> uch hyd,oelectrk gerwr.itors.
nte Fig.. 5.12 shows tl
intc.rtu
m
with double wind ing armatures.
C.T.
C.T.
C.T.
C.T.
C.T.
C.T.
s,
fault protection scheme used for the

get1 c.uor
s,
s,
s
,
s
,
o---- 1'11ase B
o---- Plla&et Y
s,
Fig. 5.12 lnt.num ftuh protC1lon
Pro!Ktlonand Switchgear
Generator Pl"OIKtion
5 20
The scheme u en differential principle. Each pha of the genertltOr is doubly

,..o,md and split into two parts S1 and Si as shown in the Fig. 5.12. The current
trnsforme rs arc connt<>. d ;,, the two parallel paths of the e,ich phase winding. The
S(.'Condaries of the current
tn:msformers are cross connected . The current
transformers
\'10r on tircul 1tmg current principle. The relay is connected t1rross the cross
4,.onrn. tcd scrondaris or th.:i c4rrcn1 tr,u, form,..rs.
Ui,dcr 1,ontrnl OJ><'tating i, ndili(ms., wht.-n the hvo paths are sound then currc,nts m the
two parallel paths S1 and Si are equal. Hence aun:-nts in the sec:ondar of t
currt>nt transformers are also equal. The secondary current flows round the loop and
is same at all the points. Hence no cunrent flows through the relay and the- relay is
inoperative.
1
If th short drc\llt b dveloped bc,t>,L..,n the ndjocent tums

the
w1odini; s.i,y 1hc,, current
unL>qn.11
lhrou gh S1 and
,,r
the part S1 of
no longlr n.main s.1me. Thus
,1.,rr, nb will be inducrrd ln ihe S('(". Ondariies of the c:urrctll ttanslomw.Tht-..

cliffe
of the,e currents llm"s through the relay R. Relay then closes its contacts to trip the
dra1it breaker which isolates the generator from the syste
Such an intertum fault protection system &s cxtremt"l}' sensitive but it can be
applu.-d
the generalo hH'ing doubly wound armnhires.
5.11
Rotor Earth Fault Protection
The rotor ci rcuit of the Bltemator is tnot earthed and d.c.,,oltagc- is impos;t--d on it. An:d
hence single ground fault in roto:r does not cause cin:ulating current to flow through
the rotor drruit. Hence single ground fault in rotor does not cause a.ny d.1m.1 e to
it. But single ground fault causes an increase in the stn.".Ss to grotmd at oUwr
pouH it\ the Rt.lt..i w inding w.hal voltages i1re lndu-d in the rotor du tt:, tr;ut.Sit:t\ts. Thui, the
probJbiHty of second ground (Ault increa.
Ii the second ground lauJt oc,,urs then part of the rotor winding is bypassed and
thr cun:ents in the remaining portion i.nc:rea...-.e abruptly. This causes the unbalance of
roh)) circuit and hence the mechanical and thermal stresses on the rotor. Due to this,
rotor may get damaged. Sometimes da.ma of bearings and bending of rotor shalt
tal<<'.S plJce d ue to the ,ibrations. Hentt the rotor must be protected ai;ainsl earth
fauJt
Method t : 11, this me,hocl " high rc,;i.,.:tA , ron.ncc. k"l(f ac the rotor circuit It
is provided with centre tap and the centre tap point is connecled to the ground
throogh a sensitive .-arth fault relay as .hown in the Fig.5.13.
Procoction and Sw1tch99,ir
5 21
High resifrtaroee
c.,,,,.,
>----point
"'
'" $on$1(1Vt
tar"J't
(tult
exc,ier
re:lly
.
Fig. 5.13 Rotor
earth fault protection
Ext the centrt point, the earth fault relay detects the earth faults for most of the
rotor circuit. Thus mos1 ol the rotor windif\S pJtt is protcth.:d against the earth faults..
M_ thod 2 : 111< modcn\ medu.)d of prov1d.ing l':arth fault prot,.oeti<m
indud<.
mJt"(.'ticm or a.c. inj(l(."lion. The schcnle ls shO\..'n 11\ the Fig. S.14,
A sm.111 d.c. power
supply Is connected tu
the fietd circuit. A fauh
detecting sensiti\'" rt!
l.1v and the resistant.'\' n;
150 fll1111Cl l'.d h\ Sl"ries
i,,,ith the C\n,".UJi
Thb. high resistanc

limits
the
current
through thu circui I.
,fl\
fdult
point on
c.in.
uil
at
any
the
tu.Id
wlll
p.1M
EnMer -
..
Sensitive
:
.11)'
cum""r,t
of
sufficient
magnitude throush Ille
re.la)'
to
d.c.
o.c.
cause
its
operation. The
d.c.
:.upply lS preferred and
amp)(> to USl' and It
h.l "" problem ol tl><'

lfakagc c:. urr<:nts. ln
case of a.c. injection#
lhe high resistance is
replaced by capacitor.
...,,.,..
.
,
,.
Fig. 5.1.t Rotot e1r1h fault p,ouctlon
522
Protoctlon and Switchgear
O.nerator P..-c:tlon
11,.. eMth bull relays are instantaneous in operation and are connected to an
al.irm circuit for jndication and to take the proper action. This is because, a single
ground foul!does not require an immediate action of isolating the generator.
5.12 Protection Against Loss of Excitation
The loss t\f t.kc1Uhon or the
ator may result in the I ol synchrontm
.,nd hghtly
lncr,, ase 11, 1he gencr"tnr $pt-ed. The machine statts

having s a,,
Induction generator. It dra.wn reacrhe pt,wer from the system which is
u11de:si.r"able.The 1055 of
excitation may lead to the pole slipping conrution. Hence protection against ks of
e,dtation must be pro,ided.

The protC'ctioo lS provided using directional distance type rel.ar with the generator
h".rmmals.
When th( rc is l'!t of excitation, the equivalent gene.rator lmpedanc-.e Vilri'5 and tr:.
(;t'.S a curv o\S shov.n in the Flg. 5.15. This Fig. 5.15 shows the loss of excitation
cham<teristics alongwith the relay operating characteristics, on R X diagram.
...
1,.QQ,11qt
tlnl
.. .....
Qt
(IUVlg bl$of twcitl!M)f\
.......
-x
Fig. 5.15 Losa o1 ..c:ltallon chara

tlm (lquiv<. lc-nt gt"TWr;itor impedanc. loo,5 tra., a path from firt't qu.id ranr of R-X
diagr,,m to the fourth quadrant. The distance reby Is used which covers the portion of th'-'"
fourth quadrant \here impedance locus path exists. Thus when the impt-.irdance tJkes
value in the region covered by the relay cliaracteristics, the relay operates.The rela)'
operates when generator first starts to slip poles. Then relay trips the field cimiit breal<t'r.
And it disconnects the generatOI' from the $)'Stem, loo. Yl.'hen the c.citlion " n:g w,c-d
,mcl becom(-:. normal, the grncTator can then be r1. tt,n\Cd to !!CrVlc'.C' h\St.tntJy.
ion a1td Switchgear
S - 23
C..nerator Protec1io<1
5.13 Negative Sequence Relays
The negative relays an., also caUed p!i;i,.;e unbalanae relar., l)t'(1us,:, th('SI! relays
provide protection against negative Sequence component of uJanced currents
existing du to unbalanced Loads or pha-pha faults. The unbal,tn(;(.>.{t currents d;:..ne.
rou.s (rorn gcner.ators and mo1ors 1,oint or vitw ,1s th<"'-<' n1rrcmts (.,n c-,us.r onrhcating.
Ncgati\1e scquc."l'H:e telDys
re gencr,,11)' ued to give pn.)tc.-.cti<. n
c:o gl"n<>r,uors ,uid motors i.\g.inst unb.,lmc<"<I c. urr,nts.
A t<tegi,tive sequence relay has a fil ter circuit which is. operative onl.y for
negath sequence components. Low order of over current also can cau.. dangerous
situations he1'1-..e a nega tive sequence relay has low current settings. '11,c carlh relay
provides protl!<:hon / or phose!() eorth fault but not for phase to ph.,se laulL A negtive
S,.'.t]Ulncc rC'lay pro, id pmtttlion ag.\inst phtsc to phas(' foulrs which arc respon5able to
produc neg.itive S(>(\Ufo\C.c coonpon,,,,.

1lit> fig. 5.16 &:hows the schematic.ur.1ng rnent of ncati,re phase SL---q uenc."t"
relay.
C.T.
R
--;::::===J'11"1=:;-C.T.
y
-----
--t-----;:====:::ttr't:::::t--
C.T
-------,,. --' ----t-;:::::
8
't:::::;:t-ly
-A
Relay
-.
'
Fig. S.16 Not1aUve phase sequence relay
Pr'*ctl on and Swttch,aell'
Oenerator PTO!Ktion
5 24
Basically it consists of a resistance bridge network. llle magnitudes of

the
impcdan of all the !>ranches of the network are eqwsl. The impedances Z1 o10d 23
an, purely resistive while the impcdan= 22 a.nd
are the oombi,;,ations of
n,sistance
and reactanc,,_ 11w cu.mmts in the brandw,s Z, and Z. lag by 60' from the currents in
the br-.mches 2 and Z,, The vertical branch 6-0 ronsisb of lnverse time
charMte:ristks1
z,
rely. The reloy
h negligible imp;,.dan(('.
1, .................................-.............,
IA
'
''
''
'
'
'
,,'
,,'
,'
,,'
,
,,'
,
,
,
,
'
,'
12
A ''
Fi9, 5.17
"Jl,c
cumn t
' gets
divided into two equal parts 11

and 12 And
,, rags ,, by 60'. The phasor
diagram is shown in the Fig.5.17.
+i; - i;
Let
The pcrpendicu lor is drawn
from point A on the diagonal
meeting it at point 6.as sho,,.. in
the Fig. 5.17. This bisects the
diagonal.
!Ji.
06
Now in triangle OAll,

ros 30
= OB
OA
./3
.
..
(';)
---r
:7 3 :1,
I
... (I)
1,
No,v 11 lead.< JR b) 30' while 12 lags' by 30' .

SimUarly the cu.mnt 10 gets divi into two equal parts 13 and 14 The current
I;
Lig, I, by 60". rom equatlon (I) we an write,
.,. (2)
The current I, leads 16 by 30' while curttnt 13 lag:s 18 by 30.

The current enhrnng the relay at ithe junction point B in the Fig. 5.16 is the vector
sum of 11, IJ and J,.
Protec1lon and Swltehgeaor

ln-1,,.
r;"' r;+r;
= ly +
n,.,
J:i
S25
Gene,rator ProtK'tlon
(leads .by 30") +
J:i
(l.lgs lo by 30')
vector sum is ,hown in the F,g. 5 18 when the load is balanced a.nd
no
"'..g.,,h, (! S\'qucnot1 C\lrt"Cnt., c:dst.
'
,.
'
ly
'
ly
'
'
,'''
'
(b) \/ocior sum

() C.T._,.,
CUfflntl
Fig. 5.11
It con be seen from 1he Fig. 5.18 that.

11 +13 = -ly
Thu.5, thti c:urrc.nl e.nt<'nng tht, n:1 ,y .tl point D is t. ro Sllniltlrly the n:ultant
current at junction
I)
ls also 1.ero. rhus the n l..1y is inopc;r.,U\ C for., b.aila.ncco. d

systcrn.
1
Now consldtr 1h.1. t there is unb.ilanced load on gent'r.,tor or motor ,Jue 10 which
neg.itlve SL--q ucnc,c <vrrents exist. The phase sequence o( C.T. secondary currents is
as shown in the Pig. 5.19 (a). The ,octor diagram of 11, 1, and 1, is shown
in the
Fii;. 5.19 (b) under this condition.
li11t:- components I, and 13 arc (-qual and opposit( to e.a(h other at the jumction
poiJ\l 8 1-h ncc 11 and 1) (_.tnC',1l each ollH. t. Now the rcl.;y coil carrit-S the curn. t I\'
ond when this current is mol't' than o predct\!nnimd vnlu,, the

t".Ont;acts of trip circuit which opens the circuit breaker.
"'' trips dosing
the
Proi.cNon and Sw1tch9"r
'
....,,.....,.......,.............., ,.
,._,.......... 30' '
''
121)'
'
'e
'
'
(1) C.T. econd"'Y culffnta
(b)-aum
Fig, 5.18 Negatlive uquence curTenls
Zero SequmN! Cun-ents : The zero sequence components of secondary currents

,,. shown in the fig.5.20 (a). We know that,
'a
,,
,,
,.
,,
I '"
'
''
'
''
,'
'
'
'
It '
(bl
(a)
(c)
Fig. 5.20 z.ro
' = i;'+r;
i;
'l
(d)
c currents
r;..r;
'lhesi '""ms are shown In the Fig. S.20 (b) and (c). II can b<>
1hc
Fig. 5 20 (d) !hat.
i;'G =
in phase with Iv
o,n from
r;.
l'he tota current through relay is i;+i"; ...

