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HistoryofthePhilippines(15211898)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThehistoryofthePhilippinesfrom1521to1898,alsoknownastheSpanishColonialEra,beginswith
thearrivalin1521ofEuropeanexplorerFerdinandMagellansailingforSpain,whichheraldedtheperiod
whenthePhilippineswasacolonyoftheSpanishEmpire,andendswiththeoutbreakoftheSpanish
AmericanWarin1898,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheAmericanColonialEraofPhilippinehistory.

Contents
1 Spanishexpeditionsandcolonization
2 Spanishcontrol
2.1 Politicalsystem
2.1.1 Nationalgovernment
2.1.2 Provincialgovernment
2.1.3 Municipalgovernment
2.1.4 Barriogovernment
2.1.5 TheResidenciaandtheVisita
2.1.6 Mauralaw
2.2 Economy
2.2.1 ManilaAcapulcogalleontrade
2.2.2 RoyalSocietyofFriendsoftheCountry
2.2.3 RoyalCompanyofthePhilippines
2.2.4 Taxation
3 Dutchattacks
4 Britishinvasion
5 ResistanceagainstSpanishrule
5.1 Earlyresistance
5.2 TheopeningofthePhilippinestoworldtrade
5.3 RiseofFilipinonationalism
5.4 RiseofSpanishliberalism
5.5 Freemasonry
5.6 Illustrados,RizalandKatipunan
6 ThePhilippineRevolution
7 TheSpanishAmericanWar
8 References
9 Citations
10 Externallinks

Spanishexpeditionsandcolonization
AlthoughthearchipelagomayhavebeenvisitedbeforebythePortuguese(seeFirstEuropeansinthe
Philippines),theearliestdocumentedEuropeanexpeditiontothePhilippineswasthatledbyFerdinand
Magellan,intheserviceofthekingofSpain.TheexpeditionfirstsightedthemountainsofSamaratdawn
onthe16thMarch1521,makinglandfallthefollowingdayatthesmall,uninhabitedislandofHomonhonat
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themouthoftheLeyteGulf.[1]OnEasterSunday,31March1521,at
LimasawaIsland,SouthernLeyte,asisstatedinPigafetta'sPrimo
ViaggioIntornoElMondo(FirstVoyageAroundtheWorld),Magellan
solemnlyplantedacrossonthesummitofahilloverlookingthesea
andclaimedforthekingofSpainpossessionoftheislandshehadseen,
namingthemArchipelagoofSaintLazarus.[2]
Magellanconqueredandsoughtalliancesamongthenativesbeginning
withDatuZula,thechieftainofSugbu(nowCebu),andtookspecial
prideinconvertingthemtoCatholicism.Magellan'sexpeditiongot
involvedinthepoliticalrivalriesbetweentheCebuanonativesandtook
partinabattleagainstLapuLapu,chieftainofMactanislandanda
mortalenemyofDatuZula.Atdawnon27April1521,Magellan
invadedMactanIslandwith60armedmenand1,000Cebuano
FerdinandMagellanarrivedinthe
warriors,buthadgreatdifficultylandinghismenontherockyshore.
PhilippinesonMarch17,1521.
LapuLapuhadanarmyof1,500onland.Magellanwadedashorewith
hissoldiersandattackedtheMactandefenders,orderingDatuZulaand
hiswarriorstoremainaboardtheshipsandwatch.MagellanseriouslyunderestimatedLapuLapuandhis
men,andgrosslyoutnumbered,Magellanand14ofhissoldierswerekilled.Therestmanagedtoreboard
theships.(SeeBattleofMactan)
Thebattlelefttheexpeditionwithtoofewcrewmentomanthreeships,sotheyabandonedthe
"Concepcin".Theremainingships"Trinidad"and"Victoria"sailedtotheSpiceIslandsinpresentday
Indonesia.Fromthere,theexpeditionsplitintotwogroups.TheTrinidad,commandedbyGonzaloGmez
deEspinozatriedtosaileastwardacrossthePacificOceantotheIsthmusofPanama.Diseaseand
shipwreckdisruptedEspinoza'svoyageandmostofthecrewdied.SurvivorsoftheTrinidadreturnedtothe
SpiceIslands,wherethePortugueseimprisonedthem.TheVictoriacontinuedsailingwestward,
commandedbyJuanSebastinElcano,andmanagedtoreturntoSanlcardeBarrameda,Spainin1522.In
1529,CharlesIofSpainrelinquishedallclaimstotheSpiceIslandstoPortugalinthetreatyofZaragoza.
However,thetreatydidnotstopthecolonizationofthePhilippinearchipelagofromNewSpain.[3]
AfterMagellan'svoyage,subsequentexpeditionsweredispatchedtotheislands.Fourexpeditionswere
sent:thatofLoaisa(1525),Cabot(1526),Saavedra(1527),Villalobos(1542),andLegazpi(1564).[4]The
Legazpiexpeditionwasthemostsuccessfulasitresultedinthediscoveryofthetornaviajeorreturntripto
MexicoacrossthePacificbyAndrsdeUrdaneta.[5]ThisdiscoverystartedtheManilagalleontrade,which
lastedtwoandahalfcenturies.
In1543,RuyLpezdeVillalobosnamedtheislandsofLeyteandSamarLasIslasFilipinasafterPhilipII
