JEE403 Design of Offshore Systems

Assessment No.2

111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1

Assessment No.2

Student: Anwarul Awalludin 188383

Lecturer:

Dr. Faisal Khan

Subject: JEE403 Design of Offshore Systems

Course: Bachelor of Engineering (Ocean Engineering)

Date Due:

25 May 2016

1|Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................2
Question 1.............................................................................................................................................3
Question 2.............................................................................................................................................3
Question 3.............................................................................................................................................7
Question 4.............................................................................................................................................8
Question 5...........................................................................................................................................10
Question 6...........................................................................................................................................12
Question 7...........................................................................................................................................14
Question 8...........................................................................................................................................15
Question 9...........................................................................................................................................18
Question 10.........................................................................................................................................19
Question 11..........................................................................................................................................20
Question 12.........................................................................................................................................22
Question 13.........................................................................................................................................24
Question 14.........................................................................................................................................26
Question 15.........................................................................................................................................27

Question 1
High shrinkage crude oil because based on petroleum fluid spectrum table, GOR of the fluid
is between 2000-3000 scf/bbl.
Assuming temperature, T =0 at 1 atmospheric pressure, we have:
ppmv=(mg/ m3)(273.15+)/(12.187 MW )
So, 0.25 gr /100 scf =(0.25)(64.79891 mg)/( 2.83 m3 )=5.724 mg/ m3
MW for

H 2 S=34.08

ppmv=5.724 (273.15+0)/(12.187)(34.08)=3.687 ppmv H 2 S

1 gr /100 scf of H 2 S=32 ppm
0.25 gr /100 scf of H 2 S=32/ 4=8 ppm

Question 2
A well tested at a rate of 250 STB/day with a P wf of 500psia. The reservoir pressure was 2500
psia. Assuming bubble point pressure is 50 Psia.
a. IPR curve assuming and unsaturated reservoir
Given,
q=250 STB / day , Pwf =500 psia , PR =2500 psia
Assumption: Bubble point pressure is 50Psia.
J =

q0
250
=
=0.125 STB /day /Psia
2500500
( P RP wf )

Since unsaturated reservoir is assumed, IPR curve for a liquid phase is a straight line.
Pwf =P R

q0
J

Lowest point for Pwf is 50 Psia which is the bubble point pressure while the maximum point
for Pwf is 2500 Psia which is the reservoir pressure.
The IPR curve was been generated using the MS Excel spreadsheet.

Pwf , psia

q 0 , STB/day

50

306.5

2500

3000
2500
2000

Pwf (psia) 1500

1000
500
0

50

100

150

200

250

q (stb/day)

b. AOF

AOF =q 0(max)=J PR =0.125 ( 250014.7 )=310.6625 STB /day /Psia

c. Pressure at 150 STB/d
Pwf =P R

q0
150
=2500
=1300 psia
J
0.125

300

350

d. If the reservoir pressure drops to 1800 psia and later to 1600 psia, the IPR model is
compared and contrasted while the effect of the reservoir is discussed as well as
determining the AOF in these cases.
Pwf , psia

q 0 , STB/day

50

218.75

1800

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200

Pwf (psia) 1000

800
600
400
200
0

50

100

150

200

q (stb/day)

AOF =q 0(max)=J PR =0.125 ( 180014.7 )=223.1625 STB /day /Psia

250

Pwf , psia

q 0 , STB/day

50

193.75

1600

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000

Pwf (psia)

800
600
400
200
0

50

100

150

200

250

q (stb/day)

AOF =q 0(max )=J PR =0.125 ( 160014.7 )=198.1625 STB /day /Psia

IPR comparison
3000
2500
2000

Pwf (psia) 1500

1000
500
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

q (stb/day)

The IPR curves remain the same which is linear even though the reservoir pressures are
different fir both cases. It shows that the curves will not change even the pressure has been
manipulated because it is a single phase flow.