Thus under zero uence currents
rh to,aJ curr("_nt of h,ll'C the zero sequen<r current no""rs 1hrou.gh the rcl.ty. Ht-.tK<e
tM
rel.v op1. rr1ts to opeu lh(drcuit bfl':ilker-.
Protection 1r>d Switchfl"W

l
r7{
V
27 0.Mra1or ProtKliotl
To n,okc the r,,Lly wnsitive to onlr

negative sequence currents by making it
inoperative under the influence of zero
sequence currents is
possibJe bv
ccmhccting the ('urttnt tr;,nsfor-mcrs m
dtII s shown an lh<' Fog. 5.21. Und('r ddt-1
conncctlon of curNnt trrmsformcr:-,. no
zero sequence currcr\l can llow in the
net""'ork.
C.T.
C.t.
nrV
C.T.
Fig. 5.21 Delta connection of C.T.s
5.13.1
Induction Type Negative Sequence Relay
Anolhvr commonly used ,wga tlve scql!ienoo winy is induc.1io11 type. Its coostruction
is slmiJa.r to that of induction type over current relay. The schem.atk diagram of thb, type
oi relay is shown in the Fig. 5.22.
_
-
_
'
......,,
,. ...
.-
-,
-,...
.
>
-- .
j
_.L'l ir- "'....l
I"
>>-
>-
,,
,-.-.
'
'C
,,-
-
To .
..Cit<:"-
_ ,
-
jo
L-- -
!Mt---.)
Fig. S.22 Induction type n<tgatlv o soquonc,, rolay
The ('(nt r,,l limb of upper mdg1wt carries the primary which h.ls ll cent re tap.Du lo
this. the prlmary winding has three terminal
l. 2, and 3. The .S<X:lion 12
1s energized from the secondary of on auxiliary transformer lo R-plra.se.The section
23 is directly energized from lhe Y phose current.

The auxiliary transfonner is a special device having an atr gap in its magnetic
dnuH With lhe help of this, the phase a.mg.le between it:; prim.1ry and
second.1ry c1n
p,-ctJon and Switchgear
5 28
be easily adjusted. In pr.1cli<".C it is adjusted su ch thai output <"urr(111 l,,gs b}
12' 0
rat!,-., 11>;,,, VSYl !60' from Yw i_npyt.

I"
= rnput cu_rrent d auxiliary transformer
[10 -= Outpu t current of auxiliary ll'allsfonn<.r
, l,,go by 120"
Mcnee the telay plim.iry c:;,rries the- cunc:nt which is phase dirferencr of l,u and ly.
Pos.itive Sequence Cutff nts : 1ne C.T. secondary currents are shown in the
Fig.,.23(a). 11,e Fig.,.23 {b) shows the position of vector lxi lagging LR by 120". The
Fig.S23 (c) shows the vectm sum of 1 , and - ly.
Tht phos(.: diffctt" o( 114 1 and Jy i the
Yt.*(tor
sum of la1 and - ly. lt c;:.an
St.',("f'I
f rom tfo:: Fig. 5.23 (c) that tht' resul1ont is zero. Thu, the re-lay prim.,r y current is
1.ero
;rn,I relay 1s ino1)f r.1ti.-e ror poiitivt, !11:q currtmts.
30'
120'
ly
IR
(1) C.T. IIICOndary currwnll
(b) C4llrtnl ,
-ly
(c) Reuyc.....i
Fig. 5.23 Polttlve
,.,
nee cun-ents
S.29
Neg.ative !!ftqurncr cufftt.nts Thq: CT St>. eondn ry cutr'\'fllS .uc hQwn m the
Fig.5.24 (a). The Fig. 5.24 (b) sh()ws lhe position of 1 , lagging 111 by 120
Th(,
Rg. 5.24 (c) show;: the,e;-.to< dJffere,,ce ol , , and ly which is the relay cunent.
Under negati ve.'. .sc,.qucnce currents, the- n:ch,r difference of J 1 and ly results
utto a c-1.rnmt 1 as shown i_n till fli' g. 5.24 (c). This c u rrent l Oows through the
pri mar)' \".oll
QI:he iclly.
'
'
'
(a) C.T...concs.ry currents
,,
12!1'
(b) C"""'''
'
'
ly
(c) Relay cum,nt
Fig.5.24 Negative sequence cuR'fl'l'ta
Undr the inJhu,"llcc: o( cu.rn.mt I, tht' rt"lay op-.1l'ntt. I'hc d&sc rot.:,t es to
d()!,C the tnp rtN,t.,ds ,md i't opcNt the c1rcui, br'l11kcr.
This rek,y ls tnoperath fur zero pha :,{'<1uencc c.u rrent But the l'c1:.y Co\ n be rn,.\dc
operative for tM flm..,. o( z.ero seque currents also by pn;)\'iding .1n nddihonal winding on
the central limb of the upper magnet of the re!.,y. lltis windJng is conru,ct,.>d in the
,residual circuit of the three line c r.s. This n>lay is called induction typl' negative and
reru se.iuence relar.
5.30
Pr Ion and Swllchvear
Generator Pr
The schematic arrangement of induction type negati\'e and zero sequence re,lay is
shown in the l'ig. 5.25.
......
. ,. .... _.
'
_,
t::
I t::
....
Fig. 5.25 Induction type
.-
IM!IMlw and zero Hquence ,.lay
5.14 Protection Against Unbalanced Loading

\Vht'1\ tho lo:id on thir g._ncrntor bomes unbahmred, neg1>th'e phase sequcnc;
curre11ts llow. The n,,g,1Hve sequence a>mponents produce a rotating magnetic field
which rotates at synchronous speed in a direction opposite to the direction of rotor
field. Hc"1ce effectively the relative speed berwcen the two is double the synchronous
sp('('tl Thus double fre<Juncy currents ,are indu<:ed In the rotor. These curren ls
oau.se S(\ t"tt!' hJting of the rutor ;md Ci1n cau"SC damage to the n,tor.The. unb,,lont'E'd
t.wtor
curn:nt, nl.so cttuSc s.w. ere vibr.itions and hc.iting <>f llltor. Hetic:t' it is l'IC"C<"Ssary
to
provide the negative M'<juence protection to the gcnemtors against the unbalanct'd
lo.id cor,d i tions,
The negative phaS<> sequence filter alongwith the overCW'l't'!lt relay provides the
ns.1ry prOtll(lioo agail\51 the unbaJ.11K\'d load.-;.

The n:l.,tivc osymmetry of three ph.se generator is given by the ratio <1( negative
><'lurncr current to th, r.ned curnmt. MalhemaijcHy It can be e,cp""""'d as,
S
%S
1
x'IOO
1
percentage asymmetry
I,. -;:;- Negative sequence (UJTent
J = R.1t<!d current
ProtKtlon ,r11d Switch
5 31
'The- negJ tiv(' scquenc-e protection scht"me is show1, in the fi .5 26.
-------' '
'
-,:
'
'
'
''
''
'
''
'.. -
I V I
C B.
I V I
C,T
'
'
CT
'
'
'
.. .. ..... . . .'.
V o
n<"'\
I
NegalJve phese sequeooe
filter
Fig, 5.26 Neglllve Hquence prot<octlon

A negative phase SL"qUC..'.1lCC liltcr is eonn4."<". h-.d to the second.iries of the current
transformers.. A negati e phase sequence filter consists of resistors and inductors. These
are so Arranged lha.t under norrna1 ope.rd.ting condi tfons,. the relay is inoperative. Th(' filter
cit-cuit is :st.ibJc. (or the symm<'trit aJ ovcrlc>,. ds up to about thrcl: tin,(. the r.>h.'<I full h
1d.
1 1,en unbnh1nt\>d l"'d occurs, the "<'8the phase S<'qllm' filler drcuit prod,,_ an
output proportional to the negative phase se<Juence components. This is directed
thro<1gh the relay coil. Hence the relay operat to open the circuit breaker to isolate
the generator.
Examples with Solutions

,..Exomp'.le 5.3 : Thr n,11tml p<Jl,i/ of II AV alt,mntor is trll,rd 1/,roa,gl,
rrsi,1,, ,..,
f,f 12 1l, tit.- rt1ay ,s
to operat, tvJtPH tlren is ()Ill of lJtt11c, rurren't of 0.,8 A.
llre
C.T.s /,ovr a r<tlo of 200/5. WJn, t ,,.. c,.ntage of the windi11g is prolecti!d against
urll,
faul/ f, \IVlf/11 mu t !>I' the 111/11/,n11m l"Jlue qf Nr/l1ing <-Sista,, r,11uin/i to gillf
m of
prott".Cf ion to tYJd!J1, '1J1M ?
5 .32
Prote<:Uon and Switchgear
Generator
PT-
So'tution : The given v.lluts ar(",
v,
= ll kV
R = 12 ll
Ion
C.T.ratio = 2000/5
,. = relay current = 0.8 A

mirtinw m operating line ,:ul'l't'nt (C.T primary)
. 2000 .0.82000
i., x -5 -5 Q
= 320 A
V
line to neutral volt.ige
11x 10'
J3
.. % Winding unprOtl!<:tcd ;;
R 10 x
'I/
= 60.46
q.., Wi1H mg protccK"CI :;
100
= 12x 320 x 100

6350.8529
o/o
100 60.46 ii 39.53 %
Th u., with R 12 0 emir 39.53 o/i, winding ls prOl"C<.'li?d.
It
1:i,,
nco.. s.1ry to give 90% protection.

% Winding unprotected
= 100 - 90 = 10%
Rx l x JOO
10
V
Kx 320
6350.8529
IOO
This is the minimum value of resistaoce to give 90% protection to the l;ugest
rnachine.
.. Example 5.4 ; ti SO MVA , 3 1l1JJSr. JJ kV synclrrv 11011s .
m11or is proh'tl.d by 1
M tnt>r1' 11rof:hcm us!r,.g 1000/S rvl lo cr.s. It jj providrd u,tJ, r,-st ricttd rarlh
ult
proh-clio" will, I/If ,11rthi11g r,sistanee of 7.5 n . Ca/culat, IN P'r<tntng, of winding
uuprotc1c-1rd ut dr plta....e ngainst amth fo u{ls if tire minimum optrntirig currart of
tM
relil y is 0.5 A.
Sofutton : The gl\'et\ valut>. s are,
V1.
33 kV
C. T. utlo 1000/5
7.5 0
Proi.etlOI> and Swttct,o-ar
G.rarator Protection
5 33
-= minimum Opt?t.tlir\g current (pritJ\ary)
. 1000 0.5x1000
=
'9"5
!5
- 100 A
V V,. 33x J03
./5
.Jj
19052.55 V
.Winding unprotected
0
-
x JOO
7.Sx 100
- - ----100
191)52.55
3.936%
,,.. Example S.5 ; A 13.l kV, 3 11/rnse, 100 MW nt 0.8 pf. l,g. 11/trrrwtor /ms
O.Z p.11. If
it js Ol"iPJ't'd willt
at ltast at
5(X)
O,'t'folr
rio<11, nciof
ciroda1ms
tr
A faull currmt ,Jr,,,rm,n
r14ttt11l
n,,.
d1fltrrn1,,t1 pro ttrtiou
Sotution : The given values nre,
'ow
co,;
t = 0.S I' = 100 M\o\'
P = "3 Vc lt <'OS +
IOO <IO -
JJx 13.2 ,103 x I L 0.8
IL - 5467.33 A , I - full h,d current

The p.u. reacta.nce is given by.
IX
where X ;: reaclnnce per phase
p.u. X = V
0.2
5467.J3 X
1 3. 2
10')
whore V "
Jii
X = 0.2787 Cl per phase

% of unprotected winding = 1cw.
I.:>
n1tmlt of rJu 11eutml g.r01m.lu\
mn
rt-.;,islmu:r tJu,t tr,n,,..-s lltr> 10% of lhc umdmg u111,rat1"1:t1-.t
VL :13.2 kV
sN
V
'Jj
X = 0.2 p.u.
Rcoctance of unproleet,,'Cl winding a
i0.2787
Generator Proteetlon
5 - 34
Protection and Switchgear
0.02787 n
Voltage u,d uced i n 10% of unprotected winding

10
c
-1.Q_ x V = ..!Q..
' = 762 1023 V
112
"
100
100
J3 .
.
v = 7!,2.1023 V
Let this voltage be
where
Z =
Jr2
z =
Impedance offered to the fault
Rc.:.-sistance in neutl'al
,t.
X?
= R<,actance of 10% of winding
Now
z=
where
V
I
Voltage induced in 10% winding
= 762.1023 V
i = F,ult current = 500 A
.Jrl + x.1
..
.
..
Jr ' + (0.02787)' = 1.5242

r2 + (0.02787)1
2 3232
, = 2.3224
..
.
= 762.1023
500
r = 1.s24 n
This is the required resistance in neutral earthing.
Example 5.6 : An nltem11 tor stator winding prot f!C ttd
by a pen-entagt differential
relay
is slzow11 i11 the Fig.5.21. TIie relay lras 15% slupi, of c!111rnctcristics
(11 -
I i)
11gnb1s1 (/ 1
+ 1/2 ) , The high r,sistm1ce ground fault has occurud nttr !he grounded neutrnl end of
the gmrrl1tor wind ing nJiilt lire generator is a,rryiug lond. TIie cn-rre,rts flowing at
eoclr md of the geuerator winditrg are also shown. Assuming C.T. rotio to be 500/5 A .
tuill tl!r relny operate l o trip tire circuit brenke.r ?
300 ..jO A
500/5
IV
C,T,
5 35
340 t,,0 A
:C.B.
IV
.L
50015
ex.
'Fiull
ling
coil
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.27
11 + 12
Solution : From the given current at two ends, let us calculate C.T. St:.:icondary
currents at t\,o ends,
.
.
.
,, = (300 + j 0) x S
and
;, = (340 + j 0) x 5 = 3.4 A
=3A
The dire<:tions of currents are shown in the Fig. 5.28.
,,
.0,0..
;,t I J I;,
Fig. 5.28
The current flowing through the relay coil is 11 - i 2

11 - 12
3 - 3.4 = - 0.4 A
= 3+ 3.4 = 3.2 A
While
Prom the characteristics of 15 % slope, corponding to

balanre
current required is,

i 1 - i2
= Slopex( iL;i2:
ii;
i the out of
= 0.1Sx3.2
= 0.48 A
5 36
Generator Pn>tection
Th.is iS shown in the
15% S6ope
+vo
Fig. 5.29.
i,- 1
2 0.48
0.4A A
'
Thus i1 - il must be
more than 0.48 A Le.
above
the line
to
operate
the
relay but actual
point is located
below the line
in
negative torque region.
-ActualPolnl
'
' 3.2 A
Fig.
5.29
Hence the relay will
not operate.
Example S.7 : A 6.6 kV, stM connected nlter1111tor has a fransieut reactanet of 2
0
per plwse and negligible winding resistanu. II is protected by drc11lati'1g current
M erz. Pria ,,rotection . Tire alternator neutral is mrtlred through the rc-sistnnc:e .Jf 7.5
n.
Tlze relays are set to operate when there is out of balance current of 1 A in sw. ndary of
500/5 A current lransfonncrs. How mudr % of winding is protected again.st
r.atthfault?
Solution : The given values,
X = 2 0/phase
V,. = 6.6 kV
r = 7.5 !l
C.T. = 500/5
Let the x: % of winding is unprotected.

