185

APPENDIX 1
MIX DESIGN
A1.1

TARGET STRENGTH
The majority of the construction works in study area are residential

buildings with multiple floors and they are not more than three floors. The
minimum grade of concrete recommended is M30 (IS: 456-2000) and a target
strength of 38.25 MPa is fixed in this work. Also, this work is carried out to
find the influence of brackish water in strength of concrete in the study area.
In order to account, for some of the possible variations, the target strength is
increased to 30 MPa. Hence, the mix design was carried out for characteristic
design strength of 30 MPa. (Krishnaraju 2008).
A1.2

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX M30

Grade designation

M30

Characteristic strength (fck)

30 N/mm2

Type of cement

OPC 53 Grade confirming

to IS :12269-1987

Maximum size of coarse aggregate

20 mm (angular)

Degree of workability

0.90 compaction factor

Type of exposure

Mild

Specific gravity of cement

3.15

Specific gravity of water

1.00

Chemical admixture

Super plasticizer
Conplast SP430

Mineral admixtures

Flyash and Silicafume

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Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

2.67

Specific gravity of fine aggregate

2.62

Water absorbtion of coarse aggregate

0.15%

Water absorbtion of fine aggregate

0.10%

Sand content

36% of total aggregates

Water cement ratio for M30 concrete

0.45 ( IS: 456, 2000)

172

kg

172

kg/m3

Concrete

5.00 MPa

Target mean strength

30 +1.64 SD

30+1.64*5

30+8.25 = 38.25 N/mm2

Crushed broken granites

As per codal provisons,

From Figure.2 of IS: 10262-1982,

select water content
For 20 mm size of aggregates,
maximum water content
Standard deviation (SD) for M30

From IS:456-2000,
Aggregate type

From IS: 10262 for 20mm size of coarse aggregates

Max. Water content

186 kg/m3

Hence, Cement content

172/0.45

382 kg/m3 (say 380 kg/m3)

380 kg

Minimum cement content required

Formula for mix proportion of fine and coarse aggregate,

1000 (1-a0) = [(Cement content / Sp.gr.of cement) + water content
+ (Fa / sp.gr.* Pf)]
1000(1-a0) = [(Cement content / Sp.gr. of cement)+water content
+(Ca/sp.gr. *Pc)]

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Where,
Ca = Coarse aggregate content,
Fa = Fine aggregate content,
Pf = Sand content as percentage of total aggregates = 0.40
Pc = Coarse aggregate content as percentage of total aggregates
= 0.64
a0 = Percentage of air content ,
As per IS:10262, for 20mm normal size aggregate,
Entrapped air content is 2%

0.02

Hence,

A1.3

1000 (1-0.02)

= [186+ (380/3.15) + (Fa/2.62*0.40)]

Fa

= 706 kg/m3

1000 (1-0.02)

= [186+(380/3.15)+ (Ca/2.67*0.71)]

Ca

= 1277kg/m3

(say 710 kg/m3)

(say 1280 kg/m3)

MIX RATIO
Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregate: w/c = (380: 710: 1280: 0.45)
The design mix proportions for the required target strength is as

follows,
Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregate: w/c = (1 : 1.87 : 3.37 :0.45)

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APPENDIX 2

A2.1

NEURAL NETWORK DESIGN AND TRAINING

The network architecture or features such as number of neurons and

layers are very important factors that determine the functionality and
generalization capability of the network. For this model, standard multilayer
feed forwardback propagation neural networks are designed with neural
fitting tool software. The network consists of three layers, they are the input
layer, hidden layer and out put layer. In order to determine the optimal
architecture, different network with different number of layers and neuron in
the hidden layer are designed and tested. The ANN models developed for the
prediction of 5 outputs from 11 inputs. The number of neurons is adjusted in
steps and the various stages of training of the model are summarized in Table
A2.1
The first stage, 10 neurons have been considered for training,
testing and validation. First stage has given a very high value of MSE for
training, testing and validation. Regression coefficient R was not close to 1
for training, testing and validation. In first set of trails, the percentage of
samples considered for training the network is 80%, the percentage of
samples for testing is 10 % and the percentage of samples for validation is
10 %. Each stage of training is carried out by 3 trials. The number of neurons
was increased by 5 up to 25 in four steps. Then percentage of samples
selected was adjusted to 70 % for training, 15 % for testing and 15 % for
validation. The training is repeated until minimum MSE values and R values
close to 1 are arrived. The expected results are arrived after 6 set of trials. The

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various stages of training are summarized in Table A3.1 with number of

neurons, MSE and R values of the training results.
Table A2.1 Training stages of ANN model
Percentage of
No.
samples
of
S.No
neo- TraiValirons ning Testing dation Training