Question 3
Given,
q=2 MMsfcd =83333.33 ft 3 /hr

patm =14.2 psia

S .G .=0.55

p =36+14.2=50.2 psia , pout =436+14.2=450.2 psia

H=1000 ft
T 1 =100 =560 R

isentropic =85

Assumption: The gas behave as an ideal gas

Z =1.0

R=1.986 Btu/lbmol R

MW gas =28.97 S .G .=0.55 28.97=15.93lb/lbmol

air =

MW m p 28.97 14.65
3
=
=0.0761lb/ ft
ZRT
1 10.73 520

gas =0.55 0.0761=0.042 lb/ft

m=q

gas =83333.33 0.042=3488.33 lb/hr

Using the equation below to find the isentropic work
(k1)/k

W isentropic=Z

R T1 k
p
[( 2 )
MW (k 1) p 1

(1.41 )/ 1.4

1]

1.0

1.986 1.4 560 450.2

[(
)
15.93(1.41)
50.2

212.97 Btu /lb

Now, the actual compression work:

W actual=

W isentropic 212.97 Btu/lb

=
=250.55 Btu /lb
isentropic
0.85

Thus, the estimated horsepower:

P=m
W actual =3488.33 250.55=874001 Btu/hr
Ghorsepower =

Question 4

P
874001
=
=343.55 Btu/hr
2544
2544

1]

Given the natural gas gravity to air g = 0.75, the pseudocritical pressure p pc and
temperature T pc are 667 psi and 405 R, respectively. If the pressure and temperature are
1500 psi and 20 , respectively.
a. Mass of gas that can fit in 1000 ft3 of space

0.51

Figure shows the gas deviation factor for natural gases (Standing and Katz, 1942)
For p=1500 psi, p pr=1500/667=2.25 . Thus from the figure, Z is obtained as 0.51.
By using the real gas law and gas gravity definition, the mass of gas that can fit in 1000 ft3 of
space is:
m=

pV g M W air 1500 1000 0.75 28.97

=
=12408 lb
ZRT
0.51 10.73 480

b. Pressure when mass is increased by 50% if the temperature remains constant.

Figure shows the pseudocritical properties of natural gases. (Brown, 1948)

The idea then is for p/Z to become 1.5 times the current p/Z, that is
(1.5 1500)/(0.51)=4412 . It requires trial and error but using the same T pr

curve.

For each assumed pressure the p pr must be calculated, then a Z must be obtained and the
ratio p/Z must be checked against the 4412 value.

Question 5

A vertical well in an under saturated oil reserved has the following properties.
Average horizontal permeability, kH = 8.2 md
Initial reservoir pressure, pi = 5651 psia
Viscosity of oil, o =1.7 cp
Reservoir thickness, h =53 ft
Porosity, =0.19
Total compressibility, ct = 1.2910-5 psi-1
Well bore radius to sand face, rw = 0.328 ft
Skin factor, S= 0
Oil production rate were determined using the following equation:

k
3.23+0.87 S
0 Ci r w 2
log t + log

162.6 B0 0
q
kh
J =
=
( PiP wf )
By manipulating constant

Pi and Pwf , the equation below was obtained.

k
3.23+0.87 S
0 Ci r w 2
log t +log

162.6 B0 0
kh( P iPwf )
q=

Assumption:

Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

10

B 0=1.1
Oil production rate (q)
531.777
505.458
491.237
481.622
474.42
468.639
463.958
459.933
456.44
453.361
450.61

12

448.128

Oil Production Rate, q (stb/day)

540
520
500
480

oil production
rate (q)
Oil production rate, q (stb/day)
460
440
420
400

10 12 14

Month

Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Production curve for one year

16485.07
29042.57
47382.62
60302.82
77019.93
88596.22
105932.1
120190.1
130006.2
148393.9
157125.3
176254.8

Production Curve for 1 Year

200000
150000
Oilrate,
Production
rate 100000
Oil production
q (stb/day)

Linear (Oil Production rate)

50000
0

Month

To get 50% of production, the maximum point was divided by 2.

11

10

12

14

 q=176254.7593 /2=88127.38 stb/day between 5 th6 thmonth

Question 6
Given,
k

8.2 mD

1.7 cp

B0

1.1resbbl / stb

rw

0.328 ft

53 ft

1.78

Pwf

1200 psia

Pi

2500 psia

640 acres

10.3 P wf =257502195.08 q 0
P wf =2500213.115 q0
Since the IPR model is given as a linear equation, the reservoir can be identified as a singlephase flow (liquid).
When flowrate, q=0 ,

Pi=2500 psia

Considering the IPR model

q=

2575010.3(1200)
=6.1 stb/day
2195.08

J =

q
6.1
=
=0.0047
( PiPwf ) ( 25001200)

The actual production rate of the well is calculated to be 6.1 barrels per day with a production
index of 0.0047.

