Designing Defence Scheme for East

Kalimantan Power System Based On

Under Frequency Relay by Setting
Frequency or Rate of Change of
Frequency
Ammar Syahid Rabbani1, Muhammad Nurdin2, Nanang Hariyanto3
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
ammarabbani@students.itb.ac.id1, nurdin@stei.itb.ac.id2, nanang.hariyanto@stei.itb.ac.id3

AbstractSome disturbances often occur in

power system that cause system to become

unstable. One of the parameters that must be
considered is frequency. If disturbance such as
outage of generating unit, the power generated
will be reduced even though the load demand
remains constant. In this condition, system
suffer power imbalance. If the other generating
units in the system is not able to supply the
required power, system frequency will decline.
When a large disturbance occurs in power
system, the decline of frequency will also big.
Frequency drops drastically cause the system to
become unstable. In the end, blackout occur
and it took a long time to restore to normal
condition.
Therefore, defence scheme is needed to
overcome frequency decline. Defence scheme
consist of load shedding and islanding. Under
Frequency Relay by setting frequency or rate of
change of frequency used to detect disturbance
and does load shedding. If bigger disturbance
occurs, the system will be split into several
islands based on generator coherency. Defence
scheme designed will be implemented into East
Kalimantan power system.
Keywords Power imbalance, UFR by
setting frequency, UFR by setting frequency or
rate of change of frequency, islanding based on
generator coherency
I. INTRODUCTION

Generated power must be proportional to

the load demand and losses. Frequency is
affected by the difference between generated
power and load demand. This difference is
caused due to disturbances which reduce the
generation capacity of the system. For example,
due to loss of a generator, the generating
capacity decreases while the load demand
remains constant. If the other generators in the
system are unable to supply the power needed,
the system frequency begins to decline.
Abnormal operation of generator will force
protection system to trip and release that
generator. The disturbance become bigger and
more unstable. The other generator operation
will also be disrupted and trip one by one. At
the end, blackout occur in the system and it
took a long time to restore to normal condition.
Therefore, power system need a defence
scheme to prevent blackout. Defence scheme
consist of load shedding and islanding. Load
shedding commonly used in power system is
based on underferquency relay with frequency
seting. Relay will shed a load when the
frequency drops according to the frequency
setting on the relay. If a large disturbance
occurs in power system, rate of change of
frequency will also large. Large rate of change
of frequency canot be detected quickly using
frequency setting on UFR. Therefore, UFR is
set to be able to detect the rate of change of
frequency and shed the large amount of load. If

the system suffers larger disturbance,

system will be split into several islands
work independently. It meants that
frequency of each island can return to
permitted limit quickly.

the
that
the
the

East Kalimantan is a province with an area

of 245.238 km2 and population 3.353.143.
According to PT. PLN (Persero) Statistics in
2013, the installed capacity is 318,4 MW with
dispatch power is 294,8 MW and peak load is
334,4 MW [1]. These values indicate that there
was a deficit of 39,6 MW when peak load. That
causes the power system vulnerable to
unstability in East Kalimantan. Although the
East Kalimantan power system have had
defence scheme, but the defence scheme has
not been able to improve frequency when large
disturbance. Proposed defence scheme can be
applied and developed into East Kalimantan
power system to maintain the stability of the
system.

Generated Power= Loads+ Losses

Generally, the scheme is designed to
protect maximum overload of 33% loss of
generators. The amount of overload can be
calculated by the following formula [3]:

%Overload=

Total load shedding must be ensured

sufficient amount to return the frequency into
nominal value. For system 50 Hz, the nominal
frequency within range 49,5-50,5 Hz. The
formulation to calculating total load shedding is
as follow [3]:

LD=

Steam
Gas
Combine cycle
Diesel
Total

Amount of
Generating Unit
5
1
3
31
303

f
f system

Dispatch Power
(MW)
Where LD=Total load shedding (%),
69,9
OL=Overload (pu), f=Expected frequency
18
(Hz), fsystem=Nominal frequency (Hz), and
51,1
d=load reduction factor.
156,4
295,3

Tabel 2 Load data on East Kalimantan power

system
Substation
HARAPAN BARU
BUKUAN
SAMBUTAN
EMBALUT
BUKIT BIRU
TENGKAWANG
KARANG JOANG
MANGGAR SARI
INDUSTRI
Total

OL
f
d 1
f system
( 1+OL )
1d 1

Table 1. Generator data on East Kalimantan

power system
Generator Type

LoadsRemainGenerator Capacity
RemainGenerator Capacity

Load (MW)
33.1
9.8
18.1
25.7
15.9
75.9
22.8
34.4
57.7
293.4

II. BASIC THEORY

A. UFR by Setting Frequency
UFR by setting frequency will shed the
load considering the balance of power within
the system. The relationship is following this
formulation [2]:

