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LET Reviewer in Professional Education

INFINITHINK LET Reviewer in Professional Education

Philosophical Foundation of Education

ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
REALISM
Thinkers:
Aristotle
Harris Broudy
John Locke
John Comenius
Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Rosseu
Assumptions
Reality is what we observe.
Experience exists only in the physical world.
Mind is like a mirror receiving images only from the physical world.
Nature is a primary self-evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing.
Investigating and reasoning are important in any effective adjustment to the real world
in the control of experience.

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Role of Teachers
Help develop initiative and ability to control experiences.
Help realize that they can enter into the meaning of their experiences
The students would be taught factual information for mastery.
Models/Strategies
The use of Scientific Methods
Defining the problem
Observing factors related to problem
Hypothesizing
Testing the hypothesis
Educational Aim
Gives direction and form to individuals basic potentialities.
Determines the direction of the individuals inherited tendencies.
Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by
meeting 4 principal need of an individual.
Aptitude needs
Self-determination needs
Self-realization needs.
Self-integration needs
Curriculum Emphasis
Study habits
Research skills
Library skills
Evaluation
Observation
Experimentation
Analytical and critical thinking

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School of Thought
IDEALISM
Thinkers:
Plato
Socrates
Rene Decartes
Assumptions
Emphasize the importance of mind, soul and spirit.
Believes in refined wisdom. Based on the view that reality is a world within a persons
mind.
Schools exist to sharpen the mind and intellectual processes.
One of the oldest school of thoughts with its origin traced back to Platos ideas.
Role of Teachers
Transmitter of knowledge
Chief source of inspiration
Creator of educational environment (teacher-centered).
Models/Strategies
Lecture-Discussion Method
Excursion
Question Method
Project Method
Educational Aim
To develop the individual spiritually, mentally, and morally.
Curriculum Emphasis
Subject Matter of mind:
literature
history
philosophy
mathematics
arts

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School of Thought
PRAGMATISM / EXPERIMENTALISM / EMPERICISM
Thinkers:
John Dewey
Charles Sanders Peirce
William James
Richard Rorty
Assumptions
Conservative philosophy
Primarily an American philosophy.
Focuses on reflective thinking. The knowledge process, the relationship of ideas
into action.
Encourages people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.
Makes use of experience as a source of knowledge
Role of Teachers
Keeps order in the class
Facilitates group work
Encourages and offers suggestions, questions and help in planning
Curriculum planner.
Models/Strategies
Experimental Methods
Statement of the problem
Hypothesizing
Investigating or data gathering
Testing hypothesis
Forming conclusions
Creative and constructive projects
Field trips
Laboratory work
Activity-centered
Student-centered activities
Educational Aim
For social efficiency.

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Train the students to continuously and actively quest for information and production of
new ideas needed to adjust to the ever-changing society.
Curriculum Emphasis
Creation of new social order
Integrated and based on the problem of society (NCBTS based).
Subjects are interdisciplinary.

TRADITIONAL/CONSERVATIVE PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
PERENNIALISM
Thinkers:
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Mortimer Jerome Adler
Jacques Maritain
Assumptions
Most Conservative philosophy
Education focuses on developing rationality.
Education is preparation for life, and the students should be taught of the worlds
permanencies through structured studies.
Truths are constant and universal.
Students must acquire knowledge of unchanging principles.
Role of Teachers
Known Master of Discipline.
Source of knowledge (teacher-centered).
Models/Strategies
Subject-centered.
Methods of disciplining the mind through reading and discussion
Memorization to develop mastery.
Educational Aim
To develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant.

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Curriculum Emphasis
Great ideas or universal principles.
Focused on arts and sciences.

School of Thought
ESSENTIALISM / TRADITIONALISM / CONSERVATISM
Thinkers:
Plato
Karl Popper
John Stuart Mill
William Bagley
Assumptions
Assumes that values are embedded in the universe waiting to be discovered and
understood.
Learning is relatively static, since there is only one way to understand the world that is
already written in the book (textbook approach to learning).
Study of knowledge and skills based on the book is imperative to become productive
member of the society.
Role of Teachers
Base the lesson to the book.
Prepare well-organized lesson to prove that he is an authority of instruction.
Models/Strategies
Deductive method
Drill method
Recitation
Memorization
Educational Aim
Provide sound training of the fundamental skills.
Develop individual to perform justly, skillfully and magnanimously.

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Curriculum Emphasis
Emphasis on essential skills in reading, writing and counting.
Hard sciences and vocational courses.

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
PROGRESSIVISM
Thinkers:
William Heard Kilpatrick
John Dewey
Assumptions
Exactly opposite of perennialism.
Assumes that the world changes.
Learner must be taught to be independent, self-reliant thinker, learn to discipline
himself, be responsible for the consequences of his actions.
Emphasize on the concept of progress which asserts that human beings are capable of
improving and perfecting their environment.
Curriculum must be derived from the needs and interests of the students.
Role of Teachers
Acts as a resource person
Guide or facilitator of learning (student-centered).
Teaches students how to learn and become active problem solvers.
Teachers provide experiences that will make students active and not passive.
Models/Strategies
Cooperative learning strategies.
Reflective strategies
Problem solving strategies.
Educational Aim
To provide the learner the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing
environment.

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Curriculum Emphasis
Activity and experience centered on life functions.

School of Thought
EXISTENTIALISM / EXPERIMENTALISM
Thinkers:
Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
Jean-Paul Sartre
Assumptions
Man has no fixed nature and he shapes his being as he lives.
Man exists of his own choice.
Reality is what you experience.
School exists to discover and expand society we live in. Students study
social experiments and solve problems.
Existence precedes essence.
Role of Teachers
Good provider of experiences.
Effective questioner.
Mental disciplinarian.
Creates an atmosphere for active interaction.
Discuss the different situations based on each individual experiences.
Models/Strategies
Inquiry Approach
Question-Answer Method
Educational Aim
To train an individual for significant and meaningful existence.
Curriculum Emphasis
Subject-centered.
Arts for aesthetic expression
Humanities for ethical values.

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School of Thought
RECONSTRUCTIONALISM
Thinkers:
Theodore Brameld
George Sylvester Counts
Paulo Reglus Neves Freire
Ivan Illich
Assumptions
Man to a significant degree plan and control his society.
Society is in need of constant reconstruction.
Social change involves a reconstruction of education and the use of education in
reconstructing society.
Mankind has the intellectual, technological, and moral potential to create a world
civilization of abundance, health and human capacity.
Role of Teachers
Lead the learners in designing programs for social, educational, practical and economic
change.
Primary agent of social change.
Initiates lively discussions on controversial issues, political and educational.
Enables the learners to critically examine their cultural heritage.
Models/Strategies
Community-based projects
Problem-oriented method
Educational Aim
Education is based on the quest for better society.
Education enlivens the students awareness of different societal problems.
Curriculum Emphasis
Stresses learning that enable the individual to live in a global milieu.
Controversial national and international issues.
Emphasis on social sciences and social research methods; examination of social,
economic and political problems.
Focused on present and future trends.

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