10

15

20

25

10

15

80

80

80

80

70

70

10

10

10

10

15

15

10

10

10

10

15

15

MSE

R value

Testing

Validation

6.54E+08 7.79E+10 7.90E+11 0.812

0.112

0.378

9.77E+09 9.01E+12 9.24E+12

0.78

0.657

0.543

5.48E+07 8.88E+07 8.77E+09 0.912

0.6537

0.765

9.88E-01 4.53E+07 6.68E+08 0.812

0.435

0.7654

5.68E+07 2.35E+05 1.24E-06

0.786

0.1123

0.876

3.34E+07 5.56E+06 6.60E+01 0.912

0.576

0.234

1.23E+07 2.65E+08 4.57E+07 0.5643

0.6743

0.4532

7.89E+09 9.12E+09 8.96E+07 0.755

0.865

0.9003

2.35E+05 7.87E+07 5.58E+02 0.999

0.997

0.6578

5.98E+06 4.77E+11 3.46E+06 0.567

0.6574

0.876

2.34E+08 5.68E+07 4.47E+06 0.796

0.997

1.007

3.43E+03 3.45E+07 4.35E+10 0.231

0.435

0.876

2.37E+08 3.46E+05 5.44E+08 0.7649

0.4532

1.123

2.25E+05 4.57E+06 4.47E+06 0.785

0.652

0.768

5.67E+02 2.40E+03 4.54E+04 0.665

0.87

0.456

4.56E+03 4.53E+02 2.43E+03

0.87

0.78

0.87

2.34E+03 3.43E+05 1.40E+04 0.945

0.832

0.754

1.60E-03 6.40E-03 1.24E-06

0.997

0.976

Testing

Validation

Training

0.999

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APPENDIX 3

A3.1

MODEL CALCULATION OF SERVICE LIFE

The flexural members in a structure are beam and slab. The steel

reinforcements are subjected to corrosion, the service life of beam and slab
will deteriorate faster than any other elements of the structure. The
methodology in calculation of service life is explained here, by taking beam
as the case.
A3.2

METHOD TO FIX PERCENTAGE LOSS IN DIAMETER

The permissible percentage of loss can be fixed by following the

procedure given below.

Bending due to actual load

=M

Bending moment to factored load

= FM

Moment carrying capacity ( Mu) of the beam as per IS:456 - 2000

Mu = 0.87 * fy *Ast* d [1- ( fy * Ast / fck* bd) ]
where,
fy = Charateristic strength of steel in N / mm2
fck= Charateristic strength of concrete in N / mm2
Ast = Area of steel in mm2
b = Breadth of the beam in mm
d = Effective depth of the beam.

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For safe design,

FM < Mu

(A3.1)

Due to corrosion, the area of steel will get reduced.

Let Astc be area of steel after corrosion.
Now, the moment carrying capacity (Muc) of the beam after
corrosion Mu = Muc = 0.87 * fy *A stc * d [1- ( fy * Astc / fck* bd) ]
For safety against corrosion,
Muc > M

(A3.2)

The value of M, FM, Mu and Muc depends on the extent to which

area of steel is reducing.
Hence, Astc cannot be allowed to reduce more than certain limit so
that, the condition in equation (A3.2) should be satisfied.
Percentage of loss in area of steel due to corrosion
Percent loss = [Astc / Ast ] * 100
Percentage of loss that can be permitted
Permissible percentage of loss = [ 1 - (Percent loss ) ]
A3.3

Case study
A rectangular beam of cross section 230 mm x 450 mm is

reinforced with 4 numbers of 12 mm RTS bars. The grade of concrete in M20

and the grade of steel is Fe 415. The permissible loss in diameter of steel is
2.39 mm. The member is subjected to uniform rate of corrosion due to
carbonation. The rate of corrosion is 0.25 mm/year. Estimate the service life
of the structural member. Ignore the effect of bondage.
A3.3.i

Procedure
The procedure to calculate the service life can be understood from

the model calculation worked based on the case study.

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A3.3.ii

A3.3.iii

Given Data
Size of the beam

= 230 mm x 450 mm

Reinforcements

= 4 x 12 mm RTS bars

Grade of concrete

= M20

Grade of steel

= Fe 415

Permissible loss in diameter

= 2.39 mm

Rate of corrosion

= 0.25 mm/year = 250 m/year

Corrosion nature

= Carbonation

So, Value of K

= 0.5

Solution
The service life of structure is given in equation (4.4) as,
Service life of structure (t) = D / [ K * (2 x 10-3 ) * R(t)]

Where,
t

= Service life of structure in years.

= Permissible loss in diameter of reinforcement in mm

= Correction factor

R(t) = Corrosion rate at time ( m/year)

Substituting the given values in equation for service life,
t = D / [ K * (2 x 10-3 ) * R(t)]
t = 2.39 / [ 0.5 * (2 x 10-3 ) * 250]
t= 9.56 years
A3.3.iv

Result
Safe Service life of structure under given
Corrosion environment = 9.56 years