ofSpain.[6]PhilipIIbecameKingofSpainonJanuary16,1556,whenhisfather,CharlesIofSpain,
abdicatedtheSpanishthrone.PhilipwasinBrusselsatthetimeandhisreturntoSpainwasdelayeduntil
1559becauseofEuropeanpoliticsandwarsinnorthernEurope.ShortlyafterhisreturntoSpain,Philip
orderedanexpeditionmountedtotheSpiceIslands,statingthatitspurposewas"todiscovertheislandsto
thewest".InrealityitstaskwastoconquerthePhilippinesforSpain.[7]
OnNovember19or20,1564aSpanishexpeditionofamere500menledbyMiguelLpezdeLegazpi
departedBarradeNavidad,NewSpain,arrivingoffCebuonFebruary13,1565,conqueringitdespite
Cebuanoopposition.[8]:77(http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77)
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In1569,LegazpitransferredtoPanayandfoundedasecondsettlementonthebankofthePanayRiver.In
1570,Legazpisenthisgrandson,JuandeSalcedo,whohadarrivedfromMexicoin1567,toMindoroto
punishMoropirateswhohadbeenplunderingPanayvillages.Salcedoalsodestroyedfortsontheislandsof
IlinandLubang,respectivelySouthandNorthwestof
Mindoro.[8]:79(http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79)
In1570,MartndeGoiti,havingbeendispatchedbyLegazpitoLuzon,conqueredtheKingdomofMaynila
(nowManila).[8]:79(http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79)LegazpithenmadeMaynilathe
capitalofthePhilippinesandsimplifieditsspellingtoManila.HisexpeditionalsorenamedLuzonNueva
Castilla.Legazpibecamethecountry'sfirstgovernorgeneral.Withtime,Cebu'simportancefellaspower
shiftednorthtoLuzon.ThearchipelagowasSpain'soutpostintheorientandManilabecamethecapitalof
theentireSpanishEastIndies.ThecolonywasadministeredthroughtheViceroyaltyofNewSpain(now
Mexico)until1821whenMexicoachievedindependencefromSpain.After1821,thecolonywasgoverned
directlyfromSpain.
Duringmostofthecolonialperiod,thePhilippineeconomydependedontheGalleonTradewhichwas
inauguratedin1565betweenManilaandAcapulco,Mexico.TradebetweenSpainandthePhilippineswas
viathePacificOceantoMexico(ManilatoAcapulco),andthenacrosstheCaribbeanSeaandAtlantic
OceantoSpain(VeracruztoCdiz).ManilabecamethemostimportantcenteroftradeinAsiabetweenthe
17thand18thcenturies.AllsortsofproductsfromChina,Japan,Brunei,theMoluccasandevenIndiawere
senttoManilatobesoldforsilver8RealcoinswhichcameaboardthegalleonsfromAcapulco.These
goods,includingsilk,porcelain,spices,lacquerwareandtextileproductswerethensenttoAcapulcoand
fromtheretootherpartsofNewSpain,PeruandEurope.
TheEuropeanpopulationinthearchipelagosteadilygrewalthoughnativesremainedthemajority.They
dependedontheGalleonTradeforaliving.Inthelateryearsofthe18thcentury,GovernorGeneralBasco
introducedeconomicreformsthatgavethecolonyitsfirstsignificantinternalsourceincomefromthe
productionoftobaccoandotheragriculturalexports.Inthislaterperiod,agriculturewasfinallyopenedto
theEuropeanpopulation,whichbeforewasreservedonlyforthenatives.
DuringSpains333yearruleinthePhilippines,thecolonistshadtofightofftheChinesepirates(wholay
siegetoManila,themostfamousofwhichwasLimahongin1574),Dutchforces,Portugueseforces,and
indigenousrevolts.MorosfromwesternMindanaoandtheSuluArchipelagoalsoraidedthecoastal
ChristianareasofLuzonandtheVisayasandoccasionallycapturedmenandwomentobesoldasslaves.
SomeJapaneseshipsvisitedthePhilippinesinthe1570sinordertoexportJapanesesilverandimport
Philippinegold.Later,increasingimportsofsilverfromNewWorldsourcesresultedinJapaneseexportsto
thePhilippinesshiftingfromsilvertoconsumergoods.Inthe1580s,theSpanishtradersweretroubledto
someextentbyJapanesepirates,butpeacefultradingrelationswereestablishedbetweenthePhilippines
andJapanby1590.[9]Japan'skampaku(regent),ToyotomiHideyoshi,demandedunsuccessfullyonseveral
occasionsthatthePhilippinessubmittoJapan'ssuzerainty.[10]
OnFebruary8,1597,KingPhilipII,neartheendofhis42yearreign,issuedaRoyalCedulainstructing
FranciscodeTellodeGuzmn,thenGovernorGeneralofthePhilippinestofulfillthelawsoftributesand
toprovideforrestitutionofillgottentaxestakenfromthenatives.ThedecreewaspublishedinManilaon
August5,1598.KingPhilipdiedon13September,justfortydaysafterthepublicationofthedecree,but