Load reduction factor is considering the

model of load inside the power system. D value
is 0 on the static load with constant impedance
and d value is varies on static load with power
constant [4]. D value can be simplified by the
formulation [2]:

d=

Percentageload change
Percentagefrequency change

The next step divides the load shedding in

several stages. Adding the number of stage will
make a total load shedding each stage to be
small but there is a risk that the load is shed for
too long and long time to return stable. While
the little number of stages will make total load
shedding each stage it too large and there is a
risk of over load shedding. Generally, load
shedding stage consist of three to five stages.
B. UFR by Setting Frequency or Rate of
Change of Frequency

When the power system suffers large

disturbance, the power imbalance in the system
will also be great. The parameters that must be
observed is the rate of change of frequency due
to rete of change of frequency is proportional to
the amount of disturbance. This condition can
be seen from the formulation [5]:

m 0=

60 P step
d
{ t=0=
dt
2H

If the rotational speed is proportional to the

frequency so that total power difference
between generator and load can be determine.
Formulations for determining total power
difference is as follows [5]:

angle is not much different. Generally,

coherency reviewed through the rotor angle of
each generator to the time between 0.5-1
seconds after the power imbalance in the
system [6]. The line that disconnected is
expected the weakest line which critical
clearing time is small. This meant that no
interference propagation through the line which
will worsen the condition of the system.
III. METHODOLOGY
Implementation of defence scheme is
following several stages:
a. Make modeling of East Kalimantan power
system
on
DigSILENT.

2 Hs dfs
=Pdiff
fo dt
Where HS=System inertia (s), fo=nominal
frequency (50 Hz), dfs/dt=Rate of change of
frequency (Hz/s), and Pdiff=Total power
difference (pu)
The calculation takes the value of inertia of
system with formulation [2]:

b.
Collect data which is related from
DigSILENT.
c. Perform processing data for load shedding
scheme
and
the
H 1 MVA 1+ H 2 MVA 2+ +
HnMVAn
Hsystem=
establishment of the island.
MVA 1+ MVA 2++d.MVAn
Simulate load shedding scheme and the
establishment
of
the
island
along
with
troubleshooting
when
The amount of disturbance in the system is
problems
occur
in
proportional to the rate of change of frequency.
the simulation.
Total load shedding to stabilize the system must e. Conduct an analysis of the proposed scheme
consider the amount of disturbance. Therefore, defense
and
the total load shedding should consider to the
defense existing defence schemes in East
rate of change of frequency.
Kalimantan
power system.
C. Islanding Based On Generator Coherency
Islanding is an advance defence scheme
when the load shedding unable to return the
system frequency into normal. This scheme will
form several islands that isolated one with one
another. An island consists of generating units
and load that operate locally. Coherency of the
generator is determined by looking at changes
in the swing phase angle between the rotor
generator units when there is a power
imbalance. Group coherent generator is a
generator that has a phase change swing rotor

Figure 1 Two islands on East Kalimantan

power system based on coherency

There are two islands in East Kalimantan

power system based on coherency and
geographically configuration. The power of one
island is deficit, while the other is surplus.
Because of to get stabilization quickly, load
shedding scheme is considering the overload of
each island. The island that have a large
overload will shed a larger load. So that when a
large disturbance interrupt system and the

system split into several islands, islands formed

quickly stabilized because the balance of
power.
Tabel 3 Configuration of load shedding each
group
Group

f
(Hz)
49.3
49.1
48.9
48.7
48.5
49.3
49.1
48.9
48.7
48.5

1
2
3
4
5
Total

Total Load
Shedding
Percentage (%)
15
17
20
23
25
100

1
2
3
4
5
Total

15
17
20
23
25
100

Stage

Keledang, PLTU Senoni, 2 PLTD CDE,

and PLTD Kaltimex 1&2.
That scenario is causing overload 37.3%.
The frequency drops to 40.6 Hz and 44.2 Hz in
steady state point after disturbance without
using defence scheme.

Total Load
Shedding The proposed defense scheme based on
(MW)
UFR with frequency setting is implemented
6.6
into the system. Disturbance causes the system
7.5
frequency drops to 48.8 Hz and 49.5 Hz in
8.8
steady state point. 47 MW loads has been shed.
10.1
44.1
7.1
9.4
10.8
11.8
47.1

Tabel 4 UFR by setting rate of change of

frequency
df/dt (Hz/s)
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
Total Load Shedding by
Setting df/dt
Total Load Shedding by
Setting Frequency

Figure 2 The frequency response of the system

Total Load Shedding
after implementation defence scheme based on UFR
(MW)
by setting frequency
27.8
32
36.1
40.2
44.4
180.5
91.2