Reacta,,ce of unprotected winding
::0 x 2 = 0.02 x n
;;()3
= V L = 6 6
Jj
= 3810.511 V
V =- Voltage across unprotected winding

= l
x 3810.511 = 38.10511 X V
r = 7.5
Z
Impedance oflcred to the fault

,
= r + j (0.02 x)
... lull voltage
IZI
= 7.5 + j (0.02 x) 0
= j(7.5)2 +(0.02x)2
=
fault current
= ou t of balance secondary current x C.T.ratio
Protect on and Switchgear
1>< 500
100 A
Iz I =
5 37
\I
I
38.J OSll x
J(J .5) 1 +(0.02x)1
100
..
.
.
.
.
(7.5)2 + (0.02 x)'
56.25 + 4 x
wx2 =
0.1452
x2
0.1452 x2
0.1448 x' = 56.25

:,
X
= 388.%68
= 19.7%
This is % of winding unprotected.

% of winding protected = 100 - 19.7
= 80.29 %
,_.. Example 5,8 : A :!.1friChr<mo11s gem:r11tor r-ntcd nt 20 kV pr-otu tcd by cirt11lrtti11g
currmt system h,wing ,ieutral groundtd through a resistance of IS Cl. Tire

diJJere11tial protection ,efoy is set to operate ii/lier, there is nu 0111 of bnlar1ce current
of 3 A. The C.'f .s 1111w ratio of 100015 A . Determine,
;J The % of windlug remains unprotected
m Va/uo/ 1Mrth n sistllnce to achitV4 75% ptotec-tion of
winding :
Solution : The given values are.

Vl = 20 kV,
i)
l0
= 15 fl,
1000
3x 1000
l,;,X s:.
5
= 600 A
V
3
VL = 20x l0
,fj
.
..
,fj
= 11547 V
%X
C.T. ratio = 1000/5
minimum line operating curre1'lt (C.T. primary)

.
:::
i,.., == 3 A,
= % of wind ing unprotcct<>.d

_ R 10 x JOO = 15x 6CX\ OO
11547
Generator
5 38
Protection
77.94 %
ill We want 75% prote<tion.

% X = 100 - 75 = 25 %
Remaining conditions are same except R.
1
25 = R x JOO
V
R x 600
x lOO
25 =
11547
25x l 1547
R =
600x100
= .811 n
This is the tt:..quirt.).(f earth resistance.
Example 5.9 : The Fig. 5.30 s!Wl<JS the percentage dijfere11tinl rc/J,y us.,d f or the protel'tio11 of
n11 nit,rn,tor winding. The relay hllS minimum pickup curre11t of 0.25 A and Ju1s a % slo11c of
10%. A high resis-lnnc.t ground ft wlt occurs near t he grounded neutral end of tire $t'P!
trntor winding wUh tlit current dist ribution ns slrow11 it, tlte F( . 5.30. Ass-wne a
C.1". ratio of 4()() : 5. delmninc if rr.lny will operate.
380 + ;c, A
-340 + j0 A
(lf'j
Fig. 5.30
Solution : For the given current at the two ends, the C.T.secondary currents can be
obtained using C.T. ratio a,
11
= 1380 + j 0) "
400
i, a i340 + j O) x
= 4.75 A
= 4.25 A
i 1 - i2 = 4.75 - 4.25 = 0.5 A

l.75 + 4.25
2
= 4.5 A
So i 1
t_hc
i? C:UJTI.:nt f-lOW$ through oper:1ting c:,oiJ while 4.5 A fiOW$ throush
n.:..straining coil.
539
With the minimum pickup current of 0.25 A, and slope 10%, the operating
cha racteristics is as shown in the Fig. 5.31.
+ve torque
-ve lorque
---Aciual point
_ _ _ _ _ J' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Minimum
:
pick.upcurrenl
4.SA
Fig. 5.31
TI'le equation of the characteristics is,

}' = m x + c
At origin, x = 0 but y = 0.25

y
'C
'Q
0.25
Hence d1aracteristic cquat-ion is.,
( ,. , v' =
0.1
i1 i2
=
For
where m
m i, +2 +
i2
0.25
c,
= slope = 0.J
il ) 0.25
4.5 we get,
, -,
1
1
= (0.lx 4 .5)+0.25
= 0.7 A
Thus to operate the relay, i1 - i2 must be greater than 0.7 A when
is 4.5 A.
But actually i1 - i1 = 05 A as shown. It is IOC3ted below the line in negative torque

region hence relay wiU not operate.
Example .10 : Arr alternator rated 10 kV protected by balanc.ed circul11tillg current
system has its neutral grounded t/rr/Jugli a rr.sistanct of 10 ohms. Tile protective
rday i,s
5'!t to oper4lt wlren theu is an out of balance current of I.8 amperes in tire p Wt wires
which art con,re.cted to tlJe secondary of currrnt transformers with rntio 1000/5.
5 - 40
Determine :
i} T11e percentngt winding which re.mains unprotecled .
ii) The minimum value of tlic eart.hirig rtsistnnce required lo protect 80% of tire
winding,
(V.T.U A ugust2002)
Solution : VL = 10 kV, R
1000/5, i
= 10 fl,C.T. ratio
= 1.8 A
l-0 = minimum operating line current (C.T. primary)

. 1000
1000
= x
= l.8x
= 360 A
10
.
V = line to neubal voltage
i) % Winding unprotected
= ,fj
= x 100 =;.
5
10x l03
= .fj
= 5773.5026 V
x JOO
= 62.3538 %
il)
It is necess.ar)' to give 80 % protection.
:. % Winding unprotected = 100 - 80 = 20 %
R x 360
20 =
sm .so26 x 100
R = 3.2075 0
... Minimum earthing resistance required
,,... Example 5.11 : All allernator stator winding

differcnlinl rda.11 is s.1urJ.Un in Fig. 5.32(0). The
protected IJy a ptr c<ntnge

relay has 0.15 amp minimum p ick
up and a 12%
slope of ckaract.-ristics
occun.!d
(i1 - iz) Vi ( i l ; }A
high resistance ground fault hos
near Ure grounded neutral end of the generator winding while gem7. ator is carrying
load. The currents fl owing nt M cl1 end of the genuator wi.nding are shuwn in Fig.
5.32. Assuming that the CT'S Jrnvc 400/5 amps ra.tio and no hiaccuracies will the
relay trip tJrt gem:rlilor C8 under this fault condition.
Fig. 5.32(a)
Protection an.d Switchgear
5 41
l1+l2
Positive torque
-'c
(AUApril-20041
Fig. 5.32(b)
Solution : Prom the given current at two ends, let us calculate C.T. secondary
curents at two ends,
2 = 300 +JO)x
i,
The relay coil current
= 3.75 A
(300 +jO) x 4
i1 -i2
= 4.5 A
= 0.75 A
= 4.125 A
From the chuacteristics of 12 % slope, corresponding to (i, ;ii) , the out of
balance current required is,
i1 - i 1
= slope xC'
;i,) =
0.12 x 4.125 = 0.495 A
Thus i1 - i:, must be more tha tn 0.495 A for relay to operate. And actually it
is
0.75 A. Hence th, relay will operate :
12 % s1o1>e
0 75A
0.495A
4.125 A
Fig. 5.33
542
Actual point is locntet.1 in positive torque region. Slope of Une through actual point is
('' ;
: (ii
It) :0.95
i,
100
4.125
= 18.18 %
As this slope is more than 12% of the characteristics given, relay will ope.rate.
Example 5.12 : A 3 phase , 10 MVA. 6.6 kV altunator s11pplies a load of 8 M VA
al
0.8 pf ,md is bei11g protected through M c.rz price circulating c:urrtr1t system and its
relays arc so set that they do not operate until the oitt of lx.l11nce current ocurs nt
20% tJJ f ull load rnrre,zt . Cnfculnte Ille value of f!arth resisttmce lfJ t,e provided i,,
order to
ensure t/1111 only 10% of nltemator winding remains rmp"Olected . Assume nltemntor
r<>1ctn11ce of !0% Neg/ eel resistm,c,, of the a/tcr11ator .
(AU-Dec.-2004)
Solution : VL = 6.6 k V, Rating = 10 MVA, V = VL/./3 = 38105117 V.

Rating = J3V LJ L
IL
R
e.,ctance
..
.
<X,
= 874.7731 A
lO < lO
...Full load current
,/3X 6.6X 103
...X "" Reactance per phase
IX
= v x lOO
JO
874.7731X lOO
3310.5117 X .
0.4356 0
Reactanc,:, ol unprotccl\!d winding =
x 0.4356
= 0.04356 0
v . Voltage induced in unprotected wind.ing
JO
lOO
.< V
8
.
3 1.0Sl17V
= Fault current
V
2 = -:-I
13ut
= 20% o/ IL = 174.954
impedance offered to fauJt
Z = A + j 0.04356 0
2.178 n
Iz I
JR2 +
(0.04356)2 (2.178)2
R1 + (0.04356)2
R
= 2.177 0
...Earth resistance required
Generator
543
Protection
Example 5.13 : Current tmnfo rmers of c11rre11t mtia a{ 1000/5 A nre used f ar
protection of a star connected 3 pJrasc, 10 MVA, 6.6 kV nlter1mtor. t tlz,, rday is set
to operates fo r a minimti nr current of 0.5 A, Calculate the percemage ef each
plzaS(' stat.or
iuiuditrg rvltidr is unprotected ngains mrt/J fault tuhtm the mnchinc Opt rates at normal
voltage . Assume tlrat sttrr po;nt of alterrmtor is e11T thed through " n istonce of 7.5
n.
(AU-April-2005)
Solution : VL
= 6.6 x 10' V, R = 7.5 n, C.T. ratio = 1000/5,

1
10 = 10 x C.T. ra tio = 0.5 x
V =
:. % wm. d'mg
unprotected
Jj
io = 0.SA
= 100 A
= 66x lo' = 3810.5117 V
;=
RI.
Jj
100 = 7.5 x.S1

l00
100
3810 17
)9.682%
Example 5.14 : A 500 kV A, 6.6 kV star com,ected altcmat..or l1as a
synclrronous
rroctnnce of 1.0 0 per phase and ,r('gl igible rt'Sislance. TIie diffcrenti!,I relay
opemtes if
Ure out of balance current through it exc,'eds 30% of Ore normal full load currc-111 of
tire altcmnror. The star point of the al ternator is enrlhed through n rt>sistmrce o/ 5 n .
Wlrnl
percent of the stator n>inding is left 1mprotocted ? S how that tire cffect af the
alternntor
mrctnnce can be negltehrd.
(AU-Dec.-2005)
Solution : The full load current,
,
I _ VA
500 x 103
=
A
43 738
L - fJ VL = f3x 6.6x lOl
Out of balance rurent

Let winding unprotected
= 30% IL = 0.3 x 43.738 = 13:1214 ;,,
Impedance of x% winding =
>e
(0 + jl)
Value of earthing resistance = 5 !l

,, Tola!impedance al fault of the fault circuit.
= [5 + j 0.01 x)
Voltage induced in x % of winding
6.6 x 103
X
66x
=
x100 =Jj
Jj
Out of balance current
Voltage induced
Impedance
544
66x
.f5
13.1214
...(1)
S+ j O.Ol
x
TI1is is to be solved b)' trial and error method. Hence effect of alternator
reactanc.e
can t,., neglected.
66x
13.1214 = s.f5
X
..Winding
= 1.7n7 %
unprotetced The equation (1) can be solved as,
66x
s.f5
13.1214
=
.. Considering magnitude.
J( S ) 2 +
(O.Olx)2
J25 +(O.Olx)2 =
2..904 x
25 +(0.0lx) 2 = 8.4334 x'

X
= 1.7217%
TI,ts shows that the reactance can be neglected without any error.
Review Questions
'J. Wltid1 tJW tl,e vnrlous typ"S of fiw U, ,Mich ca11 OL"C111in n gc-nttill()r ? E:xpl,tin in brief.
2. WTly ti prokctim1 of g1:111tmtors is compk"X ? Explain.