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hisdeathwasnotknowninthePhilippinesuntilmiddleof1599,bywhichtimeareferendumbywhichthe
nativeswouldacknowledgeSpanishrulewasunderway.WiththecompletionofthePhilippinereferendum
of1599,SpaincouldbesaidtohaveestablishedlegitimatesovereigntyoverthePhilippines.[11]

Spanishcontrol
Politicalsystem
TheSpanishquicklyorganizedtheirnewcolonyaccordingtotheirmodel.Thefirsttaskwasthereduction,
orrelocationofnativeinhabitantsintosettlements.Theearliestpoliticalsystemusedduringtheconquista
periodwastheencomiendasystem,whichresembledthefeudalsysteminmedievalEurope.The
conquistadores,friarsandnativenoblesweregrantedestates,inexchangefortheirservicestotheKing,and
wasgiventheprivilegetocollecttributefromitsinhabitants.Inreturn,thepersongrantedtheencomienda,
knownasanencomendero,wastaskedtoprovidemilitaryprotectiontotheinhabitants,justiceand
governance.Intimesofwar,theencomenderowasdutyboundtoprovidesoldiersfortheKing,in
particular,forthecompletedefenseofthecolonyfrominvaderssuchastheDutch,BritishandChinese.The
encomiendasystemwasabusedbyencomenderosandby1700waslargelyreplacedbyadministrative
provinces,eachheadedbyanalcaldemayor(provincialgovernor)[12]Themostprominentfeatureof
Spanishcitieswastheplaza,acentralareafortownactivitiessuchasthefiesta,andwheregovernment
buildings,thechurch,amarketareaandotherinfrastructureswerelocated.Residentialareaslayaroundthe
plaza.Duringtheconquista,thefirsttaskofcolonizationwasthereduction,orrelocationoftheindigenous
populationintosettlementssurroundingtheplaza.
Nationalgovernment
Onthenationallevel,theKingofSpain,viahisCounciloftheIndies(ConsejodelasIndias),governed
throughhisrepresentativeinthePhilippines,theGovernorGeneralofthePhilippines(Gobernadory
CapitnGeneral).WiththeseatofpowerinIntramuros,Manila,theGovernorGeneralwasgivenseveral
duties:headofthesupremecourt,theRoyalAudienciaofManilaCommanderinchiefofthearmyand
navy,andtheeconomicplannerofthecountry.Allexecutivepowerofthelocalgovernmentstemmedfrom
himandasregalpatron,hehadtheauthoritytosupervisemissionworkandoverseeecclesiastical
appointments.Hisyearlysalarywas40,000pesos.TheGovernorGeneralwasusuallyapeninsular
Spaniard,aSpaniardborninSpain,toensureloyaltyofthecolonytothecrown.
Provincialgovernment
Ontheprovinciallevel,headingthepacifiedprovinces(alcaldia),wastheprovincialgovernor(alcalde
mayor).Theunpacifiedmilitaryzones(corregimiento),suchasMarivelesandMindoro,wereheadedbythe
corregidores.Citygovernments(ayuntamientos),werealsoheadedbyanalcaldemayor.Alcaldemayors
andcorregidoresexercisedmultipleprerogativesasjudge,inspectorofencomiendas,chiefofpolice,tribute
collector,capitangeneraloftheprovinceandevenviceregalpatron.HisannualsalaryrangedfromP300to
P2000before1847andP1500toP1600afterit.Butthiscanbeaugmentedthroughthespecialprivilegeof
"indultodecommercio"whereallpeoplewereforcedtodobusinesswithhim.Thealcaldemayorwas
usuallyanInsulares(SpaniardborninthePhilippines).Inthe19thcentury,thePeninsularesbeganto
displacetheInsulareswhichresultedinthepoliticalunrestsof1872,notablytheexecutionof
GOMBURZA,NovalesRevoltandmutinyoftheCavitefortunderLaMadrid.
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Municipalgovernment
ThepuebloortownisheadedbytheGobernadorcilloorlittlegovernor.Amonghisadministrativeduties
werethepreparationofthetributelist(padron),recruitmentanddistributionofmenfordraftlabor,
communalpublicworkandmilitaryconscription(quinto),postalclerkandjudgeinminorcivilsuits.He
intervenedinalladministrativecasespertainingtohistown:lands,justice,financeandthemunicipal
police.Hisannualsalary,however,wasonlyP24buthewasexemptedfromtaxation.Anynativeor
Chinesemestizo,25yearsold,literateinoralorwrittenSpanishandhasbeenaCabezadeBarangayof4
yearscanbeaGobernadorcillo.AmongthoseprominentisEmilioAguinaldo,aChineseMestizoandwho
wastheGobernadorcilloofCaviteElViejo(nowKawit).Theofficialsofthepuebloweretakenfromthe
Principala,thenobleclassofprecolonialorigin.Theirnamesaresurvivedbyprominentfamiliesin
contemporaryPhilippinesocietysuchasDuremdes,Lindo,Tupas,Gatmaitan,Liwanag,Pangilinan,
Panganiban,Balderas,andAgbayani,Apalisok,Aguinaldotonameafew.
Barriogovernment
Everypueblowasfurtherdividedinto"barrios",andthebarriogovernment(villageordistrict)restedon
thebarrioadministrator(cabezadebarangay).Hewasresponsibleforpeaceandorderandrecruitedmen
forcommunalpublicworks.CabezasshouldbeliterateinSpanishandhavegoodmoralcharacterand
property.Cabezaswhoservedfor25yearswereexemptedfromforcedlabor.Inaddition,thisiswherethe
sentimentheardas,"MiBarrio",firstcamefrom.
TheResidenciaandtheVisita
Tochecktheabuseofpowerofroyalofficials,twoancientcastilianinstitutionswerebroughttothe
Philippines.TheResidencia,datingbacktothe5thcenturyandtheVisita,whichdifferedfromthe
residenciainthatitwasconductedclandestinelybyavisitadorgeneralsentfromSpainandmightoccur
anytimewithintheofficialsterm,withoutanypreviousnotice.Visitasmaybespecificorgeneral.
Mauralaw
Thelegalfoundationformunicipalgovernmentsinthecountrywaslaidwiththepromulgationofthe
MauraLawonMay19,1893.Namedafteritsauthor,DonAntonioMaura,theSpanishMinisterof
Coloniesatthetime,thelawreorganizedtowngovernmentsinthePhilippineswiththeaimofmakingthem
moreeffectiveandautonomous.Thislawcreatedthemunicipalorganizationthatwaslateradopted,revised,
andfurtherstrengthenedbytheAmericanandFilipinogovernmentsthatsucceededSpanish.

