EARTHQUAKE AND ITS EFFECTS

Earthquakes and its effects on buildings,

earthquake zones in India, Architectural
design considerations and construction
detailing for earthquake resistance.

CONTENTS
1 .What is Earthquake
1.1 The earth and its interior
1.2 Plate tectonics
1.3 The circulation
1.4 What causes Earthquake?

1.5 How ground shake

1.6 The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake
2 .Seismic waves
2.1 What are seismic waves
2.2 Types of seismic waves
2.3 The seismic effect on structures
2.4 Seismic zones in India
2.5Effect on structure
3 .Architectural features

3.1 Why building twist

3.2 How buildings twist
3.3 Why building twists
3.4 Effect of earthquake on different elements
3.5 Behavior of different parts of structure during earthquake
3.6Design consideration

FIGURES LIST
1 .ERTHAUAKE
1.1 INSIDE THE EARTH
1.2 LOCAL CONVECTIVE CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE
1.3 MAJOR TECTONIC PLATES ON THE EARTH S SURFACE
1.4 TYPE OF INTER PLATE BOUNDARIES
1.5 ARRIVAL OF SESMIC WAVES AT A SITE
1.6 THE FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUKE .
1.7 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF AN ERTHQUAKE
1.8 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF FOCUS AND EPICENTER
1.9 GEOGRAFICAL LAYOUT AND TECHTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIS AT INDIA
1.10 SOME PART ERTHQAKES

2 .SESMIC ZONE
2.1 BODY WAVE P & S WAVES
2.2SURFACE WAVE R AND S
2.3 INDIAN SESMIC ZONE MAP OF 1970
2.4 INDIAN SESMIC ZONE MAP AS PER IS 1893-2002
2.5EFFECT OF INERTIA IN A BUILDING WHEN SHAKEN AT ITS BARE
2.6 INERTIA FORCE AND RELATIVE MOTION WITHIN A BUILDING
2.7 PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS OF A BUILDING
2.8 FLO OF SESMIC INERTIA FORCES THROUGH ALL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2.9 PARTIAL COLLAPSE OF STON MOSNAORY WALLS DURING 1991 UTTARKASHI (INDIA)
2.10 EARTHQUAKE
2.11 COLLAPSE OF RENFORCED CONCRETE COLLOPSE (AND BUILDING)
2.12 DURING 2001 BHUJ (INDIA)ERTHQUAKE.

What are Earthquakes?

The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden
release of energy
Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks
Continuing adjustment of position results in
aftershocks

Structure of earth:

Fig:1.1

Inner Core (radius ~1290km),

the Outer Core (thickness
~2200km),
the Mantle (thickness ~2900km)
and the Crust (thickness ~5 to
40km).

Convection currents develop in the

viscous Mantle, because of
prevailing high temperature and
pressure gradients between the
Crust and the Core, like the
convective flow of water when
heated in a beaker (Figure 1.2).
Fig:1.2

The convective flows of Mantle

material cause the Crust and some
portion of the Mantle, to slide on the
hot molten outer core. This sliding of
Earths mass takes place in pieces
called Tectonic Plates.
Fig:1.3

Three types of inter-plate

interactions are the convergent,
divergent and transform
boundaries (Figure 4), respectively.

Fig:1.4

How ground shakes:

Large strain energy released during an earthquake travels as
seismic waves in all directions through the Earths layers,
reflecting and refracting at each interface.
three types of inter-plate
interactions are the
convergent, divergent and
transform
boundaries (Figure 4),
respectively

Fig:1.5

The Focus and Epicenter of

an Earthquake:
ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKE The point within Earth where
faulting begins is the focus, or
hypocenter
Fig:1.1

The point directly above the focus

on the surface is the epicenter

Connect the focus/hypocenter to

centre of earth & extend the line
to the surface of earth i.e.
epicenter is located

Fig:1.7

Fig:1.8

Fig:1.9

What are Seismic Waves?