J, Wltid1 llli! the t"1rious abnormal ru11!fing tonditions, which mlly e.-.:lst i11 11 gtnera:tur
? What
arc
tltr:ir 4fi ws mid lmw tl1c..-..e effr c.ts can bt mbtimfud ?
,1, Explain ll:,bnsic dlflem,tial
proti-ctiori sch 'mt. What a"its 11isM1,ant4ges ?
S. Explain thr OOsic pi.m,,tr, djlft'rt,'1tlinl protn:tio,, ,d,tmt. Draw it s OJ1frf1fing
t'NNk'fristks
showing 11()5.itiue mid ,1egatiw torqur rrgiuns.
6. Omw art,1 i!xplnin tl1e M erz Pricl.' prortion of lttnJR.tor sta tor u,fllding$. Statit its ndvontagt"S.
7. WJrnt i$ 1/u rol1 of auxiliary rtlay, in Me.rt-Pri( J110!tetion ?
8. E;tploill u,,fl!S trictc!d eartl1 fault protectia,,of grnmrtor,.

9, Oi:riw t,r
faull
/JrOttimL
i!Xpl"l'!>-Sio11
fo r tire pt-mrntRgt: of winding 1mprolcC'tid
10, ,J1t1.1ilJ Om opll'mtkm of 1mrHtriet"-d Mrlh f 1wlt prot:.t-itm
11. Orrrw n,r,1 rxplnin bi1/nnrecl atrth fa11lt protlion Mme.
i;:(;..,.,,,"
i11
tire rcs-trkted e..1rtl1
12. I s it pos.tble tlrat 100 % u,imling of gtinr-rut.or ii prot.Jtd agai,ut earth faults ? Hou, 1
13. S"ggl'tl illt sd1em1 for i11tertlm1 fault prote.ct iOff for Stator of alt rn11tor.
Protection and SwllChjlear
5 -45
14, xpla.ln tJi.: n galitic plrase St.quc:,1Gc: prote,:tion for 111.t gc.11crators.
15. What ore the mctliods to provide rou,r M rth f,wll prot.tio11 ?
16. How tht> pl"Olect ian ngninst ll.1$S uf aciMtfon is pror,Pdt-.d ln gmmw.m l Why it is important ?
17. A grue-rn/ ,r is providt"d wWr rc:stricted (Jtthfo1tlt prottio11, The ratings arc 11 kV, Sfm J:VA. 71r.c
p 1:rcrntngt of winding prot ttt 1 ogoim;t phase t11 g,u,md fault is 80%. Tlit rrlny S..'.t(tg Ju(h l/111t
it trips for 25% out of bnlo11u. Calrnlnte tlr,e resistnna to &e ndd&1 in nmtrnl to ground
(Ans.1.94 rn
co,rm:diori.
nl!11tT1, f poi1tt of " 10..000 V nlt,mt.1110,is ttJ rrh,?d tlm.mgJ1 n resistn11a of W olim,s,,
the rday ii se-t to op.""te 1,1,J1e,r tfort ia a11 ,mt of Winn(,( c1met1t of 1A. The C.T.s hor,c
" rlllio of 100015. W11nt p(r11tnge of J/ic tA,imling ;$ prt>li 'tted agnir1Sf fault to t'-l'trtJ,
and wlrat m111-t lit' mi1tinwm u1/ue of t'l1f'tJ1i,1g n!Sis-lnnce to gr..ic 90% prott.hm to elr
phnse lvi1tding ?
(Ans. :62.5%, 2.88 I'll
18. Tir.t
19. A J pl1as . 2 pol, 11 kV , 10,()00 kV A oltenrotor has 1111tral tvtrtJ N'd through n rt>$istnau of
7
oltms. Tlr.t mad1i11, #Jiu mrn:nt bola11ce prot1l'C'fion wl1ich oper11t,!S 11pcm out of balnrru
current
,
td 20% of full food. Determi11t % of ruindirig protected agai,isl ,-arth foull ,
(.Ans.:88.\1%)
20. 1'Jre f'ig. 5.34(a} $#1otus pcrr:e11tngc diflere.ntinl rt'l,1y applN'11 to tl1r prOltt-tiori of on nllmMtor
windh1g. Th relay hns 10% $lopr of c.hnracteristir:s 11 - 12 vs (11 + 12)/2.
A high rt'4si tance groutrd fault o.:currtd 11a, r Ille gromtded neutral c-nd of thf! gt'm'rator
rvinJing whilt3rrirtnlor is o,rrying lood. A.:i' a ccn:l"-q 1t,'!1' tt:t', the cirmt:i' in ampcns fl otving
at '#Of -nd of tlte windir,g ll're slicrwtt i,r Fig. 5J4(b). Assuming C.T. ratio of 400/5
ampt.ri!$, will ti1t' rtloy 0pentte to :rip tJ1e bn.aker.
(An,. :R lay will not opera t
e)
Circuit
breaker
320 + JO
- J)-0
._..::.::.:....::_'l---t l
3-04 JO
Operating COIi
Fig. 5.34(a)
I
0.39 A
''
''
---
$k,pe =
:3.9 A
Characteristic
10%
Fig. 5.34(b)
Protectlon and Swltch9tar
546
11, A 11 kV, 3 phn&t alftr'INJtor l1t1$/111/ lbt1d r:1t1d t11rrtrlt 200 A.Ri"Artnnet' of o.rmt1t11rr. n1indin2 l$ 15
pt"l'ct'lli . 'fl,e dif/t'r1'11tial proll--r:tio,r systt!m i.s set to opttrote o,r earth /'11411 rnn-r,ds of man: t!Mm 200 A
Find t i,,!11e11tnd rurthl/lg rt:si.stance, wl1i h git.Y'S mrtlt fault prol1'C'tim to 90% of sta tor windit1t,
(Ans.
0)
: 3.145
22. A s.t1u--roJtmc.flrd 3 ptingu 70 MV A, 6 6 kV altmtator Ms a per plu,.st rn1ctn1tct of 1"', It

i"S
prot.:'d "ti
Men:,Pria cJ'rc:11/ati.,ig-<u"L''lt pr1'nCJ'ple iuhich Is Ht to a,wrat.for /twit Cll"C"IIU
not
l.?55 than 175 A, Cnlr1dnte tht wlue of enrtJring mislnnce to hr prcmid,_Tf in ordc to er1sure
that
oul.v 10% of tht t,ltcmbtc,r toi.nding "nrai1t$ unprotedcd.
(Ans.. : 2.171 0)
23. A stllr co,mc:ctcd, 3 /Aliast, 10 M\lt\, 6.6 kV altirrnntor ;s prot ted by Men-Pria
circulnting cummt prindpl t ustl,g 1000/5 #nrp c,in-tnl tr11nsfarmtrs.. Tm' star po nl of
lltit aJt4malc>r is M rtl1ed througli n fl'Jl {j tnncr: of 7.S O .If lhe mfnlm11m Optratf.ng c11rnnt
fer lhe rilay is 0.5 A,
rAlcqlatt tire /"'4TLeirt,,g of ctrh phaY of thr stator winding nohid, is 1mprOfl"CII$ 11goi11sl
l'Rrlh
J,mh.s ?L\11('" tire m11d1i,1e is opcmling al ,1ormol uoltogr.
(A.ns.: 19.69 %)
24. A 6600 volf J-plln$t' t1tr/,oaltm1ntor lu s n mu:dnwm tonliirno11.s rnting cf 2.()()() kW al
0,8 pf. 011d its.ff'4Cl1mct rs J2.5%. It is eq111pptd wirl1 Mtn.-Pria drc1.1lati11g curm,r
prolet1011 wJuch ,s S(t ta a,,,..ralt' nt f,u,f: cu'"nts not 1Ss thn,r 200 ampeus. Firtd wJ,at
vo/J,e of tlu: ne11tml L"t1ttJrig rt'$istm1u /txJ V('S 10-X of tlN: winding$ mrprotttd 1 {Ans.:
1.89 Q)
2.S. A 50 MVA, J..pJ,a.k, 33 kV alternator i$ l1e.i11g proU!Cfl:J by Ill,? uSi: of drc.1111.Nng c11rrent
balanct sdu:mt 11si11g 2000/'j ampere ci,rn:nt tmnsformer. Tht ne11tml of tlle grm:rator is
eartliI tl,rcmglr a NCR of 7.5ohms, If /lit pick up c11rrt.nt for tM mily is j 1,s1 aboUt 0.5
an,pe.rtt, detm,1int wliat ptrtt11t1,gt of tltt wi:tdlng of 1'-lldt phase unpl'Qltcled against tortlr
ri:,h. t,11C' '19'l(:11ine <l'ptntfN 12t nomii,at voltose.
(Ans.
:
7.88%)
DOD
6
6.1
Introduction
Induction Motor Protection
Based on the control action i.e. st.:lrting, stopping or reversal_, various controlling
clements known in electrical terms as swit,hgear are employ<-.-d for the protection o(
induction motor. Generally two b.1sic proh.:..ction.s viz shol't circu it protectio1, and
o,erload protection are provided for each motor. The S\.Vitchgear used for protection
includes contactors with H.R.C fuse and thcrmul overload rcl.t)'S nlong with circuit
breakers.
If the rating of the ,notor is upto 150 kW then contactors and fuses can be used
wrule for motors having rating beyond 150 kW, circuit breakers are used. The
contactor is a kind of switch through whid1 supply can be given to the motor when
its coil is energized. If the current to be interrupted is six times the rated cutn.".nt of
the motor then contactors: cnn be used.
6.2 Abnormal Conditions and Failure in Case of Induction Motor
n,e thre\? phaseinduction motors are used in numerous industrial applica tions.
Hence before studying the protection circuit we have to consider the abnormal
conditions and failure th11t may occu r i.n case of induction motor.
iJ the motor is heavily loaded beyond its capaci ty then it will be overload condition of
motor in which case motor draws heav)' curre1,t from the supply and there will be
simultaneous rise in temperature of winding and deterioration of the insuliltiOn resulting
in damage of winding. H,--nce the motor must be protected against th.is mechanical
overloading with overload protlion circuits. NorrnnUy thermal ovc.doad relays, over
current re.lays or miniature circuit breaker with built in trip coils may be used.
It might be possible that the rotor is lockt>. d or starting lasts for longer duration or
rotor does not trlove because of excessive load (stalling) at start. [n all these CilSCS
motor d raws heavy current from the supply and n.:.-sults in damage to the winding
due to overheating as stated above. In this case thermal relay or in.stantant.'OUS ovtrcurrent relays are uSti.d.
(6 1)
6-2
1r the supply conditions are abnormal such as loss or supply voltage, unbalanced
supply vol tage, phase sequence reversal of supply voltage, o,cr voltage, under voltage
or under frequency then also the performance of the motor is affected. Wi th
tmbalanced supply voltage there will be excessive heating while with undervoltage the
motor draws ,note cun-tmt for the same load. for undervoltage protection.
undervciltage relays are used.
With c<>rTect phase sequence, the motor runs in one direction. With <:hange In
phase sequence or supply it runs in other direction which is dangerous in some of

the applications such as cranes, hoists or elevators. ln such cases phase reversal relay
may be provided which will disconnect the supply to the motor through U1e circuit
bn.. ker.
Due to excessive temperature rise. the insulation may get damaged which may lead to
stator earth fault or stator phase to phase fault which are rare in nature. For low rating
motors. HRC fuses provide sufficient protection against these faults while for large
rnotors, differential protection ma)' be used.
Due to blowing of fuse in any phase or open circuit in one of the three phases
n:sultsin single phasing. ln such case motor continues to nm and if it is loaded to its
rated value then it wW draw exc.essive current which will damage the rotor and
eventually the motor v,lill be damaged due to excessive overheating. Normally thcrma_l
overload relays nre used against single phaing. Sometimes special single phase
preventer may be provided.
Summary of abnormal condition and protection circuit to be employed is
given in the tale.
Abnormal condition
Choice of protecUon circuit to be

employed
'
Mec:hancaloverload
s1alllng or prolonged s1artlng or motor
Thenna, relays, nstantaneous overcurren1relay.
Under vollag
Under voltage: re'8ase.under voltage relay.
Unba anced VQl!e
Negative phase sequence relays.
Reverse phase sequence
Phue reve<sal re.lay.
Phase to ph.\$0 f-avlt or-phase to

earth faolt
$Ingle phasing
O...enoad retease.thermal overload relay, ov8f

curren1 relays, mnleture circuit b<eaker (MC8) wl
h bull n trip eoil.
'
HRC fuse.tnstenteneiovs overcurn,nlrelays.