Economy
ManilaAcapulcogalleontrade
TheManilaAcapulcoGalleonTradewasthemainsourceofincomeforthecolonyduringitsearlyyears.
Servicewasinauguratedin1565andcontinuedintotheearly19thcentury.TheGalleontradebroughtsilver
fromNewSpain,whichwasusedtopurchaseAsiangoodssuchassilkfromChina,spicesfromthe
Moluccas,lacquerwarefromJapanandPhilippinecottontextiles.[13]Thesegoodswerethenexportedto
NewSpainandultimatelyEuropebywayofManila.Thus,thePhilippinesearneditsincomethroughthe
tradeoftheManilaAcapulcoGalleon.
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Thetradewasveryprosperousandattractedmanymerchantsto
Manila,especiallytheChinese.However,initiallyitneglectedthe
developmentofthecolony'slocalindustrieswhichaffectedthe
Indios,sinceagriculturewastheirmainsourceofincome.In
addition,thebuildingandoperationofgalleonsputtoomuchburden
onthecolonists'annualpoloyservicio.
However,itresultedinculturalandcommercialexchangesbetween
AsiaandtheAmericasthatledtotheintroductionofnewcropsand
animalstothePhilippinessuchascorn,potato,tomato,cottonand
tobaccoamongothers,thatgavethecolonyitsfirstrealincome.The
tradelastedforovertwohundredyears,andceasedin1815just
beforethesecessionofAmericancoloniesfromSpain.
RoyalSocietyofFriendsoftheCountry
JosdeBascoyVargas,followingaroyalordertoformasocietyof
PlazaMexico,IntramurosThe
intellectualswhocanproducenew,usefulideas,formally
ManilaAcapulcoGalleon
establishedtheSpanishRoyalEconomicSocietyofFriendsofthe
Country,afterthemodeloftheRoyalBasqueSociety.Composedof
leadingmeninbusiness,industryandprofession,thesocietywastaskedtoexploreandexploittheisland's
naturalbounties.ThesocietyledtothecreationofPlanGeneralEconomicoofBascowhichimplemented
themonopoliesonthearecanut,tobacco,spiritedliquorsandexplosives.
TheSocietyofferedlocalandforeignscholarshipsandtraininggrantsinagricultureandestablishedan
academyofdesign.Itwasalsocreditedtothecarabaobanof1782,theformationofthesilversmithsand
goldbeatersguildandtheconstructionofthefirstpapermillinthePhilippinesin1825.Itwasintroducedin
1780,vanishedtemporarilyin17871819,18201822and18751822andceasedtoexistinthemiddleof
the1890s.
RoyalCompanyofthePhilippines
OnMarch10,1785,KingCharlesIIIofSpainconfirmedtheestablishmentoftheRoyalPhilippine
Companywitha25yearcharter.[14]TheBasquebasedcompanywasgrantedamonopolyonthe
importationofChineseandIndiangoodsintothePhilippines,aswellastheshippingofthegoodsdirectly
toSpainviatheCapeofGoodHope.TheDutchandBritishbitterlyopposedthembecausetheysawthe
companyasadirectattackontheirAsiantrade.ItalsofacedthehostilityofthetradersoftheGalleontrade
(seeabove)whosawitascompetition.Thisgraduallyresultedinthedeathofbothinstitutions:TheRoyal
PhilippineCompanyin1814andtheGalleontradein1815.[15]
ThefirstvesseloftheRoyalPhilippineCompanytosetsailwasthe"NuestraSeoradelosPlaceres"
commandedbythecaptainJuanAntonioZabaleta.[16]
Taxation

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TaxationisasystemincomegeneratingmechanismsintroducedbytheSpanishcolonialgovernment.Direct
taxesarepersonaltributeandincometax.Indirecttaxesarecustomdutiesandthebandala.Theseare
enforcedcontributionofthepeopletoSpanishgovernmentIn1884,thetributewasreplacedbycedula
personal.
Alsotherewasthebandal(fromtheTagalogwordmandal,aroundstackofricestalkstobethreshed),an
annualforcedsaleandrequisitioningofgoodssuchasrice.Customdutiesandincometaxwerealso
collected.By1884,thetributewasreplacedbythecedulapersonal,whereineveryoneover18were
requiredtopayforpersonalidentification.[17]Thelocalgobernadorcilloswereresponsibleforcollectionof
thetribute.UnderthecedulasystemtaxpayerswereindividuallyresponsibletoSpanishauthoritiesfor
paymentofthetax,andweresubjecttosummaryarrestforfailuretoshowacedulareceipt.[18]
Asidefrompayingatribute,allmaleFilipinosfrom16to60yearsoldwereobligedtorenderforcedlabor
calledpolo.Thislaborlastedfor40daysayear,lateritwasreducedto15days.Ittookvariousforms
suchasthebuildingandrepairingofroadsandbridges,constructionofPublicbuildingsandchurches,
cuttingtimberintheforest,workinginshipyardsandservingassoldiersinmilitaryexpeditions.People
whorenderedtheforcedlaborwascalledpolistas.Hecouldbeexemptedbypayingthefallawhichisa
sumofmoney.Thepolistawereaccordingtolaw,tobegivenadailyricerationduringtheirworkingdays
whichtheyoftendidnotreceive.

Dutchattacks
In1646,aseriesoffivenavalactionsknownastheBattlesofLaNavaldeManilawasfoughtbetweenthe
forcesofSpainandtheDutchRepublic,aspartoftheEightyYears'War.AlthoughtheSpanishforces
consistedofjusttwoManilagalleonsandagalleywithcrewscomposedmainlyofFilipinovolunteers,
againstthreeseparateDutchsquadrons,totalingeighteenships,theDutchsquadronswereseverelydefeated
inallfrontsbytheSpanishFilipinoforces,forcingtheDutchtoabandontheirplansforaninvasionofthe
Philippines.
OnJune6,1647,DutchvesselsweresightednearMarivelesIsland.Inspiteofthepreparations,theSpanish
hadonlyonegalleon(theSanDiego)andtwogalleysreadytoengagetheenemy.TheDutchhadtwelve
majorvessels.
OnJune12,thearmadaattackedtheSpanishportofCavite.Thebattlelastedeighthours,andtheSpanish
believedtheyhaddonemuchdamagetotheenemyflagshipandtheothervessels.TheSpanishshipswere
notbadlydamagedandcasualtieswerelow.However,nearlyeveryroofintheSpanishsettlementwas
damagedbycannonfire,whichparticularlyconcentratedonthecathedral.OnJune19,thearmadawas
split,withsixshipssailingfortheshipyardofMindoroandtheothersixremaininginManilaBay.The
DutchnextattackedPampanga,wheretheycapturedthefortifiedmonastery,takingprisonersandexecuting
almost200Filipinodefenders.Thegovernororderedsolemnfuneralritesforthedeadandpaymentstotheir
widowsandorphans.[19][20][21]
TherewasanexpeditionthefollowingyearthatarrivedinJoloinJuly.TheDutchhadformedanalliance
withanantiSpanishking,Salicala.TheSpanishgarrisonontheislandwassmall,butsurvivedaDutch
bombardment.TheDutchfinallywithdrew,andtheSpanishmadepeacewiththeJoloans,andthenalso
withdrew.[19][20][21]
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TherewasalsoanunsuccessfulattackonZamboangain1648.ThatyeartheDutchpromisedthenativesof
Mindanaothattheywouldreturnin1649withaidinsupportofarevoltagainsttheSpanish.Severalrevolts
didbreakout,themostseriousbeinginthevillageofLindo.TheremostoftheSpaniardswerekilled,and
thesurvivorswereforcedtofleeinasmallriverboattoButun.However,Dutchaiddidnotmaterialize.
TheauthoritiesfromManilaissuedageneralpardon,andmanyoftheFilipinosinthemountains
surrendered.However,someofthosewerehangedandmostoftherestwereenslaved.[19][20][21]