Proposed defence scheme for East

Kalimantan power system needs to be tested on
some disturbances so that the reliability of the
scheme can be ensured. Some disturbances,
especially given the loss of generator randomly
and suddenly. Test scenario consists of 2
scenarios where each of these scenarios provide
different characteristics. The scenarios are as
follows:
1
2

Loss of generators of CFK, KPM,

Karangasam, Keledang, Senoni, 2 units
CDE, and Kaltimex 1&2.
Loss of generators of Keledeng,
Powerindo, CFK, KPM, Kukar, Senoni, 2
units Karangasam, Brush 32 MVA SBR,
CDE, 2 units CGD, BTKAN, Kaltimex
1&2, and 2 units Gunung Malang.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Loss of generators of PLTD CFK, PLTD

KPM, PLTD Karangasam, PLTD

(X-axis: time (s), y-axis: frequency (Hz))

Modifications defense scheme based on

UFR by setting frequency or rate of change of
frequency will improve the system frequency.
After disturbance frequency of the system will
drop 49.1 Hz and 49.8 Hz on steady state point.
70.57 MW has been shed.

Figure 3 The frequency response of the system

after implementation defence scheme based on UFR
by setting frequency or rate of change of frequency
(X-axis: time (s), y-axis: frequency (Hz))

. Figure 5 The frequency response of the

system after implementation defence scheme based
on UFR by setting frequency
(X-axis: time (s), y-axis: frequency (Hz))

If the scenario tested on existing defense

scheme, the frequency will drop to 48.7 Hz and
50.7 Hz on steady state point. 97.9 MW loads

Further schemes defense scheme based on

UFR by setting the frequency or rate of change

has been shed.

of frequency is implemented into the system,

the disturbance causes the system frequency
drops to 48.2 Hz. The system succes split into
two where the steady state frequency of the
island 1 (blue) is 49.9 Hz, while frequency
steady state of the island 2 (pink) is 50 Hz.

Figure 4 The frequency response of the system

after implementation exsisting defence
(X-axis: time (s), y-axis: frequency (Hz))

Loss of generators of PLTD Keledeng,

PLTD Powerindo, PLTD CFK, PLTD
KPM, PLTD Kukar, PLTU Senoni, 2 PLTD
Karangasam, PLTG Brush 32 MVA SBR,
PLTD CDE, 2 PLTD CGD, PLTD
BTKAN, PLTD Kaltimex 1&2, and 2
PLTD Gunung Malang.

That scenario is causing overload 69,2%.

The overload exceeds overload limit for load
shedding scheme. Therefore, the defence
scheme which working is islanding.
Implementation defence scheme based on
UFR by setting frequency causes the system
frequency drops to 48.3 Hz. The system then
split into two islands where the frequency of
the island 1 (blue) suffer blackout, while the
island 2 (pink) towards the steady state at a
frequency of 50 Hz.

Figure 6 The frequency response of the system

after implementation defence scheme based on UFR
by setting frequency or rate of change of frequency
(X-axis: time (s), y-axis: frequency (Hz))

V. CONCLUSION
Proposed defense scheme on East
Kalimantan power system is designed to be
able to overcome large disturbance therefore
setting UFR is not only frequency but also rate
of change of frequency. UFR by setting
frequency can shed the load up to 39.1%
overload.
UFR by rate of change of frequency setting
faster stabilizing the system than just using the

frequency setting for shed the load with a large

capacity in the beginning of the disturbance.
There are priorities in shed the load on the
balance of power on each island. The forming
of the island using UFR by rate of change of
frequency setting is better than frequency
setting.

REFERENCES

[1] PT. PLN (Persero), Statistik PLN 2013,

Jakarta: Sekertariat PT PLN (Persero),
2014.
[2] J. R. Jones and W. D. Kirkland,
"Computer Algorithm For Selection of
Frequency relays For Load Shedding,"
IEEE, Birmingham.
[3] Y. Omar, I. Abidin, S. Yusof, H. Hashim
and A. Rashid, "Under Frequency Load
Shedding (UFLS): Principle and
Implementation," IEEE, Kuala Lumpur,
2010.
[4] Kundur and P. Kundur, Power System
Stability, Toronto: McGraw-Hill, Inc,
2006.
[5] Z. Zhang, Z. Wang and P. Fang, "Study on
Emergency Load Shedding Based on
Frequency and Voltage Stability," North
China Electric Power University, Beijing,
2014.
[6] H. You, "Slow Coherency Based
Islanding," IEEE Transactions on Power
Systen, 2004.

Defense scheme contained in the existing

power systems in East Kalimantan shed larger
load than the proposed defense scheme.
Therefore, East Kalimantan power system is
more susceptible to over load shedding when
disturbance occurs. It is certainly harmful to the
generating unit that have frequency limitations
permitted.