For latge motors.. differential protection may be
employed fOf economy.
Thermalovertoacl felays., single phase preveme,.
Table 6.1
6-3
11,c motor protection circuit that is designed should be simple
in
operation and
economically feasible. Its cost should be less than 5% of the motor cost. It should also
b<, kept in mind that during starting and permissible overload conditions, the
protection circuit should not operate. The choice of motor protecti11g circuit is based on
va rious factors such as rated voltage, rated kW, size of motor, type of ind uction motor,
type of starter, type of switchgear used, cost of motor, type of load, starting current
possibility of occurrence of abnormal conditions etc.
6.3
Protection Circuit for Induction Motor
Jllc protection circuit along with its single line diag'ram is shown in the Fig. 6.1.
R o-----------------Y o--+--..-------------
B o--+---1--t-----------Fuso
Thermaloverl03d ,el3y
<
Supply
Switch
ON pushbutton
Fuse
(normally open!
Swilc:11
OFF
(Normally
Button
CIOSed)
a
I f a
Main
contacts
R
a
y
AC
!:J
Cootactor
The.fmal
""'""" M(I
Contaclor
energ1zlng
coil controlco
il
cl
refay
Induction
Molor
(a)
Induction
Motor
{b) S n,gle line d agram
Fig. 6.1
6-4
The three phose supply is given to the motor through various elements such as
fuse. switch, contactor and thermal overload relay. The control circuit of contactor
consists of energl7,lng coi l, start and stop buttons. The sta rt (ON) pu.sh button is
normally open gn,.en switch while the stop (OFF) push button is norma lly closed red
switch.
When the start button is pressed then the contactor coil is energized as it gets
supply voltage. The coil attracts the plunger when excited and the main contacts are
closed along with the auxiliary contact. Even if the ON push button is released, the
contactor roil rem;i ins energized as it gets supply through amd Uary contacts. Thus
motor starts running.
TI,e OFF push button which is normally closed when press.'.1 cuts the supply of
the contactor coil and hence the main as well as auxiliary contacts a re open so motor
eventually stops. If supply voltage fails, control coil is de-energized which opens the
contactor and motor stops.
During ove:rload condition, the thermal overload relay operates. ThermaJ overload
relay consists o( bimetallic strips. Because o( bending of one or more bimetallic strip
results in operation of common lever which operates the trip contacts to dc,cnt?.rgize the
coil and disconnects the supply to the motor.
The bimetal lic strips are either heated directly by flow of current or with the help
of special he,1ter coil through whJch motor current flows. For la rge rnotOl:'51
these
rel"ys <u:c connected
secondary of current transformers. The bimetallic strips can
be
of self setting type or ha.nd resetting type in which mechanical reset i.s required as the
trip mech;inism locks itself in operated condition. [t should be observed that the rating
of thermal relay should be such that it should not operate during normal starting
condrnons. A setting range is provided for adjustment for various load conditions.
Protection against short circuit is provided with the help of HRC fuses.
i,,
6.4 Single Phasing Preventer
If one of the supply line is disconnected due to open circuit or improper contact in
switch then stiU the motor continues to run. The power is then supplied to the
remnini.ng windings. The current in the other ph:t.GC-. a int-rc-'GcO to .:..bou titt;
./J
tim('.S
normal value. This is called single phasing which results in unbalanced stator currents.
The component which is present in this unbalanced current called negative sequence
componen t causes magnetic Aux rotating in opposite direction to the main fh.uc. This
results in double frequency currents to induce in the rotor to cause its heating. Thus
major damage to motor ma)' take place due to single phasing if proper precaution is not
taken. As the phase overcurrent relays react slowly. they cannot give the instantaneous
protection against single phasing.
6 5
Induction.Motor
P.roteion
For small motors separate protection agai nst single phasing js nonnJty not
provided as thermal relays sense the increased current in remainiJ1g phases due to
si,,gle: phasing and provides the sufficiel'lt protection.
Ai separate .singJe phasing protection circuit is requin.". d in case of large ind uction
motors as even a smilll unbalan can cause daO'lagc to motor winding and rotor. The
single phasing preventer is shown in the Fig. 6.2.
R
COfltroI
circoit
L I LC.T.[
C.T. C.T.
:J
Thermal oveaoad reay
OFF
==
ON
ve r l-: :
Conl31or
Contae1or
-coll
Three phase
l,M,
Fig. 6.2
As shown in the figure. it consists of C.Ts connected in each phase. The output of
control drcu.it is fed to the level det'ector which sense the magnitude of unbalance.
Depending on this output fTom the control d.rcult the tripping c.onunan,d to the shU'Ni
or the circuit breaker is give.n when negati\'e sequence current exceeds its preset limit.
66
6.5 Ground Fault Protection
The ground fault protection is achieved using earth leakage circuit brcaktt (ELCB).
When the fault current or leakage current Rows through earth return path then it
forms the earth fault. These faults are relatively frequenl and hence protection is
required against these which is provided with the help of Earth leakage circuit
breaker.
Consider an example of a person whoS<? finger sticks into the socket. Even though
the metal enclosure is securely earthened, the person will receive a severe shock. Under
such case there must be certain device that will cut the supply. This can be done with
the help of ELCB which will typically trip in around 25 ms if current e.:11;ceeds its preset
value.
The schematic of ELCB is shown in Fig. 6.3.
'
.
.. .
. ..
Co.mnt
ltllnstormer
C i rc
ui t
s.,g1e
phase
aupp 1y
, .,...
'
''
'
'
J-
'
''
- .... _ _ _
'
...
_ _ _ _ .._.. .-
...
Fault to
earth OJe to
1 .ako1ge or
"'""'"'9
>-- - - -- -
:10
a M tetmlnal
Motor en::IOsure
Groc.,nd
Fig. 6.3
As shown in the Fig. 6.3 EU:6 consists of a small current transtormer surrounding
live and neutral wire. The secondary winding of current transformer is connected to
relay circuit which can trip the circuit breaker which is connected in the circuit.
Under normal condilions, the current in line and neutral conductor is same so the
net current (le -IN) floy,ing through the core is zero. Eventually there.will not be any
production of Aux in the core and no induced emf. So the breaker does not trip.
If there is a fault due to leakage from live wire to earth or a person by mistake
touching \o the live terminal then the net current through the core wiU no longer
remain as zero but equal to rt. -IN or 11 which will t up flux and emf in C.T. As
per the preset value the unbalance in current is detected by C.T and relay coil is
energized whic.h will give tripping singal for the circuit breaker.As C.T. operates with
low value of current, the core must be very permeable at low Aux densitjes.
67
Induct on Motor Protection
In case of three phase circuits, single ring shaped core of magnetic material,
encircles the conductor of all three phases as shown in the Fig. 6.4:. A secondary is
eo1mected to relay circuit. Under normal condition, the componcnt of Ouxt>. s due to
fields of three conductors are balanced and secondary carries negligible current.
R
,
Relay
Core _
of C.T.
Secondary
of. C.T.
Fig. 6.4
During fuulty condition, the balance is disturbed and current is induced in the
secondary to trip the circuit breaker through relay.
This method to provide earth fault protection is called core balance type
protection or zero sequence current transformer (ZSCT) protection. In case of earth faults,
to aV'oid burning o( coils and stampings tJ,e motor must be disconnected as quickly as
possible from the supply.
The Fig. 6.5 shows ZSCT pron,ction scheme. lt is preferred for the systems with
neutral earthed via resistance. (See on next page)
6.6 Phase Fault Protection
This protection is also caUed short circu it protection. At the time of such a fault, the
current increases by 8 to 10 times the full 10..1.d current of the motor. Attracted armature
type relay unit is connected in each phase with a current setting of 4-5 times the fuU load
current. This is beca use starting current can be 4-5 tu' nes full load current..
Induction Motor
6-8
Protect.ion and Switchgear
Protection
R -----..-- Three
: r}}
C.B
frpc..c_ol _
Cable bOx -I---!
Core balance wrrenltransformer

(ZSCT)
Three phase
supply lnes. -
lnduickm _
mo1or
Fig. 6.5 Earth fault proteetlon by ZSCT
Hence to operate the relay only under fault condition such a setting is necessary. Such
a protection is shown in the Fig. 6.6.
C.T
.s
.,, .
... .
Induction
motor
,
_:.
R Three
,- -
--
'
II
'
- >
'
Y phase
B wppty
Eart
'
Phase
lault
procection
hfault
pro<action
Fig. 6.6 Phase and earth fault protection
6 -9
Induction Motor
Protection
The phase faults can cause burn out of coils and stampings and hence inotor
should be disconnected s quickly <ts possible \\'hen fault occurs. Past over current
re,Jays also ari? used to provide pha fault protectiol'I.
As mentioned above to avoid relay functioning during starting, the short circuit
protection current setting must be just above the maximum starting current of the
motor,
6.7 Phase Reversal Protection

The direction of induction motor depends on the d irection of rotating rnagJ'\etic
field prod uced by the stator wind ings. For a particular phase sequence RYB the
motor rotates in H particu lar direction due to corresponding direction o( rotating magnetic
field. But if any two lines are interchanged after repairs the phase sequence reverses such
as YRB. nie:n the dirt.'.Ction of rotating magnetic field also reverses and induction motor
starts rotating in opposite direction. Su ch cha.nge of din.oetion is
dangerous if the induction motor is used for cranes, hoists, lifts or in threading mills
etc.
Thus to disconnect ind uction motor from supply if there is phase reversaJ, phnse
re...ersal protection is provided.
This protection is provided using motor driven disc working 011 eloctromag'netk
principle . The secondaries of two current transformers connected in two lines drive
the motor to operate the cUsc. The arrangement is such that for a normal direction of
motor, disc rotates in a particular direction which keeps the auxiliary contacts dosed.
But if there is phase reversa l then the torque prod uced reverses to rotate the d isc in
opposite direction. Due to this auxiliary cont-acts get opened. This intum c.ither ope.rat<!$
the circuit breaker or denerg-ises starter coil to d isconnect the motor from the supply
. Thus phase reversal protection for the inducti<>n motor is achieved. Now a days
solid state phase re,;ersal relay sensing the phase reversal is used .
Review Questions
1. faptt1in "buormal ronJWons,md possibl t< f,1f lurt of ind11dion metoN.
l. Wliid, typi! of protrctk.n is setcr-trd for mrious nbr1orm,1l co,iditiu,1$ ?
3. fxplnin Oriooerloml prot ec-lion 11$1/tg lltmnnl relays lrse.d fo r ind11ctilm motqr.
4. Haw 1r, rtl,fi mll prot ecrkm i.:; prut1id.-.d to lhe i11duetio11 motor$ ?
S. Expl11/11 s.l11glt pJ11.r.si11g i,r l.ndurti1>u motors.Now motor is prot le.d from $i/ls1'e pl1asiltx ?
6. Hqw pl111:; fou rts prote-.tion is provided to tJ ,: i.11d11ctio,i r,wtors ?
7. Witol is pt1ase r.n1trst1I ? WJ1at ls its efft-ct ? How It is pret1t nta1 in imlurtiou motors J
ODO
(fl
11)
7
7.1 Introduction
Transformer Protection
The transformers are static devices without having any rotating part and are
totally enclosed. Hence the chances of faults occurring on transformers are much rare as
compared to lhe faults occ11rring on generators. Similari)' possibilities of running on
abnormal conditions are also less in transformers compared to the generators.
But though !he fault possibility ls rare, if fault occurs, the transformer must be
quickly dlsconnected from the S)'Stem. The rare faults if not cleared quickly can get
developed into the major faults which may be very serious for the transformer. Hence
the protection must be provided to the transformers against possible faults.
The use o( series fuses is very common in case of small distribution transformers
instead of circuit breakers. Hence it is not necessary to instaH any automatic protective
relaying eqwpments wit.h the: distribution transformers. But the power transformers
having large ratings always need some type of automatic protective relaying
equipments, to give protection agrunst the possible faults.
7.2 Possible Transformer Faults
The generator.; are subjected to the number of faults and abnormal conditions but
the: transformers are not. The various possible transformer faults are,
I. Ove,heating
2. Winding faults
3. Open circuits
4. Through faults
S. Over fluxing
Let us diSCUSI these faults.
7.2.1 Overheating
The overheating of the transformer is basically of sustained overloads and short
circuits.The permissible overload and the corresponding duration is dependent on the
type of transformer and class of insulation used for the transformer. Higher loads are
permissible for very short duration of time. The overloading which continues for
longer time is dangerous as it causes overheating of the transformer. Similarly the
failure of the cooling system, th<>ugh rare, is another possible caus,, of overlv:atin.g.
(7 1)
7-2
Transformer Protect on
Generally the thermal overload relays and temperature relays., sounding the alarm are
used to provide protection against overheating. SimiJarly temperature indicators are
also provided . On ti.le t(ilnsforrners, when tem.pel:'ature exceeds the permissible limJts,
the n larm sounds and the funs are started. The thermocouples or resistance temperature
ind icators are also provided near the winding. These a re connected in a bridge drcuJt.
When temperature exceeds the limiting safe \ alue, the bridgc balance gets disturbed
and alarm is sounded. If the corrective action is not taken within certain period o(
ti me then the circuit breaker trips.
7.2.2 Winding Faults
The wind ing faul ts are called internal faults. These faults are,
i) Phase to phase faul ts
ii) l!a rth faults
iii) lntertum faults
The overhea ting or mechanical shocks cause to deteriorate the winding insulation.
If the winding insulation is weak, there is a possibility of short circuit betwe<>J> the
phases or between the phase and ground. Also the possibility o( short circuit between
the adjacent tu rns of the same phase winding is also possible.
Whcm such an i1,tcrnal fault occurs, the transformer must be quickJy disconnected
fTom the system. (( such a fault persists for longer time. there is possibili ty of oil lire.
'fhc differe-1,tial prt)tcction is very commonly used to provide protection against such
faults. But this protection is not economical for the transformers below 5 MVA for
which an over current protc.:..ction is used. For the high capacity transformers in
additJon to main d if ferential protection, the overcurrent protection is also provided
as o bockup protection . For e.irth fault protection, the restricted earth fau lt protection
system, neutral current relays or leakage to frame prot'cction system is uSt:..d.
7.2.3 Open Circuits
The open circuit in one o( the three phases is dangerous as it causes the
undesirable heating of the transformer. A separate relay protection is not provided for lhe
ope1, cif\:ta.i as open c:in uits arc much harmless compared Lo othef (a ulls. rn ase of sud\
faults, the transformer can be manually disconnt."..>Cted fn,m the system.
7.2.4 Through Faults
Through foults are the e..xtern.al fauJts which occu r outside the protected z.one.
Through faults are not detected by the differential protection . If the through faults
persists for long period of time, the transformer may get subjected to the thermal and
mechanic.'l.l stresses which can damage he transformer. The overC'urrent relays with
undervoltnge blocking, z.ero sequence protection and negative sequence protection are
7.3
Transformer
Protection
used to give protection against through ful1lts. The setting of the overturrtnt protection
not only prottoets the transformer but also cov-crs the station busbitr and porno,, of .n
transmission line. Sud\ a protection acts as a backiip protection for the dtfferenrlal
prorc,:rton.
7.2.5 Overfluxing
The flux density in the transformer core is proportional to the ratio oi the 1oltabre
to frequency i.e. V/ (. n,c power transformers are designed to work with certain value
of flux density in the core. In the generator transformer unit, if full exdti1tion is
applied before generator reaches its synchronous speed then due to high V// the
O\erflu xing of rore may result. Higher core flux means more core loss and
overheating of the core. Th satu tation of magnetic circuit is a so the probable cause for
the over/luxing operation. The V/ f relay called volts/hertz relay is provided to give
the protection against overfluxing operation. This relay docs not allow exciting
current to now till the generator reaches to a synchronous speed a nd runs to
produCi! voltage of proper frequency. The overfluxing relays with enough time lag
also can be provided.
Apart fnim these faults, some other faul ts like tap-changer faults, high voltage
surges due to lightning and switching. incipient /au.Its i.e. slow developing faults may
also occur in the transfo1mers. The Buchholz relay is used for oil immersed
transformers to give the protection against incipient faults.
7.3 Percentage Differential Protection for Transformers
The percentage differential protection or Merz-Price protection based on the