Britishinvasion
InAugust1759,CharlesIIIascendedtheSpanishthrone.Atthetime,BritainandFrancewereatwar,in
whatwaslatercalledtheSevenYears'War.France,sufferingaseriesofsetbacks,successfullynegotiateda
treatywithSpainknownastheFamilyCompactwhichwassignedon15August1761.Byanancillary
secretconvention,SpainwascommittedtomakingpreparationsforwaragainstBritain.[22]
TheearlysuccessatManiladidnotenabletheBritishtocontrolthePhilippines.SpanishFilipinoforces
(madeupmostlyofFilipinos)kepttheBritishconfinedtoManila.Nevertheless,theBritishwereconfident
ofeventualsuccessafterreceivingthewrittensurrenderofcapturedCatholicArchbishopRojoon30
October1762.[23]
ThesurrenderwasrejectedasillegalbyDonSimndeAndaySalazar,whoclaimedthetitleofGovernor
GeneralunderthestatutesoftheCouncilofIndies.HeledSpanishFilipinoforcesthatkepttheBritish
confinedtoManilaandsabotagedorcrushedBritishfomentedrevolts.Andainterceptedandredirectedthe
ManilagalleontradetopreventfurthercapturesbytheBritish.ThefailureoftheBritishtoconsolidatetheir
positionledtotroopdesertionsandabreakdownofcommandunitywhichlefttheBritishforcesparalysed
andinanincreasinglyprecariousposition.[24]
TheSevenYears'WarwasendedbythePeaceofParissignedon10February1763.Atthetimeofsigning
thetreaty,thesignatorieswerenotawarethattheManilawasunderBritishoccupationandwasbeing
administeredasaBritishcolony.Consequently,nospecificprovisionwasmadeforthePhilippines.Instead
theyfellunderthegeneralprovisionthatallotherlandsnototherwiseprovidedforbereturnedtothe
SpanishCrown.[25]

ResistanceagainstSpanishrule
SpanishruleofthePhilippineswasconstantlythreatenedbyindigenousrebellionsandinvasionsfromthe
Dutch,Chinese,JapaneseandBritish.
ThepreviouslydominantgroupsresistedSpanishrule,refusingtopaySpanishtaxesandrejectingSpanish
excesses.AllweredefeatedbytheSpanishandtheirFilipinoallies.Inmanyareas,theSpanishleft
indigenousgroupstoadministertheirownaffairsbutunderSpanishoverlordship.

Earlyresistance
TheResistanceagainstSpaindidnotimmediatelyceaseupontheconquestoftheAustronesiancities.After
RajahpatisofCebu,randomnativenoblesresistedSpanishrule.Thelongestrecordednativerebellionwas
thatofFranciscoDagohoywhichlastedacentury.[26]
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DuringtheBritishoccupationofManila(17621764),DiegoSilangwasappointedbythemasgovernorof
Ilocosandafterhisassassinationbyfellownatives,hiswifeGabrielacontinuedtoleadtheIlocanosinthe
fightagainstSpanishrule.ResistanceagainstSpanishrulewasregionalincharacter,basedon
ethnolinguisticgroups.[27]
HispanizationdidnotspreadtothemountainouscenterofnorthernLuzon,nortotheinlandcommunitiesof
Mindanao.ThehighlandersweremoreabletoresisttheSpanishinvadersthanthelowlanders.

TheopeningofthePhilippinestoworldtrade
InEurope,theIndustrialRevolutionspreadfromGreatBritainduringtheperiodknownastheVictorian
Age.TheindustrializationofEuropecreatedgreatdemandsforrawmaterialsfromthecolonies,bringing
withitinvestmentandwealth,althoughthiswasveryunevenlydistributed.GovernorGeneralBascohad
openedthePhilippinestothistrade.Previously,thePhilippineswasseenasatradingpostforinternational
tradebutinthenineteenthcenturyitwasdevelopedbothasasourceofrawmaterialsandasamarketfor
manufacturedgoods.TheeconomyofthePhilippinesroserapidlyanditslocalindustriesdevelopedto
satisfytherisingdemandsofanindustrializingEurope.AsmallflowofEuropeanimmigrantscamewith
theopeningoftheSuezCanal,whichcutthetraveltimebetweenEuropeandthePhilippinesbyhalf.New
ideasaboutgovernmentandsociety,whichthefriarsandcolonialauthoritiesfounddangerous,quickly
foundtheirwayintothePhilippines,notablythroughtheFreemasons,whoalongwithothers,spreadthe
idealsoftheAmerican,Frenchandotherrevolutions,includingSpanishliberalism.

RiseofFilipinonationalism
ThedevelopmentofthePhilippinesasasourceofrawmaterialsand
asamarketforEuropeanmanufacturescreatedmuchlocalwealth.
ManyFilipinosprospered.EverydayFilipinosalsobenefitedfrom
theneweconomywiththerapidincreaseindemandforlaborand
availabilityofbusinessopportunities.SomeEuropeansimmigrated
tothePhilippinestojointhewealthwagon,amongthemJacobo
Zobel,patriarchoftoday'sZobeldeAyalafamilyandprominent
figureintheriseofFilipinonationalism.Theirscionsstudiedinthe
bestuniversitiesofEuropewheretheylearnedtheidealsofliberty
fromtheFrenchandAmericanRevolutions.Theneweconomygave
risetoanewmiddleclassinthePhilippines,usuallynotethnic
Filipinos.

MapofManila,1898.