12

Since it is a single-phase flow, the following equation is to be used for the estimation:
re
+S
rw
ln

141.2 B
kh(PiP wf )
q=

Where, A= r e 2 hence r e =

A
640 43560
=
=2978.921 ft 2

2978.921
+0
0.328
ln

141.2 1.1 1.7

8.2 53 ( 25001200 )
J =

q=J ( Pi Pwf )=0.1806 (25001200)=234.762 stb / day

q max=0.1806 ( 250050 )=442.47 stb/day
The theoretical production rate of the well us calculated to be 234.762 barrels per day with a
production rate index of 0.1806.
Based on the comparison between the production rates, the actual production rate which is
6.1 barrels per day is much lower than the theoretical production rate which is 234.78 barrels
per day. This means that the location of the drainage area of the reservoir is towards the end
of the wells life cycle or production curve, meaning near the bottom of the well.
The shape of the drainage area of the reservoir is assumed to be funnel-shaped.

13

Question 7
Five may rain root cause of the accident.

Cement integrity test results is misinterpreted by BP Company and Transocean

personal on DWH rig.
Failure to recognize the increase in volume of the fluid when the pressure in drilling
fluid column decreased.
Failure of the blowout preventer (BOP) to stop all the hydrocarbon releasing into the
rig.
The pressure of the well causes the drill pipe to buckle and caused the failure of the
BOP to seal off the bottom well.
The management systems that intended to ensure the required functionality,
availability, and reliability of these safety critical barriers were inadequate.

Four main decision-making errors in causation of accident.

The negative test results were misconducted and accepted by the rig personal.
Crew members were unaware of the safety of the operation.
The crew members also closed the middle and upper pipe rams which caused the drill
pipe to buckle.
The crew should have set the diverter on the other side of the rig.

Five main safety or timely actions that would have prevented the accident.

14

All of the crew members should be trained on how to deal with the emergency
situation.
The crew members should request for a proper induction of the well for safety
precautions.
Additional BOP should be installed for safety measures.
The crew should investigate the pressure reading for the pipe from time to time.
Two or more barriers for the well should be installed.

Four main mitigation measures.

Proper risk assessment should be carried out and documented to classify and identify
the entire minor and major problem that happened during the operation.
The captain of the operation should be proper trained and give concise orders.
Safety course should be carried out for every crew members.
A proper investigation should be carried out to check the quality of the equipment and
the well from time to time.

Question 8
Given,
1000 bbl of 30 API Crude oil
500 bbl of 20 API Crude oil

a. Resulting blend volume.

Using equation,
S=4.86 108 C(100C)0.819 G2.28
Where,
S = volumetric shrinkage, as a percentage of the total mixture ideal volume
C = concentration, in liquid volume % of the lighter component in the mixture
G = gravity difference, in degrees API
Estimation of the percentage concentration of C,
C=

15

Volume of 30 API Crude Oil

10
Volume of 20 API Crude Oil+Volume of 30 API Crude Oil

C=

1000 bbl
100=66.67
500 bbl+1000 bbl

Estimation of gravity difference, G

G=30 API 20 API=10 API
Percentage of volumetric shrinkage, S
S=4.86 108 66.67(10066.67)0.819 10 2.28=0.01091
Volumetric shrinkage=1500bbl 0.01091 =16.365 bbl
Resulting blend volume=1500 bbl16.365 bbl=1483.635 bbl

b. Theoretical and actual blend density

Assumption: Mass is conserved
Using equation:
Original mass=mass of 30 API Crude oil+mass of 20 API Crude oil
API =

0=

141.5
131.5
0

0,st
w

Where,
API =API gravity of stock tank oil
0=specific gravity of stock tank oil ,1 for fresh water

0, st =density of stock tank oi ; , lb /ft 3

w =density of freshwater , 62.4 lb/ ft 3

Mass of 1000 bbl of 30 API Crude oil :