circulating current principle can also be used for the transformt?rs. This system give.s
protection against phase to phase faults and phase to ground faults to the power
transformers.
The principle of such a protection scheme is the comparison of the currents
entering and lea\'ing the ends of a transfonner. The vector difference of currents 11 12 passes through the operating coil while the average current (11 + [i)/2 passes
through
the restraining CDil. ln normal conditions, the two currents at the two ends of the
transformer are equal and balance is maintained. So 1,0 current flows thr'Ough the
operating coil ol the relay and relay is inoperative. But when there is phase to phase
fault or ph..i.sc to ground fault, this balance gets d isturbed. The difference current
/lows through the operating coil due to which relay operato,s, trippiJ,g the circuit
breaker.
Compared .to the differential protection used in generators, there are certain
import.ant points which must be taken care of while using such protection for the
power transformers. These points are,
7 .4
1. ln a power transformer, the voltage rating of .the two windings is different. 11w
high voltage winding is low current winding while low voltage winding is
high current winding. Thus there always exists difference in current on the prima
ry and seco1,dary s-ideS o( the power t.ransforrner. Hence iJ C.T.s of saml! rn rio
are used on two sides, then relay may get operated through there is no
fault existing.
To compensate for this d ifficulty, the current ra tios of C.T.s on ead1 side are di
fferent. TI1l-'Se ratios depend on the line currents of the power transformer
:ind the connectio11 of
Due to the diJforent turns ratio, the currents fed
into the pilot wi.res from each end are same under noannl cond itions so that the
rel3)' remains inoperative. for example if K is lhe turns ratio of a power
transformer then the ratio of C.T.as on low voltage side is made K tjmes greater
than that of C.T.s on high voltage side.
c.r.s.
2. In case o( powr transformers, there is an inherent phase difference between
the voltages induced in high voltage winding and low voltage winding. Due to
this, there exists a phase difference between the line cunents on primary and
serondary sides of a power transformer. This introduces the phase difference
between the c r.secondary currents, on the two sides of a powc.r transformer.
Though the turns ratio of C.T.s are selected ,to compensate for turns ratio of
transformer , a differential current may result due to the phase difference
bet,,, n the currents on hY'O sides. Such a differential current may operate the
relay though there is no fault. Hente it is necessary to correct the phase
difference.
To compensate for this, the C.T. connections shou ld be such that the
resultant currents fed into the pilot wires from either sides are displaced in
phase by an angle e<1ual to the phase shift between the primary and
secondary currents. To achieve this, secondaries of C.T.s on star connected
side of a power transformer are connected in delta while the secondaries of
C.T.s on delta connected side of a power transformer are connected in sta.r.
The Table 7.l gives the way of connecting C.T. seconda ries for the various types of
power tra1lsformer connt.octions.
Power Transformer Connections
Secondary
Prfma,y
Secondary
Sta,
DeJta
Della
Sia,
Della
Delta
Sta,
Sta,
Sta,
Defta
Star
Star
Delt
a
Delt
a
Primary
C.T. Connections
Sta,
De1a
Table 7.1
7.5
Transfonne Protection
With such an arrangement, the phase displaCt>ment between the currents gets
compensated with the oppositely connected C.T. secondaries. Hence currents fed to
the pilot wires from both the sides are in phase under normal running conditions and
the relay is ensured to be inoperative.
3. The neutrals of C.T. star and power transformer stars are grounded.
4. Many transformers have tap changing arrangement due to which there is a
possibilit/ of flow of differential current. For this, the turns ratio of C.T.s on
both sides of the power transformer are provided with tap for of C.T.s on both
sides of the power transformer are provided with tap for their adjustment.
For the sake of understanding, the connection of C.T.sondaries in delta for
star side of power transformer and the connection of C.T.secondaries in star for
de!ta side of power transformer is shown in the Fig. 7.1 (a) and (b).
.:. C.T.
In ....
Delta side or
power transformer
Siar a.1de
of
,..,power
transbmer
--
\.
--+1
(a)
Fig. 7.1
(b)
7.3.1 Merz-Price Protection for Star-Delta Transformer
Let us study the Merz-Price protection for the star-delta power transformer. The
primary of the power transformer is star connected while the secondary is delta
connected. Hence to compensate for the phase difference, the C.T. secondaries on
primary side must be connected in delta while the C.T. secondaries on delta side must
be connected in star. The star point of the power transformer primary as well as the
star connected C.T. secondaries must be grounded.
The circuit diagram of the scheme is shown in the Fig. 7.2
The restraining coils are connected across the C.T. sondary windings while the
operating coils are connected between the tapping points on the restraining coils
and the star point of C.T. secondaries.
Slat conn.ecte<I
Oolla
eonncc100
c,T.seoond.ar
ei s
Y o
8 0
primary
oon.ne<:ted
T.:.
Star delt3 power trans o,me,
seoondary
.. .... ......,
+-
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
i..
Delta conMCted
..._ -_ - - - - - - (
-
Star
.:.
c.T,secondari41g
I i-f&1
-- -'0 .00000'7-H
":-
:,
-OR
!- ".'
vwvuvl
g:
1
C.B.
C.8. I
'
lfeL
C.
-O Y
'
llfe\1 1
'
''
''
'
_ _ _ _ _ _'
'
..
'--II I
Wlre5
,,
'1
po
... .... ....c

........ ..
- - -R c": _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :
..
'
':
''
''
-ve
IIOopoc
---
...
"'
'
R.C.
'
'
''
''
..
'
'
'
RC.- Restraining coil '
O,C,- bperating ooil
C.B.- Circuit bfeaker
'
''
R.C.
o.c.
o.c.
,_ - - --- - - - - -- -
!I
'
'
'
o.c. '
'
'
il
- -
- - -- Oiffcrontlol rcloy
Fig. 7.2 Merz-Price protection for star-delta power tnnsformer
=.
'
Protect.ionand Switchgear
7.7
Transfonner
Protection
With the proper selection of turns ratio o( C.T.s the coils are under baJanced
condition during normal operating cond itions. The C.T. secondal'ies carry equal
currents which arc. in phase under normal conditions. So no current flows through the
relay and the relay is i.noperative.
\Vith an internal fault in power transformer windin!',S the balance in the C.T.s get
disturbed. The ope.rating coils of differential relay carry currents proportional to the
difference of current between the two sides of a power transformer. This causes the
relay opert1tion which trips the mai.n circuit breakers on both the sides of the power
transformer.
The basic requirements of the differential relay are,

I. The differen tial relay must not operate on load or extern,,!faults.
2. I t must operate on severe internal faults.

The relay satisfying these requirements is used in Merz-Price protection.
It is important to note that this scheme gives protection against short circuit faults
between the tums i.e. interturn faults also. This is because when there is an intertum
fault, the turns ratio of power transformer gets a ffected. Due to this the currents on
both sides of the power transformer become unbalanced. This causes an enough
differential current which flows through the relay and the relay operates.
7.3.2 Merz-Price Protection for Star-Star Transformer
The Pig. 7.3 (See Pig. on next page) shows the Merz-Price protection system for the
star-star power transformer. Both primary and secondary of the power transformer
are connected in star and hence C.T. secondaries on both the sides are connected in
delta to compensa te for the phase displacement.

The &iar points of both the windlngs of the power transformer are grounded . The
rest.raining coils are connected in the C.T. secondaries. The operating roils are
connected between the tappings on the restraining coil and the ground. The operation
of the scheme rema ins same for any type of power transformer as discussed for
star-delta power transformer.
"O
Star-Siar power 1r&nsr0tmer
S1arprimary
connected
"""
Della
connected
C.T,
s,e09ndaries
- c.,
''
1-
'
'
''
'
'
'
''
''
'
C.8.
l'X'\
'
'
,-...,
- '\_ _
..... ..
L.J -
'
'
'
'
'
jl
0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ /r HOOOdry
'
'
'
''
''
:,
:,
a.
,-J V L
c.e.
LJ V L
'
'
''
'
''
--- -- -- -'
'
''
'
Delta
--'
oonneded
'
'
''
'
II
Stconnected
1 "1'
'
L.J
''
'
'''
..
..
.
PIi
11,..
"::r
y
,
e
'
'
'
LJ
L,_
.
'- -- -- -o.c.
-'
r - - --- - - ----- - -- -- --
o t
..
.
0
'
0
'
'
'
R.C.
'
R.C.
'
'
'
R.
R
o.
Restr
'c.
c.e.breaker
'' o '
'
Ope,aling
''
:,
'
Price protection for star.star power transformer
'
O
;
Otfferenti
al
''I
'
----------
Ground
Fig.
"O
7.9
Transformer
Protection
t/1ree pl111se power tra11sformer lzaving n li11e voling, ratio cf 400 V

to 33 kV is comzected in stnr-d,:ltn. The C.T.s on 400 V side /rave current rntio ns 1000/5.
What must be Ill<' C.'/'.ratio 011 33 k\/ side.
Assumi current cm 400 V side of lransformer to br 1000 A..
Example 7.1 : A
Scftr <Selt8
rans,ormer
-- -
--------- -----------------------'
-------
l
'----------------- --- ---,
1r C,T,secondaries
in star
6'/3A
''
Fig. 7.4
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 7.4..
On the primary side, which is 400 V side of transformer the current is 1000
A. Hence C.T.s prima ry will carry current of 1:JOO A.
The C.T. ratio is 1000/5 on the primary side hence the current in C.T.
Secondaries which is phase current of delta connected C.T.s is,
Ip
= H)OO < lO
TI,is is shown in the Fig. 7.4..
5A
IL
J5 I,c 543 A
7 - 10
This is because the C.T. secondaries are connected in delta.