Intheearly19thcentury,theSuezCanalwasopenedwhichmadethePhilippineseasiertoreachfrom
Spain.ThesmallincreaseofPeninsularesfromtheIberianPeninsulathreatenedthesecularizationofthe
Philippinechurches.Instateaffairs,theCriollos,knownlocallyasInsulares(lit."islanders").were
displacedfromgovernmentpositionsbythePeninsulares,whomthenativeInsularesregardedas
foreigners.TheInsulareshadbecomeincreasinglyFilipinoandcalledthemselvesLoshijosdelpas(lit.
"sonsofthecountry").AmongtheearlyproponentsofFilipinonationalismweretheInsularesPadrePedro
Pelez,archbishopofManila,whofoughtforthesecularizationofPhilippinechurchesandexpulsionofthe
friarsPadreJosBurgoswhoseexecutioninfluencedthenationalheroJosRizalandJoaqunPardode
Taverawhofoughtforretentionofgovernmentpositionsbynatives,regardlessofrace.Inretaliationtothe
riseofFilipinonationalism,thefriarscalledtheIndios(possiblyreferringtoInsularesandmestizosaswell)
indolentandunfitforgovernmentandchurchpositions.Inresponse,theInsularescameoutwithIndios
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agraviados,amanifestodefendingtheFilipinoagainstdiscriminatoryremarks.Thetensionbetweenthe
InsularesandPeninsulareseruptedintothefailedrevoltsofNovalesandtheCaviteMutinyof1872which
resultedtothedeportationofprominentFilipinonationaliststotheMarianasandEuropewhowould
continuethefightforlibertythroughthePropagandaMovement.TheCaviteMutinyimplicatedthepriests
MarianoGmez,JosBurgos,andJacintoZamora(seeGomburza)whoseexecutionswouldinfluencethe
subversiveactivitiesofthenextgenerationofFilipinonationalists,JosRizal,whothendedicatedhis
novel,Elfilibusterismotothesepriests.

RiseofSpanishliberalism
AftertheLiberalswontheSpanishRevolutionof1868,CarlosMaradelaTorrewassenttothePhilippines
toserveasgovernorgeneral(18691871).Hewasoneofthemostlovedgovernorsgeneralinthe
Philippinesbecauseofthereformsheimplemented.Atonetime,hissupporters,includingPadreBurgos
andJoaqunPardodeTavera,serenadedhiminfrontoftheMalacaanPalace.FollowingtheBourbon
RestorationinSpainandtheremovaloftheLiberalsfrompower,delaTorrewasrecalledandreplacedby
GovernorGeneralIzquierdowhovowedtorulewithanironfist.

Freemasonry
FreemasonryhadgainedagenerousfollowinginEuropeandtheAmericasduringthe19thcenturyand
founditswaytothePhilippines.TheWesternWorldwasquicklychangingandsoughtlesspoliticalcontrol
fromtheRomanCatholicChurch.
ThefirstFilipinoMasoniclodgewasRevoluccion.ItwasestablishedbyGracianoLopezJaenain
BarcelonaandwasrecognizedinApril1889.Itdidnotlastlongafterheresignedfrombeingitsworshipful
masteronNovember29,1889.
InDecember1889,MarceloH.delPilarestablished,withthehelpofJulioLlorente,theSolidaridadin
Madrid.ItsfirstworshipfulmasterwasLlorente.Ashorttimelater,theSolidaridadgrew.Someits
membersincludedJosRizal,PedroSerranoLaktaw,BaldomeroRoxas,andGalicanoApacible.
In1891,DelPilarsentLaktawtothePhilippinestoestablishaMasoniclodge.Laktawestablishedon
January6,1892,theNilad,thefirstMasoniclodgeinthePhilippines.Itisestimatedthattherewere35
masoniclodgesinthePhilippinesin1893ofwhichninewereinManila.ThefirstFilipinafreemasonwas
RosarioVillaruel.TrinidadandJosefaRizal,MarinaDizon,RomualdaLanuza,PurificacionLeyva,and
manyothersjointhemasoniclodge.
FreemasonrywasimportantduringthetimeofthePhilippineRevolution.Itpushedthereformmovement
andcarriedoutthepropagandawork.InthePhilippines,manyofthosewhopushedforarevolutionwere
memberoffreemasonrylikeAndrsBonifacio.Infact,theorganizationusedbyBonifacioinestablishing
theKatipunanwasderivedfromtheMasonicsociety.Itmaybesaidthatjoiningmasonrywasoneactivity
thatboththereformistsandtheKatipunerosshared.

Illustrados,RizalandKatipunan
ThemassdeportationofnationaliststotheMarianasandEuropein1872ledtoaFilipinoexpatriate
communityofreformersinEurope.ThecommunitygrewwiththenextgenerationofIlustradosstudyingin
Europeanuniversities.TheyalliedthemselveswithSpanishliberals,notablySpanishsenatorMiguel
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MoraytaSagrario,andfoundedthenewspaperLaSolidaridad.
AmongthereformerswasJosRizal,whowrotetwonovels
whileinEurope.Hisnovelswereconsideredthemost
influentialoftheIllustrados'writingscausingfurtherunrestin
theislands,particularlythefoundingoftheKatipunan.A
rivalrydevelopedbetweenhimselfandMarceloH.delPilarfor
theleadershipofLaSolidaridadandthereformmovementin
Europe.Majorityoftheexpatriatessupportedtheleadershipof
delPilar.

FilipinoIlustradosinSpain.

RizalthenreturnedtothePhilippinestoorganizeLaLiga
FilipinaandbringthereformmovementtoPhilippinesoil.Hewasarrestedjustafewdaysafterfounding
theleague.In1892,RadicalmembersoftheLaLigaFilipina,whichincludedBonifacioandDeodato
Arellano,foundedtheKataastaasanKagalanggalangKatipunanngmgaAnakngBayan(KKK),called
simplytheKatipunan,whichhadtheobjectiveofthePhilippinessecedingfromtheSpanishEmpire.

