Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
2010 2011
t sp
Pd * Ri
C
2 all * E 0.2 * Pd
Where:
C: Corrosion allowance,
C = 1/16" for mild corrosion
C = 1/8" for severe corrosion
t sh
Pd * Ri
C
all * E 0.6 * Pd
Where:
th
Pd * Dish
C
4 all * E
Where:
th: Head thickness, inch.
Dish: Shell inside diameter, inch.
Pd * Dish
th
*K C
4 all * E
Where:
4.2
1.5
h/D
0.14
0.162
0.193
0.25
0.33
0.5
Note:
We will take the value of h/D = 0.25 to get K = 2. This value will give
a head thickness near or equal to that of the shell to avoid "welding
bridge" between them.
2.2.3. Dished Head:
th
Pd * R
*K C
2 all * E
Where:
K: Constant depends on the ratio between the knuckle radius 'r' and the
crown radius and can be obtained from the following table:
r/R
0.06
0.1
0.2
1.75
1.5
1.7
t h Dish
0.5Pd
C
all * E
tc
Pd * Dish
C
2 all * E * cos
Where:
tc: Thickness of the conical bottom, inch.
2: Apex angle.
tan
Dish
2h
Where:
2.2.5.1.
Aring b * h
*
* (1 )
all * E
8
Where:
Pd
all *E
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.006
13
18
22
25
30
Note:
The minimum dimensions for the ring is 1" * 1" so, we assume one
of them [b or h] and get the other from 'Aring':
ti
Pd * Dosh
*K C
2 all * E
Where:
30
45
60
70
1.31
2.01
3.2
3.7
2L
Dosh * ti
cos
Where:
Note:
If you calculate '' from the beginning and find that: > 75,
calculate the thickness of the conical bottom from the following
equation:
t h tc Dish
0.5Pd
C
all * E
Pc K * E ' (
tsh 3
)
Dish
Where:
K f(
Lsh Dish
,
)
Dish t sh
Assume: t sh
Calculate:
2
16
"
Dish Lsh
,
t sh Dish
Calculate Pc)cal.
1
If Pc )cal. Pc ) giv. , increase the thickness by
and repeat the above steps
16
So in order to avoid the large shell thickness, we put more than one ring
[stiffening rings] around the tower to protect it from collapse and reduce the
required shell thickness. In this case, the length used in the chart is the
distance between the rings not the shell height:
lnew
Lsh
N 1
Where:
I
I
b4
12
Or
Where:
I = Moment of inertia.
2. Design of heads:
2.1. Hemispherical head:
Pc 1.2 E ' (
th
Dish 2
)2
Pc 1.2 E ' (
th 2
)
R
Where:
th 2
)
4 * Dish
Pc 1.2 E ' ( 3
2.4. Conical bottom:
Pc K * E ' (
tc 3
)
Dish
As the above rule contains the coefficient (K), the procedure of calculating the
thickness of the conical is the same as that of the shell. In this case the value of
L/D used in the chart depends on the apex angle:
i.
If 2 45 :
L
h
D
Dish
ii.
If 45 2 120 :
L
1
D
iii.
If 2 120 :
tc Dish
0.162 * Pact.
C
all * E
Design of Openings
(Pipes & Manholes)
1. In Case of Vessels Under Internal Pressure:
1.1. Design of Neck:
tneck
Pd * Ri
C
all * E 0.6Pd
Where:
C = Corrosion allowance (the same value used for shell and heads),
inch.
E = Welding efficiency (the same value used for shell and heads).
Gasket type
Rubber flat
m
(Gasket factor)
Working
(Seating
temperature
pressure, psi)
(C)
200
1.2
400
5.5
18000
88000
5.5
18000
Rubber with
cotton fabric
Working
pressure (atm.)
< 100
< 10
> 350
> 20
flat
Steel metal flat
Aluminum
metal flat
Ring steel
Stainless steel
6.5
26000
2.3
2000
> 350
> 20
> 350
<20
Corrugated
metal
aluminum
Corrugated
iron
4500
y m * Pmax
y (m 1) Pmax
Dog Dig
Where:
Dio p
Dig Diop
Dog Dig
2
Where:
b < 1/8" take it 1/8", and in this case calculate new "Dog" from:
d mg
Dig Dog
11
(d in C ) 2 * all ) bolt
Where:
Where:
Ds Diop 4" if
Ds Diop 7" if
P 6atm
6 P 25atm
11
Where:
Do f Ds 2 * E
Where:
E = the edge distance, inch. "E" can be obtained from the next table:
din (inch.)
E (inch.)
1/2
5/8
17/16
tf
Qb f * l * 6
* D f * a ll
D f Di f 2 * h '
l
Ds ( Di f 2 * h ' )
2
Where:
( Di f Dig Diop )
Ds Di f h '
2.4 * Qb f
2
2
'
hact
( Di f h ' ) all
To get h':
-
If h'act > h', assume new value for h' [e.g. 1.5"] and get h'act and so on.
12
0.162 * Pd
t f .C . Ds
all
Where:
Pc ) cal
t neck
K * E'
Di
neck
Calculate tneck from the above equation in the same way used in calculating
tshell of vessel under external pressure and using the same chart of "K". In this
"K" will be function of:
lneck t neck
,
Di
n eck Din eck
Take the gasket type the same as the material of construction of the
shell.