The same current flows through the star connected C.T. secondaries. Hence
each secondary of C.T. on the secondary side of transformer carries a current of s
.f!, A.
For the power transformer the apparent power on both sides must be same.
Primary apparent power = Secondary apparent power
J'!, Ve, I" = J'!, Vu lu

./'!,x 4-00 ,1000 = ./'!,x 33000x I L2
lt.2
= 4-00x 1000 = 12.12 A

33000
Thus each primary of C.T.s connected in star carries a current of 12.12 A while
each secondary of C.T.s connected in star carries a current of sJ'!, A.
Hence the C.T. ratio on 33 kV side is,
C.T. . _ Primary current _ 12.12 _ 14 . J
rabo Secondary current s.f!,

'11lis is the required C.T. catio on 33 kV side.
7.4 Problems Encountered In Differential Protection
The problems c.ncountered in the simple diHercntial protection arc,

1. Unmatched cha.iacteristics of C.T.s : Though the satur;,tion is avoided, there
exists difference in the C.T. characteristics due to ratio error at high values of
short circuit cuITents. This causes an appreciable difference in the secondary
currents which can operate the relay.So the relay operates Jor through external
faults.
This difficulty is overcome by using percentage differential relay. l.n this relay,
the difference in current due to ratio error exists and flows through relay coil.
But at the same time the average current (11 + 12/2) flows through
the
restraining coil which produces enough restraining torque:. Hence relay
becomes inoperative for the through faults.
2. Ratio change due to t.tp change : To alter the voltage
and current ratios

between high voltage and low voltage sides of a power transformer, a tap
changing equipment is used. This is an important feature of a power
transforme:r. This equipment effectively a.lters the turns ratio. This causes
unbalance on both sides. To compensate for this effect, the tappings can be
provided on C.T.s also which are to be varied similar to the main power
transformer. But this method is not practicable.
l!rotectionand Switchgear
7 - 11
The percentage differential relays ensure the stability with respti.ct to the
amount of unbalance occurring at the extremities o( the tap change range..
3. Difference in lengths of pilot wi res : Due to the difference in lengths of the
pilot wires on both sides, the unbalance condltion may result The dlfficulty is
overcome by con.necting the adjustable resistors i.n pi lot wi.rt\$ on both sides..
These are called balancing resistors. With the help of these resistors
equipotential points on the pilot wires can be adju sted . In percentage

differential rela ys the taps are provided on the operating.coil and restraining
coil to achieve balance.
4. Magnetizing current inrush : When the transformer is energized.. the condition
initially is of zero induced e.m.J. and it is similar to the switching of an
inductive circuit. Due to this the transient inrush of magnetising current flows
in to the transformer. 11,is cunent is called magm?tizing cunent inrush. 1'his

current may be as great as 10 times the foll load current of the translormer.
Tills decays very slowly and is bound to operate differential protection of the
transformer falsely.
The factors which affect the magnitude and direction of the magnetizing current
inrush are,
'-' Size of the transformer
b. Size of the power system
c. Type of magnetic material used for the core.
d. The amow,t of residual flux existing before energizing the tmnsformer.
e. The method by which transformer is energized.
If the transformer is energlz.ed when the voltage wave is passing through zero, the
magnetizing currB)t inrush is maximum. At this instant, the current and flux should
be maximwn in highly inductive circuit. And in a hall wave flux reversal must take
place to attain maximum value in the other half cycles. lf the residual Aux ex:ists.the
required flux may be in same or opposite direction. Due to this magnetizingcurrent inrush
is Less or more. II it is more,. it is responsible to saturate the core which further increases
its component.
11\is current decays rapidly for first few cycles and d,en dc,:ays slowly. The tune
constant L/R of the circuit is variable as inductance of circuit varies due to the change
in permeability of the core. The 105&'$ in the circuit damp the inrush currents.
Depending on the size of the transformer, the time constant of inrush current varies from
0.2 sec to 1 sec.
The waveforms of magneti7.ing inrush current in three phases is shown in

the
Fig.7.5.
7 - 12
Phase R
-..v
Phase 8
Fig. 7.5 Typical magnetizing Inrush current waveforms
There are number of ways ensuring immunity from the operation by magnetizing
surges. Firstly the relay may be given a settlng higher than maximum inrush current.
Secondly the time setting may be made long enough for the magnetizing current to
fall to a value low the primary operating current before the relay operates. But these
simple remedJes are inconsisten t with high speed and low primary operating current.
In the latest method, the harmonic content of the magnetizing current flowing in
the operating circuit is filtered out and passed through a restraining coil. This is called
harmonic current restraint.
7.4.1 Harmonic Restraint and Harmonic Blocking
The high initial inrush of magnetizing currents consist of a h.igh component of

even and odd harmonics.
Table 7.2 gives the typica l values of harmonic contents in a magnetizing curre.nt.
OrdM of harmoNC content In
magnetizing
curnnt
Amplitude u % of lundamontal
't"
63.0
28.8
5.1
7 - 13
4.1
3.7
.,..
2,4
Table 7.2
The ope.rating coil carries the fundamentaJ compone.nt
o(
the inrush current only.
The harmonic contents and fundn.mental together l passed through the restraining
coil.
Thus more the harmonic contents in the inrush <urrent, more is the restraining
torque and the relay does not operate. So use of percentage diffure.ntial protection
rather than simple differential protection is preferred . The circuit used to compensate
the effect of magnetizing current using harmonic restraint method is shown in the
Fig.7.6.
Rnttainiog
,, ..---c-o-i-ls...... ,,
.- - - - - - - ,
'
'
F, :;:
''
'
'
''
''
---f
R,,
,- -
-''
'
'
F2
- - -'
;: '
'
'
''
'
' :=
'
-R,
- - '' '
''
'
Fig, 7.6 Magnetizing current compensation
The filter F1 is designed to pass the fundamental 50 Hz component which excites

lhe operating coil R.,, The magnetizing current has large third harmonic component.
There is an additional restraining coil R,, The filter P2 is designed to pass the third
ham,oni<: component which energizes the additional restraining coil R,.. The current
passing through normal restraining coil and current passing through additional
restraining coil R, produce sufficient restraining torque.. Th.is compensates for the
differential current resulting due to the flow of magnetizing curren
The separate blocking relay in series with the differential relay is used . The
operation of this relay is based on harmonic component of inrush current. This relay
consists of JOO Hz blocking filter in opernting coil while 50 Hz filter in restraining coil,
At the time of i_nrush current, second harmonic component is maximum and thus
blocking relay is blocked with its contacts remain open.
7 - 14
In short circuit case, the harmonic componen t is negligible and 50 Hz

component is dominant. Hence the blocking relay operates to close its contact. This
pr,nciple is called harmonic bloc.king.
7.5 Frame Leakage Protection
11,is protc"<:tion is nothing but the method of providing earth fault protection to the
transformer . This protection can be provided to the metal clad switchgear.
The arrangement ls shown in the Fig. 7.7.
Ccncrote
r--
r---,--::::::i--unit& of me1al clad switchgear

Eanhfautt current
Eerth n,0-..V
bus
foundation
":" Earth ng
Fig. 7.7 Frame leakage protection
The metal dad switchgear is lightly insula ted from the earth.
The frame of the switchgear Le. enclosure is grounded. This is done through
a
primary t'>f current transformer in between.
The concrete foundation of switchgear a_nd the other .equipments are lightly
insulated from the ground. The resistance of these equipments with earth is about
12 ohms.
When there is an earth fault, then fault current leaks from the frame and passes
through the earth connection provided , Thus the primary of C.T. senses the current
due to which current passes through the sensitive earth fault relay. Th.is operates the
relay.
Such a protection is provided only for small transformers. For the large
transformers., the differential protection is enough to sense and operate for the earth
faults.
7 - 15
7.6 Buchholz Relay
The Buchholz relay is a gas opernted relay used for the protection of oil immersed
transformers ageinst all the types of internal faults. It is named after its inventor,
Buchholz. The slow developing faults called incipient faults in the transformer tank
below oil level operate Buchholz relay which gives an alann. lf the faults are severe it
disconnects the transformer from the supply.
It uses the principle that due to the faults, oil in the tank decomposes, generating
the gases. The 70% component of such gases is hydrogen which is light and hence
rises upwards towards conservator through the pipe. Buchholz relay is conn ;-ed in
the pipe,as shown in the Fig. 7.8. Due to the gas collected in the upper portion of the
Buchholz relay, the relay operates and gives an alarm.
,,_
Transformer ta.nk
Fig. 7.8 Basic arrangement of Buchholz relay
The constructional features of Buchholz relay are shown in the Fig. 7.9.
(See Fig. 7.9 on next page.)
Under normal conditions, the Buchholz relay ls full of oil. It consists of a ca.st
housing conta lnlng a hinged hollow Aoat. A mercury switch is attached to a Aoat. The
float being rotated tn the upper part of the housing. Another hinged flap valve is
located in the lower part which Is dtrectly in the path of the oil between tank and the
conservator. Another mercury switch is attached to a Aap valve. The float closes the
alarm circuit while the lower Aap valve doses the trip circuit in case of internal fault
7 - 16
-Teslcode to oolliect gas sampkt
Gas accumulated
--Float tilting with red:uced oillevel
Mercury switch
From
top of
transformer
==> To conserwrtor
,
ma nlank
Fig. 7.9 Construetion of Buehholz relay
7.6.1 Operation
There are many types of internal faults such as insulation fault, core hetiting. bad
switch contacts, fault)' joints etc. which can occur. When the fault occur.; the
decomposition of oil in the main tank starts due to which the gases are gene.rated.
As mentioned earlier, major component ol such gases is hydrogen. The hydrogen tries
to rise up towards conservator but in its path it gets accumulated in the upper part ol
the Buchholz ,clay. Through passage of the gas is prevented by the flap valve.
When gas gets accumulated in the upper part of housing, The oil level inside the
housing /alls.Due to which the hollow float tilts and close the contacts ol the mercury
switch attached to it . This completes the alarm circuit to sound an alarm. Due to this
operator knows that there is some incipient fault in the transformer. The transformer
is' dJsconnected and the gas sample is tested. The testing results give the: indication, what
type of fault is started developing in the transformer. Hence transformer can be
disconnected before fault grows into a serious one. The alarm circuit does not
i.mmediate.ly d1Sco1mects the transform.er but gt.ves only 1ndlca non to the aper.nor. Th.ls is
because some times bubbles in the oil circulating system 'may operate the alarm circuit
through actually there is no fault.
Protection a_nd Switchgear
7 - 17
Transformer
Protection
However if a serious fault such s internal short circuit between phases, earth fouJt
int>idc tht? tank etc. occurs then the considerable amount of gas geb gcncratcd . Thus due
to fast reduce level of oil, the pressu re in the t.1nk lnctcases. Due to this the. oiJ rushes
towa rds the conservator. While doing so it passes though the telay where flap vlve is
present. The nap valve gets deflected due to the rushing oil. Due to th.is the mercury
switch contacts get closed. This energizes the trip circuit which opens the circuit breaker.
Thus transformer is totally disconnected from the supply.
The connecting pipe between the tank and the cons.e.rvator should be as stTaight as
possible and should slope upwards conservator at a small angle from the horizontal.
This angle should be between 10 to 11.
for the econom.ic considerations, Buchholz relays are not provJded for the
transformers having rating below 500 kVA.
7.6.2 Advantages
The various advantages of the Buchholz relay are,

l. Normally a protective relay does not indicate the appearan<e of the foult. It
operates when fault occurs. But Buchholz relay gives an indica tion of the
fault at vc.ry early stage, by anticipating the fault and operating the alarm
circuit. Thus the transfonner can be taken out of service before any type of serious
damage occurs.
2. It is the simplest protection in case of transformers.

7.6.3 Limitations
The various limitations of the Buchholz relay are,

]. Can be used on.ly for e>il irn.tne tra.nsformcrs hnving conservator tnnks.
2. Only faults below oil level are detected.

J. Setting of the mercury switches can not be kept too sensitive otherwise the
relay can operate due to bubbles, vibration, earthquakes mechanical shocks etc.
4. The relay is slow to operate having minimum operating time of 0.1 seconds
and a\'cragc time of 0.2 54:-. conds.
7.6.4 Applications
The following typ<!S of transformer faults can be prote<:ted by the.. Buchholz relay
and are indicated by alarm :
1. Local overheating
2. Entrance of air bubbles in oil
3. Core bolt insulation failure
7 -18
4. Short circuited laminations

5. Loos or oil and reduction in oil level due to leakage
6. Bad and loose electrical contacts
7.Short circuit between phases

8. Winding short circuit
9. Bushing puncture
lO.Winding earth faults.

examples with Solutions
. Exa"l)le 7.2 : A
11 kV/ 132 kV power transformer is connted in del/a,slil r.

Tl1t c:r.s 011 th,low voltage side iulve turns ratio of 600/5. Fh,d the suitable
turns ratio f or th, c:r.s on high voflag e side.
Solution : The connections are shown in the Fig. 7.10.
Delta
C.T.
.. ..
_
5A
______________________
_ ,,_
Fig. 7.10
I et the current on the primary i.e. low voltage side of power transformer be 600 A.
This cu rrent w1U flow through each line on primary of transformer.
7 - 19
Proteclion and Switchgear
H.ence current IJ\ each secondary of star con.nected

C.J.
current 1,. as shown in the Fig. 7.10.
5
Ip = 600x
= 5A
600
on primary is the phase
The same in line current IL which is Line current for the C.T.s connected in delta
on secondary of transformer.
Hence current in each secondary of C.T. which is phase current of C.T. is
the line value.
lp = A
'JJ
times
for C. T.secondary connected in delta
.fj
Now apparent power on both sides is same,
fj VLI ILi = .fjV,:,. lu

.f3xll 000x 600 = .f3x132000x lu
11000x 600
132000
.'
'
= 50 A
This is the current flowing through each primary of delta connected

C.T. ratio on high voltage side = 5/
(
C.T.
3)
= 17.32 : 1
Example 7.3 : A 3 phase, 200 kVA, J j kV/41)() V lransfon11,r is c,mntcled i11 delta-
star. The C.T.s on low vollage side halJ< / urns ratio of 500/5. Determine Ike C.T. ratio
on high voltage side. Also oblai11 I rirculaling current when the fault of 75-0 A of f
ollowi11g ty/J"s occur on the low oottage side :
i) Earth fault within t/,e protective zo11e
ii) Urlh fault outside the protective zo11e
iii) Phatie to plrase fault within tlre prolecl ittt zont
iv) Pll!Uie to phase fault outside the protecti1}t zone
Assume balanced ooltage.

Solution : The connections are shown in the Fig. 7.11.
On primary which is delta conncci,id, C.T.s are conncci,id in star while

On secondary which is star connected, C.T.s are connected in delta.
Let cu.rrent on low voltage side be 500 A.