ThePhilippineRevolution
By1896theKatipunanhadamembershipbythethousands.Thatsameyear,theexistenceoftheKatipunan
wasdiscoveredbythecolonialauthorities.InlateAugustKatipunerosgatheredinCaloocananddeclared
thestartoftherevolution.TheeventisnowknownastheCryofBalintawakorCryofPugadLawin,dueto
conflictinghistoricaltraditionsandofficialgovernmentpositions.[28]
AndrsBonifaciocalledforageneraloffensiveonManila[29]andwasdefeatedinbattleatthetownofSan
JuandelMonte.HeregroupedhisforcesandwasabletobrieflycapturethetownsofMarikina,SanMateo
andMontalban.SpanishcounterattacksdrovehimbackandheretreatedtothemountainsofBalaraand
Morongandfromthereengagedinguerrillawarfare.[30]ByAugust30,therevolthadspreadtoeight
provinces.Onthatdate,GovernorGeneralRamonBlancodeclaredastateofwarintheseprovincesand
placedthemundermartiallaw.ThesewereManila,Bulacan,Cavite,Pampanga,Tarlac,Laguna,Batangas,
andNuevaEcija.TheywouldlaterberepresentedintheeightraysofthesunintheFilipinoflag.[31]Emilio
AguinaldoandtheKatipunerosofCavitewerethemostsuccessfuloftherebels[32]andtheycontrolledmost
oftheirprovincebySeptemberOctober.Theydefendedtheirterritorieswithtrenchesdesignedby
EdilbertoEvangelista.[30]
ManyoftheeducatedilustradoclasssuchasAntonioLunaandApolinarioMabinididnotinitiallyfavoran
armedrevolution.Rizalhimself,whomtherebelstookinspirationfromandhadconsultedbeforehand,
disapprovedofaprematurerevolution.Hewasarrested,triedandexecutedfortreason,seditionand
conspiracyonDecember30,1896.Beforehisarresthehadissuedastatementdisavowingtherevolution,
butinhisswansongpoemMiltimoadishewrotethatdyinginbattleforthesakeofone'scountrywas
justaspatrioticashisownimpendingdeath.[33]
Whiletherevolutionspreadthroughouttheprovinces,Aguinaldo'sKatipunerosdeclaredtheexistenceofan
insurgentgovernmentinOctoberregardlessofBonifacio'sKatipunan,[34]whichhehadalreadyconverted
intoaninsurgentgovernmentwithhimaspresidentinAugust.[35][36]BonifaciowasinvitedtoCaviteto
mediatebetweenAguinaldo'srebels,theMagdalo,andtheirrivalstheMagdiwang,bothchaptersofthe
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Katipunan.TherehebecameembroiledindiscussionswhethertoreplacetheKatipunanwithaninsurgent
governmentoftheCaviterebels'design.Tothisend,theTejerosConventionwasconvened,where
Aguinaldowaselectedpresidentofthenewinsurgentgovernment.Bonifaciorefusedtorecognizethisand
hewasexecutedfortreasoninMay1897.[37][38]
ByDecember1897,therevolutionhadresultedtoastalematebetweenthecolonialgovernmentandrebels.
PedroPaternomediatedbetweenthetwosidesforthesigningofthePactofBiaknaBato.Theconditions
ofthearmisticeincludedtheselfexileofAguinaldoandhisofficersinexchangefor$800,000tobepaidby
thecolonialgovernment.AguinaldothensailedtoHongKongforselfexile.

TheSpanishAmericanWar
OnApril25,1898,theSpanishAmericanWarbeganwith
declarationsofwar.OnMay1,1898,theSpanishnavywas
decisivelydefeatedintheBattleofManilaBaybytheAsiatic
SquadronoftheU.S.NavyledbyCommodoreGeorgeDewey
aboardtheUSSOlympia.ThereafterSpainlosttheabilityto
defendManilaandthereforethePhilippines.
OnMay19,EmilioAguinaldoreturnedtothePhilippines
aboardanAmericannavalshipandonMay24tookcommand
ofFilipinoforces.Filipinoforceshadliberatedmuchofthe
countryfromtheSpanish.OnJune12,1898Aguinaldoissued
thePhilippineDeclarationofIndependencedeclaring
independencefromSpainandlaterestablishedtheFirst
PhilippineRepublic.FilipinoforcesthenlaidsiegetoManila,
ashadAmericanforces.

TheBattleofManilaBay

TheAmericansenteredintoapactwiththeSpanishgovernorgeneralinwhichtheyagreedtofightamock
battlebeforesurrenderingManilatotheAmericans.TheBattleofManilatookplaceonAugust13and
Americanstookcontrolofthecity.IntheTreatyofParis(1898)endingtheSpanishAmericanWar,the
SpanishagreedtosellthePhilippinestotheUnitedStatesfor$20millionwhichwassubsequentlynarrowly
ratifiedbytheU.S.Senate.Withthisaction,SpanishruleinthePhilippinesformallyended.
OnFebruary4,1899,thePhilippineAmericanWarbeganwiththeBattleofManila(1899)between
AmericansforcesandthenascentPhilippineRepublic.