13
Ds Diop 4"
2.5. Design of Flat Cover:
-
14
comb.st. ) uw w d L all E
comb.st. ) dw w d L y p 3
Pd Dmsh
4(t sh C ) E
Where:
L
2
w
2
4 * Dmsh * (t sh C ) * E
( Pw * 0.7 * Doins. * L) *
Where:
Pw = The wind pressure, psi. The wind pressure can be obtained from
the following table:
15
Internal Region
Coastal Region
0 - < 360
0.138
0.2
0.174
0.27
0.2
0.347
0.27
0.42
1.1 wt
* Dmsh * (t sh C ) * E
sp
2
2
wt ) ins. 4 ( Doins
. Diins. ) ins. * L
2
wt ) liq. 4 Dish
* L * liq.
wt ) trays
N ) trays
2
( wt ) tray unit .area) * 4 * Dish
*L
L
2
2
wt ) lining 4 ( Dolin
. Dilin. ) * L * lin.
2
2
* H conical Docon
. Docon. d i d i
wt ) conical
12
* H
conical
Dicon.d i d i2
12
2
icon
2
2
* H conical ( Dicon
. Dicon. d i d i )
wt ) liq.in.con.
* liq
12
16
* 0.28
t sk
Dosk Disk
2
Where:
-
L lsk 2
)
2
2
*
D
msk . (t sk . C ) E
4
Pw * Dosk. * 0.7 * (
Where:
-
d ) erection
17
d ) operation
1.1 wt wt ) skirt
* Dmsk * (t sk C ) * E
L lsk 2
)
2
4
4
Dob Dib
Dob
Pw * Dosk * 0.7 * (
*
64
d ) operation
t
1.1 wt wt ) skirt
2
2
(
D
D
ob
ib )
4
Dob Dib
2
3 comb.st.)dw
all
Where:
-
d ) operation
4 ( Dob Dib )
If tension) max = - ve value: the number of bolts equal 4 used for fixation.
18
C
)
* all.
in
4
bolts
Where:
-
19
N
Dbolt * N
Where:
-
h = The length from the point at which wind effect appears to the end
of the lug length, inch.
h = h' + 0.25 H
After calculating fs, you should select the dimension of pipe (lug) and check on
your selected dimensions [i.e. check if the lug supports will withstand the load applied
on it]. Following are the steps used to select the suitable pipe dimensions:
1. From the following table, assume nominal diameter to get the inside
and outside diameter of the pipe:
21
Begin your assumption with nominal diameter = 2" [always take the
Schedule number = 80].
2. Calculate the radius of gyration (r) from the following equation:
r
I ca l.
I
Ap ip e
64
Ap ip e
D
D
4
op
2
op
21
Di4p
Di2p
Where:
-
h'
.
r
4. Make the check on the selected pipe dimensions according to the value
of
h'
. Those values are summarized in the following table:
r
h'
60
r
h'
r
The Check
Relation
fs
allpipe
Apipe
60
fs
Apipe
h'
200
r
all.
1
all.
pipe
h'
200
r
Fcritical 5 * f s
pipe
h'
*
r
2 * E ' * I min .
Fcritical
h'
I min . I cal.
Note:
Take
all.
p ip e
15000 psi
if not given.
Note:
If you increase the nominal diameter several times [for
example till 20"] and the check is still not verified, increase
the number of lug supports [6, 8,].
22
Db p 2 * Do p
Ab p
( Db p ) 2
comb.comp.)
max
d w 525 psi
1.1 wt.
wt.) lug
Aeffective
4 * Pw * Do' * 0.7 * H * h
w
Aeffective * Dbolt * N
If the check is not correct, increase the Dbp till the check become correct.
Note:
If you increase the diameter of bearing plate several times [for
example till 6Dop] and the check is still not verified, increase
the number of lug supports [6, 8,] or make more than plate
instead of one plate. Those plates are in the form of layers as
shown in the figure:
23
Lug Support
If tension) max = - ve value: the number of bolts equal 4 used for fixation.
If tension) max = + ve value: the number of bolts calculated from the
following equation:
tension * Aeffective
N )bolts
2
*
(
d
C
)
* all.
in
4
Where:
-
24
bolts
Sheet
Rabble
Bearing
Plate
Sheet
Rabbles are used to reinforce the sheet and prevent its bending.
The distance between the two saddles "c" can be obtained from the following
equation:
c l '2a
Or
c l '2b
Where:
-
l' = Lsh + h
Lsh = The shell length, inch.
h = The height of one head, inch.
In case of elliptical or dished head: h / Dish = 0.25 get h.
a = b = The distance from each support to the end of the shell, inch.
a b 0.207 * l '
You should check if the distance between the supports "c" is sufficient or not.
The following are the two checks on the distance "c":
25
yP
3
"" Internal , "" External
Comb.Comp. M L
Comb.Ten. M L all. * E
Pd * Dmsh
4(t sh C ) E
Max.Moment
2
4 * Dosh * (t sh C ) E
Where:
-
Dmsh
-
Dish Do sh
2
Max.Moment
q
1
47
* q * l '2
wt.
l'
Where:
-
Note:
If the above 2 checks are satisfied, the distance between the two
supports is o.k. and if not we can decrease the distance between
the two supports or put a third saddle support in between the
other two supports or we can increase the thickness of shell [by
1 / 16"].
26
t sheet 1.5"2"
Area sheet t sheet * l"
Where:
-
yp
fs
Area sheet
3
fs
wt.
N
Where:
-
N = No. of saddles.
Sheet
Rabble
Anchor Bolt
Bearing Plate
27
Abp 12 * (l"6)
Where:
-
f s wt.) saddle
525 psi
Ab p
Where:
Note:
If the check is not satisfied, increase the area of the bearing plate
[i.e. increase the width to 13" or 14" . Or the length to l"+8 or
l"+9 Or increase both the width and the length].
Design of Anchor Bolts:
As the wind has no effect on horizontal vessels, the number of bolts required
is 4 bolts only for fixation.
28