Now
lu = 500 A
Slaf
H.V.Sid
e
C.T.
.-
seoonda ries
7 20
Siar
0e11..
C.T.
secaidaries
L. V.Side
_,
,
Fig. 7.11
C.T. ratio
500/5
Current through primary of C.T. on low voltage side
= lu = 500 A
11,
Current through each secondary of delta connected C.T.s
= 500x
..
ix, = S A
t,. = Lme current through pilot
wires
,/jIr
= s-/3 A
Same is the current through each secondary of star connected C.T.on high
voltage
side
.
Ir =
5-13 A
on h.v. side CT. secondaries
Apparent power on both sides ol transformers is same.
./3 Vu 1,.1 = ,/j Vulu

.f:ix llOOO ,l u - "'3x 400xS00
PT-elion and Switchgear
...
Tran1fonner Proteetlon
7 21
40Jx500
11000
= 18.18 A
This is CUJ"rcnt through czch primary of C.T.s connected in star.
Current ratio of C.T.s on high voltage side

18.18
slf
;: 2.C99 : 1
(i) Consider the earth fault within the protective zone as shown in the Fig. 7.12.
(See l'ig.7.12 on next page.)
Now
Equating apparent power,
Jj Vw ILi = Jj Vu IL?
J'3x1 1000x lu
= J'3x 400x7S0
2727 A
lLi
This is the line current on h.v. side under fault condition.

The C.T.ratio is 2..099 : 1.Hence corresponding current through C.T. secondary on
h.v. side is.
27.27x
= 12.99
2_099
So 12.99 A current will Oow through the relay and relay will operate.
(ii) Consider the earth foult outside the protective zone as shown in the Fig. 7.13.
The line current on secondary is 750 A.
Secondary
C.T.current
a: 7SO
:.
soo
7.5 A
Current in pilot wires = 75x J3 = 12.99 A
as delta connected
'- ------
-----
:,
-- -
'
11,=
750 A
H.V.Sida
I!
L. V.Side
.,
(II
27.27 A
R.
YO
12,99A
Rf)
12.99A
ffi
'\
eo
27.27 A
l l
'\
12.$9A
-5
12.99 A
-,I
Fig.7.12
il'
i,
i
:,
Protection and S"'1tchgear
'
, ,
- "
7 23
transformer Protection
i
I
>
t''
E E
l l
<
<
&
g
<
-.-v-
'' ..,
''
-v--
,,
>
<
,,
l n
"'
'>
'
1
'
The currents are shown in the Fig.7.13.
So on both sides the current is balanced hence no current will flow through the
relay and relay will not operate.
ili) Phase to phase fault in the protecied zone on low voltage side. This is shown
in the Fi.g. 7.14.
Prolection and Switchgear
,.
>
"
>
E,
l
..
Transformer Protec:tjon
7 24
..-
!l
..:
<
it
.<
<
=
/
!
>
:i
<
N
/
<
1.
II
.
I
n.
n
>
<<
I;
N
<
.
!
0< -
J
>
.. Due to such fault current will flow in o phases of low voltage winding but in
all three phases in high voltage winding as shown in the Fig. 7.14. This current on
high voltage side wiU flow through the relay and relay wiU operate.
Protection and Swltchgear
>
I,
!, E
Transforme< Protection
7 25
""
;;
>
..:
- -
..-
0-
' '
..
>
iv) Consider phase to phase fault outside the protected z.one as shown in the
Fig. 7.15. The various currents and corresponding distribution is also shown in
the Fig. 7.15.
As the currents on both sides are balanced, no current nows through the relay
henc.e relay "'ill not operate.

,..Example 7.4 : A 3 phase transfonner rated for 33 kV/6.6 kV is connecte.d Sblr/dclbl
and the protecting current trnnsfonn ers on the low voltage side have a ratio of 4(/()/5.
Determine the ratio of the et1"ent trnnsfanners OH H. V. side. Drnw the c<1mrection
diagram slrowi,rg how the relay opera f ts tmder fault co"dition.s.
7 -28
Tr,ansfonner ProtectiOff
Solution : C.T.s on delta connected side are star connectc-0. Hence the
seconda.r)'
phase currents are equal to currents in pi.lot wires.
C.T.s on star connected side arc delta connected hence current in secondary is
equal to current in pilot wi res divided by ./3.
Assume 400 A is flowing in the lines on low voltage side i.e. 6.6 kV side.
Now primary apparent po\\1er = secondary apparent power
X )(}' X JLI
.J3 V i,2 12
J3 X 6.6 X )(}' X
ILi
80 A
./3 VLl ),_1 =
.fj
33
400
This is primary current d C.T. on high voltage side.

On the delta side of transformers the C.T. secondaries are star connected. Their
socondary current is, S A. He.nee current fed in pilot wires from low voltage side is 5
A. Same current is fed from C.T. connections on high voltage side which are delta
connected.
Hence sccondary current of C.T.s on high voltage side is 5/./3

A. Thus C.T. ratio on H.T. side is,80 : 5/./3 i.e. 27.712:1.
The connection diagram is shovn in the Fig. 7.16.
C'T'
Secondaries
in delta
Star
.-.
C't'
S.oondar1&.s
Della
in star
I
I
I
..
Ao:a:1rolnlng cola
'
-.
Operatirg cols
J_
Fig. 7.16
t-1-
7 27
T,anaformer.Protfqion-
A 3-p/ rr.se transf ormer having line voltage ratio of 440 V/11 k V is
connected in star/Delta. Tlte pro lcctfon t ransformer on the LV sidt hm,e a current
ratio of 500/5. Wlwt must be the ratio of the pro tection transfonntr co,urec(ed on HV
side ?.
,,,.. Example 7.5 :
(A U-April-2005)
Solution :
The arrangement is shown in the fjg. 7.17

Star delta
ans/ormer
..
...J ,
_ _-------------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----_- j Ip
-------------
..
'
C.T. secondaries
in s.tar
Fig.
7.17
On primary side wruch is 440 V side, lei the current be 500 A.

Thus C.T.s will carry the current of 500 A.
Ls, The C.T. ratio is 500/5 A hence secondary phase current of C.T.s on primary side
Ip =
IL
500 x soo = SA
J5 Ip sJ3 A
... Delta connected C:r.s

Protection
Tranafonnftf'
7 28
The same current flows through the star connected C.T.S.'.<Onda ries. He.nee
each second')' of C.T. on the secondary side of transformer carries a current of 5,/3
A.
The apparent power on both sides must be same :
.fj V , I,, = .fj V u lu
..
./3x 440 x S00
= .fjx llx 103 x l1.2

= 20 A
11.2
Thus each primary of C.T.s connected in star on H.V. side carries a current of 20
A while ech secondary carr;es current of 5../3 A.
Henoo the C.T. ratio on 11 k V side is,

Primary current _ 20
Secondary current -
5,/3
= 2.309 : I
... Required C.T. ratio on
H.V.side
3 pl.a.SC 500 k VA, 11 kV,0.4 k V trrmsformer is
connected in O.,lta(.tnr. The proteclion transformer on the LV sid< have turns
ratiQ of 5(/1)/5. What will be the C.T.ratio on the HV side of the transformer ?
,.,. Example 7.6 : A
(AU-Dec.-2005)
Solution : Thi? connections are show.n in the Fig. 7.18.
Siar
C- T.
seoonclaries
- I
Delta
H.V. Side
Delta
-.
Star
C.T
.
sec:ordaries
L. v.Side
_ 1,
_ ,, )
Fig. 7.18
Protection and SwJtchgear
T 30
Transformer Protection.
5. Sr1tt1 tll( prohl,?ntS 01(;011nlert.d i" a simpli di'fftrmtW prolcction of trrmefo,.mers.
6.
Wrilt 1' !IOfN Olf,
i) Mngnetic c11rre11t in rush

ii) H trmonit restraint ttMd hitrmonic bl0<kinJ
iii} Fmml! lef1kage prokC'lit>11
1, Drrm, and t'Xplain flirt constri,ctltm and wo,king fJ/ Buc.ltl1olt rday. Against wllich friul! s Buchho/2
rtl.ny giM Jht prol1'ttion ? State it,ttdMn and disa'1w.ntng1s.
8, 0."5'C1'ibe wiJfr l/N: ht:111 of n m:al diagmr,1 tht conndons of diflt!rmtial prolection of a
tnmefornwr.
A J p/rtJ'Sl!' 33/6.6 k\l $tar/del ta corr11tded tnnsforma is prottttM by dijfrrentNII sy11tem.T'hc
C.T.s
LT side lunoe ratio of 300/5. Show tlwl tl':r C.T.s on HT side will lttn't' a mtio 60 : s./i
'
9. A .3 plin trnnaf<mn,.'.T of 220nJ..OOO IW f.lOlts ;s ronna-t,d ;,. star/dl!lta. TJu

prot.tir11. tmns.formtrs on 220 V side llavr a n,rrmt ratio of 600,,S . What should be: C.T. ratio
on 11,000 \I
,Id, I
(An,. , 1.385 ,1)
10, A 3 pl,nSt', 210/11000 V transformer is c:ormt'(Jtd in star,.dtfta and th. prot ectiw trunsform 'T'S 4n
tl1e 210 V sidts l1,1w a curnnt ratio of
fi}()/-j'j' Whal must be tlie rutio of
11/)()() V shit ""d Mrv $hall they b.! c:onnJtd "?
th1t C.T.s on th.t
(Ans.: l2 :5)
11. A tfm?t phtrSt: 66 kV/11 .tV
ptm.1'.
lransjomrer i. o:mnected in JAr/ddta. Tt1.t tmnsJ.
orm4!r is proth:led by Men-Price dra,laJing current $ystmi. ProJtct ing current tra11sfarmt
rs on the low t'Oltog1t side Jrm:V! a ratio of 250/5. Find the r11tio of tht airrmt 1rs11eforn11trs on
Mg!, 1,10lto,(t 5idt.
(Ans.: '14."J :1)
12. A tltn"C plNJS(. pt11L1'T transfornNr has II oolt1gt mf io of 33/6.6 kV t1ml ;.s ttar delta co,uurted .
Tfh prot.tivt C.r., on the 6.6 kV 1lde ltmJt currtnt ratio of 100. Wh,tt must &.
tfw mtio of pmh\.th11t CT.s o,i tilt! l.i kV side ?
(Ans. : 35 :
1)
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5

The generators used in the

very huge m"d1in, prod udnF, ,4.ry ugh vohnt;,!- and

2. Rotor foults :llle faults t\SS<>C.iilted w,th the rntor

3 ,\bnor1T1ill running eot"ldieior\S : This includ(s number ol abnorma l rondit,ons

Let us discuss these faults in detail.

5.2.1 Stator Faults

2.l'hns, to ph.,se fults

.3. Inter-tum faults in\olving turns of same phase winding.

Protoe1lon a.nd Switchg,,ar

5.2.2 Rotor Faults

of th<' rth laull so tht corr('(tive meosure,;

lokrll N>fon,s.'<'.or1d faull

5.2.3 Abnormal Running Conditions

5. failure of prime mover

Protecllon and Switchgear

,Jluc hence rontinuous OvfillOOds o(

less; value than the sctting onnot be scnStod

h, case of hydr.auHc generators a sudden 106s or load results in 1.wcrspt'Cding of

I Occu rrence or uns}mmctrical faults near the generating stat ion.

5.2.3,5 Faihn of Prime MoYef

5.2.3..6 Loss of Excitation

Loss o( excitation $hould not

persist for long and rorr('('tive measures hkc

5.2.3.7 Coollng Syat.m flllu,.

faulls to oo:ur. 1l>e thermocou ples or resistance thermometers arc u in

Protection and SwitchgMr

overhe;,ting. i(nkage in hydrogen circuit,moisture in the generator winding, oxygen

A bn,ic difforentiI prolt>etiun sclwrne 11s. I for the g(,x-rtors is shown in

----'-: ---- _ _ _ ,_ _'.

These disadvantages are overcome in the percentage diffe.Nntial relay.

.. .......... .. ..... "

Rettre nln,g 0il

Fig. 5.3 Percentage dlffenntlalprotection sctiem.

. This is b<x:,,ul!C the Op<"roting coil Is connectl'd to tm, midpoint

and i1 nows through remaining

The totdl ampere tturu are ,, N

ls as good as the now o( current

through the entlre

of )uch n biaSt'ti diffl'rential

r\ob)' 1.s shown m the Fig. 5.4,

d11feren tiaJ opera:-ing current to

Merz...1-..1 protection schen,e for lh1..... thrf'e ph,sc

5.5 Merz.Price Protection of Alternator Stator Windings

Ion 111d Switchgear

re,"_.._,;' .. .. .. .. ...... ...... .. .. . . ..R..C... ..

Fig. 5.5 Men.Price protection for star connected oltomator

a:, i;.hown i.n th Fig. 5.6. .-, v

R.c.- Re,sc,,.,lnillg ooa

Fig. 5.6 Men.Pric protection for Mita connected alternator

s. Turn on hf co! g, If providt.od for fcty

S4.:flL"f1, tOr uncf,..r foully

2. lt a Uows low fault setting whic:h ensures maximum protection of cnachine

5.6 Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Generator

Gt.-ncrllll\' Mt=rz-Price protection bttsed on circulating current principle pr<wid tht

Ag. 5.7 Restricted earth fault protection

Proi.ctlon and Switchgear

through l,rnh,.i11,1cc111-.1te C.T.s.SJluration of C.T., etc.H,.,,eo prn<tic.illy 15% of

protecting the 1'Cmn1111ni;

5.6.1 Effect of Earth Resistance on % of Winding Unprotected

value of the resistanre

U' the 1resl!itancc R 1s vi:rv

small Le, the ,wutral is almost

for dlst-ribu tion lransformcrs and S''neracor-transforrncr uni .