References
1.Zaide2006,p.78
2.Zaide2006,pp.8081
3.Agoncillo1990,p.73
4.Zaide2006,pp.8687.
5.Zaide1939,p.113
6.Scott1985,p.51.
7.Williams2009,pp.1333(https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA13).
8.M.c.Halili(2004).PhilippineHistory'2004Ed.halili.RexBookstore,Inc.ISBN9789712339349.
9.Schottenhammer2008,p.151(https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA151).
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10.YuJose1999,p.https://books.google.com/books?id=kbWvpZy5H0C&pg=PA11.
11.Villarroel2009,pp.93133(https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93).
12..Abinales&Amoroso2005,p.55(https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA55).
13.SouthEastAsiaPotteryPhilippines(http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/productioncenterspotterygroup
s/philippines)
14.Solidarity2(810),SolidaridadPublishingHouse,p.8,"ThecharteroftheRoyalPhilippineCompanywas
promulgatedonMarch10,1785tolastfor25years."
15.DeBorja&Douglass2005,pp.7179(https://books.google.com/books?id=xXpiujH2uOwC&pg=PA71).
16."Rostrosdepiedrabiografasdeunmundoperdido"(PDF).Miaka1Cuadernosdeinvestigacin.SanTelmo
Museoa.Retrieved20141006.p.68
17.Agoncillo1990,pp.8283
18.McCoy&deJesus2001,p.233(https://books.google.com/books?id=I5RZurud2oEC&pg=PA233).
19.DeJesus,Luis&DeSantaTheresa,Diego."RecollectMissions,16461660",inBLAIR,EmmaHelen&
ROBERTSON,JamesAlexander,eds.(1905).ThePhilippineIslands,14931898(ProjectGutenberg).Volume36of
55(16491666).HistoricalintroductionandadditionalnotesbyEdwardGaylordBOURNEadditional
translationsbyHenryB.Lathrop.Cleveland,Ohio:ArthurH.ClarkCompany.ASINB004TRONB2.(pp126ff.)
20.Fayol,Joseph."AffairsinFilipinas,164447",inBLAIR,EmmaHelen&ROBERTSON,JamesAlexander,
eds.(1905).ThePhilippineIslands,14931898.Volume35of55.Historicalintroductionandadditionalnotesby
EdwardGaylordBOURNE.Cleveland,Ohio:ArthurH.ClarkCompany.(p267)
21.MaartenGerritszoonVriesCornelisJanszoonCoen,PieterArendLeupe,PhilippFranzvonSiebold,K.(1858).
ReizevanMaartenGerritsz:Vriesin1643naarhetnoordenenoostenvanJapan.Instituutvoordetaal,land
envolkenkundevanNederlandschIndi,TheHague.Citeusesdeprecatedparameter|coauthors=(help)
22.Tracy1995,p.9
23.Tracy1995,p.54
24.Fish2003,p.158
25.Tracy1995,p.109
26.Cummins2006,pp.132138(https://books.google.com/books?id=tiBNJTrWRR4C&pg=PA132)
27.Sagmit&SagmitMendoza2007,p.127(https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&pg=RA5PT27).
28.Agoncillo1990,p.166
29.Salazar1994,p.107.
30.Guerrero&Schumacher1998,pp.175176.
31.Agoncillo1990,p.173.
32.Constantino1975,p.179
33.Quibuyen2008
34.Constantino1975,pp.178181
35.Guerrero&Schumacher1998,pp.166167Guerrero&Schumacher1998,pp.175176.
36.Agoncillo1990,p.152
37.Constantino1975,p.191
38.Agoncillo1990,pp.180181.

Citations
Agoncillo,TeodoroA.(1990),HistoryoftheFilipinoPeople(Eighthed.),Universityofthe
Philippines,ISBN9718711066.
Abinales,P.N.Amoroso,DonnaJ.(2005),StateandSocietyinthePhilippines,Rowman&
Littlefield,ISBN9780742510241.
Constantino,Renato(1975),ThePhilippines:APastRevisited,QuezonCity:TalaPublishing
Services,ISBN9718958002.
Cummins,Joseph(2006),"11.ALegendofFreedom:FranciscoDagohoyandtheRebelsofBohol",
History'sgreatuntoldstories:obscureeventsoflastingimportance,MurdochBooks,pp.132138,
ISBN9781740458085.
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DeBorja,MarcianoR.Douglass,WilliamA.(2005),BasquesinthePhilippines,Universityof
NevadaPress,ISBN9780874175905.
Fish,Shirley(2003),WhenBritainruledthePhilippines,17621764:thestoryofthe18thcentury
BritishinvasionofthePhilippinesduringtheSevenYears'War,1stBooksLibrary,ISBN97814107
10697,ISBN1410710696,ISBN9781410710697.
Guerrero,MilagrosSchumacher,S.J.,John(1998),ReformandRevolution,Kasaysayan:TheHistory
oftheFilipinoPeople5,AsiaPublishingCompanyLimited,ISBN9622582281.
McCoy,AlfredW.deJesus,Ed.C.(2001),Philippinesocialhistory:globaltradeandlocal
transformations,AteneodeManilaUniversityPress,ISBN9789715502795.
Newson,Linda(2009),ConquestandPestilenceintheEarlySpanishPhilippines,Universityof
HawaiiPress,ISBN9780824832728.
Quibuyen,FloroC.(2008)[1999],ANationAborted:Rizal,AmericanHegemony,andPhilippine
nationalism(Reviseded.),QuezonCity:AteneodeManilaUniversityPress,ISBN978971550574
1.
Sagmit,RosarioS.SagmitMendoza,Ma.Lourdes(2007),TheFilipinoMovingOnward5',Rex
Bookstore,Inc.,ISBN9789712341540.
Schottenhammer,Angela(2008),TheEastAsianMediterranean:MaritimeCrossroadsofCulture,
CommerceandHumanMigration,OttoHarrassowitzVerlag,ISBN9783447058094.
Scott,WilliamHenry(1985),CracksintheparchmentcurtainandotheressaysinPhilippinehistory,
NewDayPublishers,ISBN9789711000745.
Spate,OskarHermannKhristian(2004),TheSpanishLake,AustralianNationalUniversity,ISBN1
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Tracy,Nicholas(1995),ManilaRansomed:TheBritishAssaultonManilaintheSevenYears'War,
UniversityofExeterPress,ISBN9780859894265.
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Lario,ReshapingtheWorld:PhilipIIofSpainandHisTime(illustrateded.),AteneodeManila
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Williams,Patrick(2009),"PhilipII,thePhilippines,andtheHispanicWorld",inRamrez,Dmasode
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YuJose,LydiaN.(1999),JapanviewsthePhilippines,19001944,AteneodeManilaUniversity
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Externallinks
Shamanism,CatholicismandGenderRelationsinColonial
WikimediaCommonshas
Philippines15211685(https://books.google.com/books?id=x
mediarelatedtoHistoryof
CzLUqFQ3YsC)GoogleBooks
thePhilippines(1521
Delasislasfilipinas(http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.
1898).
do?artifactID=SE0000000018)Ahistoricalaccountwrittenby
aSpanishlawyerwholivedinthePhilippinesduringthe19thcentury
TimelineofPhilippineHistory:Spanishcolonization(http://www.philippinestimeline.com/spanish.ht
m)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1521
1898)&oldid=722325929"
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Categories: SpanishcolonialperiodinthePhilippines HistoryofthePhilippinesbyperiod

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