0=

16

141.5
=0.87616
161.5

0= 0 w =0.87616 62.4=54.6723 lb/ft

m=0 v=54.6723 1000 5.615=306984.9645lb

Mass of 500 bbl of 20 API Crude oil :

0=

141.5
=0.934
151.5

0= 0 w =0.934 62.4=58.2816lb/ ft 3
m=0 v=58.2816 500 5.615=163625.592lb
Original mass=mass of 30 API Crude oil+ mass of 20 API Crude oil
306984.9645+163625.592 470610.5565 lb

Theoretical blend density, dT

dT =

Original Masses
Original Volume

470610.5565
1500 5.615

48.157 lb /ft 3
Actual blend density, dA
dA=

17

Original Masses
Blend volume

470610.5565
1483.635 5.615

56.492lb/ft

Question 9
Determination of the index of aqueous phase trapping.
I RPA =0.26 log (x0.5)
I IPA=0.08 log(r p +0.4)
I PA =0.15 log ( p )0.175
I APT =0.25 log ( k a )+ 2.2 S wiI RPA I IPA + I PA
a. Given,
K a=100 md , x=2, Swi =0.3, r p=100 cm , p=30 Mpa
I RPA =0.046, I IPA=0.16, I PA =0.046
I APT =0.25 log (100)+2.2 0.30.0460.16 +0.046=0.954
Which suggests no aqueous trapping
b. Given,
K a=1 md , Swi =0.3, r p=10 cm , p=15 Mpa
I RPA =0.046, I IPA=0.08, I PA =0.00141
I APT =0.25 log (1)+ 2.2 0.30.0460.08+ 0.00141=0.53541
Which suggests significant aqueous trapping in this low-permeability, under-pressured
formation.

18

Question 10
Calculation of the expected pressure at the target zone and required mud weight.
a. An onshore well is drilled to a depth of 25,000 ft. At 21,000 ft, there is a barrier that
extends to the target.
Onshore: The equation below is used to calculate the expected pressure.
p=0.465 H a +1.1 ( H bH a )
p=0.465 21000+ 1.1 ( 2500021000 )=14165 psi
The hydrostatic pressure in psi with density, in lb/ft3 is given by
p=

H
144

Rearranging the equation above at 25000 ft depth with pressure of 14165 psi, the fluid
density is
=

144 14165
3
=81.6 lb/ft
25000

The required mud weight is 81.6 lb/ft 3 /7.48=10.9 lb/ gal

b. If this is an offshore well with the same depth below the mudline with water depth of
5,000 ft
p=0.465 26000+ 1.1 (3000026000 )=16400 psi
=

144 16400
=78.72lb/ft 3
30000

The equivalent mud weight is 78.72lb /ft 3 /7.48=10.5 lb/ gal

19

Question 11
Two reservoirs, one shallow (H =5,000 ft, T = 150 , p = 12,000 psi) and one deep (H =
25,000 ft, T = 450 , p = 12,000 psi) experience kicks, each of 20,000 scf of 0.6 gravity
5
gas. The diameter of the hole is 9
in and the drilling pipe diameter is 5 in. The reservoir
8
pressure and the drilling fluid gradients are 0.5 and 0.45 psi/ft, respectively.

20

Using the hole and the drill pipe diameters, the cross-sectional area of the annulus is 0.37 ft2.
For the shallow well, using the physical property calculations at the given pressure and
temperature, the formation volume factor, B g=5.94 103 res ft 3 / scf and the density,
=7.68 lb/ft 3 .
The kick gradient:

7.68 lb/ ft 3 /144=0.053 psi/ft

The kick volume:

5.94 10 res ft /scf 20000 scf =119 ft

21

Initial kick height of the shallow well:

119 ft /0.37 ft =321 ft

Hence the initial shut-in pressure in the drill pipe:

pdp ,i=[(dp /dH )r(dp /dH )df ] H
Where (dp / dH)r and (dp /dH)df are the gradients of the reservoir and drilling fluids,
respectively in psi/ft and H is the vertical depth.
pdp ,i= [ 0.50.45 ] 5000=250 psi

