The Cell Cycle (mitosis)

Introduction
Ourcellscontinuetodivideinordertogrow,repair,andreproduce

TypeofCell
Lifespan
Skincell

20days

Livercell

200days

Intestinalliningcell

3days

Stomachliningcell

2days

Redbloodcell

120days

Braincell

3050years

Allcellscomefrompreexistingcells(celltheory)
Mitosisiscelldivisionthatresultsintheproductionoftwoidenticaldaughtercells
ThemajortaskofmitosisistoensurethatthedaughtercellshaveacompleteandidenticalsetofDNA(chromosomes)aswellas
roughlyequalamountsofcytoplasm
Uses
:formationofanadultorganismfromafertilizedegg,asexualreproduction,

regeneration,maintenance,repair,cloning

Chromosomes:Prokaryoticvs.Eukaryotic
TheDNAofalllivingthingsispackagedintochromosomes
Differences:

1. EukaryoticchromosomescontainmuchmoreDNAandarethereforemuchlonger.
2. Prokaryoticcellshaveasingle,circularchromosome;eukaryoticcellshaveseveralnoncircularchromosomes.
3. TheprokaryoticchromosomeisNOTcontainedwithinanucleusand,atasinglepoint,isattachedtothecellmembrane.
4. Eukaryoticchromosomesareusuallyfoundinhomologouspairs
.

Homologouschromosomesareusuallynotidentical
Atypicalhumancellhas23ofchromosomes,foratotalof46
Twentytwooutof23pairsarecalledautosomes
AutosomeshavesimilarappearanceandsimilarDNAsequences,andarepairedindiploidcellsofbothsexes
Thetwentythirdpairarecalledsexchoromosomesandaredifferentinthemale(XY)andthefemale(XX)

Prokaryotescelldivison
Longgrowthphase(replicationoccurs)
Cellincreasesinsize,pullingduplicatedchromosomesapart
Plasmamembranegrowsinwardbetweenchromosomecopies

Fusionofmembranealongcellequatorcompletesseparation(
binaryfission
orsplittingintwo)
Daughtercellsaregeneticallyidentical

Eukaryotecelldivision(morecomplex)
ThereareTHREEstagesinthe
cellcycle
:

1.
Interphase
cellscarryoutthefunctionsnecessaryforsurvivalandcellsthat

divideprepareforreproduction

2.
Mitosis
dividestheduplicatedcontentsofthecellsnucleusintotwoequalparts

3.
Cytokinesis
separatesthetwonucleiandtwocellcontentsintotwodaughtercells

MitosisandcytokinesisarecollectivelyknowasthemitoticPhase(MPhase)

TheCellCycle(generaloverview)

1. Interphase

G1(gapphase1)

S(synthesis)

G2(gapphase2)

2. Mitosis
(PMAT)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

3. Cytokinesis

Interphase
Thelongeststageinthecellcycle
Thecellisgrowingandproducingnewmaterialsinpreparationforcelldivision
DNAisreplicatedbutitisnotobservablebecauseitisinitslooselycoiled,fibrouschromatinform


G1GapPhase1
Celldoublesinsize
enzymesandorganellesdoubleinnumber
centriolesbegintodivide

SSynthesisPhase(reproduction)
DNAcopiesitselfinaprocesscalledReplication
BytheendoftheSphase,eachchromosomeiscomposedoftwohelicesofDNA,calledsisterchromatids,joinedatthe
centromere
TheprocessofreplicationresultsintwoDNAmoleculesthathavethesamesequenceofbasesastheoriginalDNAmolecule
ThisensuresthatnewlyformedcellshaveanidenticalcopyofthegeneticinformationcontainedintheoriginalDNAmolecule

G2GapPhase2
AftertheDNAreplicated,thecellcontinuestogrow
Thechromatin,whichcontainsthereplicatedDNA,isinitslooselycoiledform
Centrioledivisioniscomplete
Mitosis

Processinwhichthecontentsofacellsnucleusdivides
Mitosisisdividedintofourmainphases:
Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase

A.Prophase
ReplicatedchromosomescoilupintoXshapedchromosomesandbecomevisibleunderamicroscope
Nuclearmembranebeginstobreakdownanddisappear
spindlefibers(tiny,tubelikeproteinstructures)begintoappearfromthecentrioles
Inanimalcells,spindlefibersstretchacrossthecellfromcentriolesthathavemigratedtooppositepolesofthecell
chromosomesattachtospindlefibersattheircentromere

B.Metaphase
Chromosomeslineupalongthemiddle,orequator,ofthecell
Spindlefibersattachedtoeachsisterchromatidaregettingreadytopullthechromatidsawayfromeachother

C.Anaphase
Spindlefiberscontractandshorten
Centromeressplitandsisterchromatidsmovetooppositepolesofthecell
Oncetheyseparate,eachsisterchromatidisconsideredtobeachromosomeagain

D.Telophase
Finalstageofmitosis
Onecompletesetofchromosomesisnowateachpoleofthecell
Spindlefibersdisappear
Nuclearmembraneformsaroundeachsetofchromosomes
Chromosomesbegintouncoilandgraduallybecomelessvisible
Therearetwonucleiinonecell,andthecellisreadytodivide

Cytokinesis

Finalstageofthecellcycle

Divisionofmaterialoutsidethenucleus

Separatesthetwonucleiintotwoidentical,ordaughter,cells
Eachdaughtercellhasthesamenumberandkindsofchromosomesastheoriginalcell

Thedaughtercellsareidenticaltotheparent
Animalscellsthecellmembranepinchestogethertodividethecellscytoplasmandorganelles
Plantcellsaplateformsalongthecenterofthecelltodividethecellintotwodaughtercells