For the annulus head pressure:

pdp ,i=(dp /dH)r H (dp / dH )k H k (dp/dH )df (H H k )
Where (dp /dH)k

is the gradient of the kick and H k is the kick height

pdp ,i=0.5 50000.053 3210.45 ( 5000321 )=377 psi

It is calculated that the annulus head pressure is 51% larger than the static shut-in pressure.
For the deep well, the corresponding values are B g=3.1103 res ft 3 /scf

and the density,

=14.74 lb/ ft .
3

The kick gradient:

14.74 lb/ft /144=0.102 psi/ ft

The kick volume:

3.1 10 res ft /scf 20000 scf =62 ft

Initial kick height of the deep well:

62 ft 3 /0.37 ft 2=167 ft

The initial shut-in pressure in the drill pipe:

pdp ,i= [ 0.50.45 ] 25000=1250 psi
The annulus head pressure:
pdp ,i=0.5 250000.102 620.45 ( 25000167 )=1308 psi
It is calculated that the annulus head pressure for the deep well is less than 5% increase over
the static pressure. Such small increase may mask a kick in deep gas wells. It is essential that,
during drilling, such possibility is anticipated and measures are taken to control it.

Question 12
Given,
Component
N2
H2S

22

Mol (Vol) %
10.0
5.0

CO2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7+

10.0
63.8
5.0
3.0
.5
1.5
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2

Pressure=1000 psia ( 6.9 MPa )

S .G .=

MW = 26.5345 =0.91617
MW air

28.9623

1) GPSA gas gravity curve method

From Katzs gas-gravity chart (Figure 4-10 from the Oilfield Processing of Petroleum:
Natural gas)
P=1000 psia
T 67

2) Katz et al. K-values method

Component
N2
H2S
CO2

23

Z
0.1
0.005
0.1

K vs ( 66 ) z /K vs
0.3
-

0
0.01667
0

K vs ( 64 ) z /K vs K vs ( 63 ) z /K vs
0.25
-

0
0.2
0

0.24
1.22

0
0.2083
0

C1

0.638

1.252

0.50959

1.24

0.5145

0.77

C2

0.05

0.95

0.052632

0.83

0.0602

0.18

C3

0.03

0.31

0.09677

0.21

0.1429

0.08

iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7+

0.005
0.015
0.003
0.006
0.001
0.002

0.12
-

0.04167
0
0
0
0
0
0.717

0.095
-

0.0526
0
0
0
0
0
0.9702

0.5229
5
0.0649
4
0.1666
7
0.0625
0
0
0
0
0
1.025

(All the data is extracted from P59-P61 of the Oilfield Processing of Petroleum: Natural Gas)
K vs = for nonhydrate formersfor nbutane above 55
Formation temperature=63
3) Baillie and Wichert method
S .G .=0.91617
P=1000 psia

of H 2 S=5
of C 3=3
T =68.5

C3 adjustment =2.5
Hydrate formation temperature=66

Question 13

24

Assessment of a simple cooling. A simple cooling process is presented as below. Methane

enters the system at 25 and 40 bar. It is cooled and condensed in one step to -150
and 4 bar. Basis is 1 kg.

Selected value of Enthalpy and Entropy of Methane

Temperature ( )

Pressure (bar)

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Entropy (kJ/kg-K)

25

40

870.93

4.673

-75

688.76

5.065

-100

634.39

4.772

-150

40.90

0.342

Using the equation below, and getting the values from the table above for the inlet and outlet
conditions, respectively:

^ cool = Qcool = 40.9870.93 =830.2 kJ /kg

Q
m
1
Although actual conditions will vary with specific heat exchanger design; here, if assuming
the refrigerant side of the cooler were operated as an evaporator at 150 , and the
process side is at an average temperature of (150+ 25)/2=67.5 , the average
temperature difference in the heat exchanger would be approximately 82.5 . A
reasonable overall heat transfer coefficient might be 500 W /m2 K0.500 kJ / s m2 K .
Solving for the area:
A=

^
Q
830.2
=
=20.1 m2 /(kg /s )
U t T 0.500 82.5

For the base case of 8 MTPA, the rate is 253.7 kg/s. Thus, the heat transfer area required for
this size unit would be 253.7 kg / s 20.1m2 /(kg/s )=5100 m 2 .

25

Here, emphasis is given on the required work for the refrigeration cycle, instead of the total
heat transfer. The refrigeration cycle can be modeled with a Carnot refrigerator, operating
between the 123 K process side, and an assumed 298 K ambient temperature.
For this case:
COP=1 /(298/1231)=0.703
Thus,
^
W min =Q/COP=830.2/0.703=1.18
MJ /kg
For the flowrate of 253.7 kg/s, this becomes 299 MW.
The analysis above assumes that all heat transfer takes place at 150 , the final LNG
temperature. In reality, a process can be constructed in temperature steps to minimize the discrete
temperature difference, and thus minimize entropy degradation or lost work.

Question 14

26

To demonstrate the increase in efficiency from multistage cooling process, consider a threestage liquefaction process as described as below and as presented by Kanoglu (2002). The
interstage temperatures were selected arbitrarily. It aim to estimate maximum efficiency and
discuss comparison of multi stage versus single stage cooling.

75 , 4

25 , 40

^
Qc 1=h
100 , 4

75 , 4

^
Qc 2=h
150 , 4

100 , 4

^
Qc 3=h

Since W min =Qc /COP ,

^ min ,1=182.2/ 4.960=36.7 kJ /kg
W
^ min ,2=54.37 /1.649=33.0 kJ /kg
W
^ min ,3=593.6 /0.987=601.6 kJ / kg
W

Thus, the total

27

^ min =W
^ min,1 + W
^ min, 2+ W
^ min, 3
W

671.3 kJ /kg

Question 15
Given,
T =77 =537 R

1) Inlet pressure in the AD pipeline

Total rate of pipeline AD=80+50=130 MMscf /d

Assume Reynolds number of 1.0 107 , with a pipe relative roughness of 0.001, equation
below is used to get the value of f f .
1.1098

5.0452

7.149
=4 log {

log[
+
3.7065
N
2.8257
N
f f

0.8981

]}

1
0.001
5.0452
0.0011.1098
7.149
=4 log {

log[
+
7
7
3.7065 1.0 10
2.8257
1.0 10
f f

0.8981

]}

f f =0.0049
To calculate the inlet pressure of pipeline AD, the Z-factor is needed, and trial and error is
indicated, because the Z-factor depends on the pressure. Also, the viscosity must be adjusted
by the calculated pressure.
Assume the inlet pressure is 1000 psi. Since all the gas is methane, then
g =0.56, p pc =673.6 psi ,T pc=346.1 R , Z=0.9( Z chart) .
Using the equation below:
2

p12 p22=(4.195 106 )

28

g Z T q 24 f f L
p
(
+ ln 1 )
4
D
p2
D

1000 500 =(4.195 10 )

0.56 0.9 537 1300002 24 0.0049 52800

1000
(
+ln
)
4
10
500
10

750000 psi 1190089 psi

The left hand side (LHS) of the equation does not equal to the right hand side (RHS).
Adjusting the inlet pressure and calculating the new Z-factor until the LHS equals to the RHS
where p=1200 psiaZ =0.89 .
120025002=(4.195 106)

0.56 0.89 537 1300002 24 0.0049 52800

1200
(
+ln
)
4
10
500
10

1190000 psi 1180000 psi

That gives and inlet pressure of pipeline AD to be 1200 psi with Z =0.89 .
2) Diameter of pipeline BA
Given,
p1=1240, p 2=1200 psi , q=80 MMscf /d , L=1000 ft
Z =0.85, =0.0134 cp , N =1.1 107 ,f f =0.0049
g Z T q 2 24 f f L
p1
p1 p2 =(4.195 10 )
(
+ ln )
4
D
p2
D
2

1240 1200 =(4.195 10 )

0.56 0.85 77 802 24 0.0049 1000

1240
(
+ ln
)
4
D
1200
D

D=6
3) Outlet pressure at CA
Given,
p1=1000 psi , q=50 MMscf /d , L=800 ft , D=5
Z =0.88, =0.0128 cp , N =8.8 106 ,f f =0.0049
g Z T q 2 24 f f L
p1
p1 p2 =(4.195 10 )
(
+ ln )
4
D
p2
D
2

0.56 0.88 537 500002 24 0.0049 800

1000
1000 p2 =(4.195 10 )
(
+ln
)
4
5
p2
5
2

p2=960 psi

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