Response of material to the
arrival of energy fronts released
by rupture
Two types:
Body waves
P and S

Surface waves
R and L

Body Waves: P and S waves

Fig:1.10

Body waves
P or primary waves
These waves are generated due to
longitudinal vibrations within the earth &
its velocity is approx 8KN/sec
fastest waves
travel through solids, liquids, or gases
compression wave, material movement is
in the same direction as wave movement
S or secondary waves
These are transmitted due to transverse
vibrations causing shaking of the earth
surface. The velocity is 45KN/sec.
slower than P waves
travel through solids only
shear waves - move material
perpendicular to wave movement

Surface Waves: R and L waves

Fig:1.11

Surface Waves
Generated due to reflection, refraction & severe vibrations due to which
several minute waves are generated at epicenter & these waves travel
along the ground surfaces in all direction.
Travel just below or along the grounds surface
Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement
Especially damaging to buildings

Seismic zones in
India :

Fig:2.1

Fig:2.2

The seismic effect on

structures:

Fig:2.3

Fig:2.4

Inertia Forces in Structures

Earthquake causes shaking of the
ground. So a building resting on it will
experience motion at its base. From
Newtons First Law of Motion, even
though the base of the building moves
with the ground, the roof has a
tendency to stay in its original position.
But since the walls and columns are
connected to it, they
drag the roof along with them.

Effect of Deformations in Structures

The inertia force experienced by the roof is
transferred to the ground via the columns,
causing
forces in columns

Forces acting on Structures:

Three forces in X, Y and Z directions.
Usually vertical is managed by the
downward forces.
Fig:2.5

X and Y direction of forces are of

more concern.

Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundations

Inertial forces
Floor` slab
`
Beams
Columns
Foundation
Fig:2.5.1

Hence Joints are critical and need to be

designed cautiously

The convective flows of Mantle

material cause the Crust and some
portion of the Mantle, to slide on
the
hot molten outer core. This sliding
of Earths mass takes place in
pieces called Tectonic Plates.

Fig:2.6

three types of inter-plate

interactions are the convergent,
divergent and transform
boundaries (Figure2.6),
respectively.

Architectural Features

Fig:2.7

Fig:2.8
Fig:2.9

Architectural Features

Fig:2.10

Why a Building Twists

Fig:2.11

Fig:2.13
Fig:2.12

How Building Twists

Fig:2.15

Due to Twist i.e. Torsional Forces

Fig:2.14

Fig:
Fig:2.16
1.1

The Earthquake Problem

Fig:2.17

Fig:2.18

Fig:2.19

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

Surface & subsoil- Many a times buildings are damaged or
collapsed due to failure of soil over which they are erected.
a) Surface fault & rupture- sometimes fault line with wide gap or
rupture or sudden change in level may appear.
b) Land slide- seismic forces may trigger massive land slide or
avalanche during earthquake damaging building.
c) Shaking or back or forth movement of surface- building without
strong bond between different elements may not withstand
severe vibrations & shaking
d) Horizontal waves along the surface
e) Liquefaction- due to continuous vibrations & shaking different
elements in soil may lose cohesion & particles may disintegrate.
Soil behaves as liquid.

Behavior of brick masonry walls :

Fig:2.20

Fig:2.21

How to Improve Behavior of

Masonry Walls

Fig:1.1

Box Action in Masonry

Buildings

Fig:2.24

Fig:2.25

Influence of Openings

Box Action in Masonry Buildings

Fig:2.25

Fig:1.1

Role of Horizontal Bands

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Design of Lintel Bands

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Response of Masonry Walls

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

How Vertical Reinforcement

Helps

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Behavior during Past India

Earthquakes

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Stone Wall Construction

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Reinforced Concrete Building

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Reinforced Concrete Building

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Reinforcement and Seismic

damage

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Reinforcement and Seismic

damage

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Possible Earthquake Damage

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Possible Earthquake Damage

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Why are Buildings with Shear

Walls Preferred in Seismic
Regions?

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

How to Reduce Earthquake

Effects on Buildings?

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Why Beam Column Joints are

special

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Why Beam Column Joints are

special
Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Whyare
areOpen-Ground
Open-GroundStorey
Storey
Why
BuildingsVulnerable
Vulnerableinin
Buildings
Earthquakes?
Earthquakes?

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Why are Open-Ground Storey

Buildings Vulnerable in
Earthquakes?

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

Why are Short Columns more

Damaged During Earthquakes?

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1
Fig:1.1

Why are Short Columns more

Damaged During Earthquakes?

Fig:1.1

Fig:1.1

How to Reduce Earthquake

Effects on Buildings?
Two basic technologies are used to
protect from damaging earthquake
effect. These are Base isolation
devices and seismic dampers. The idea
behind base isolation is to detached
(isolate) the building from the ground
in such a way that earthquake motions
are not transmitted up through the
building or at least greatly reduced.
Seismic dampers are special devices
introduced in the building to absorb
the energy provided by the ground
motion to the building .
Fig:1.1

Questions
1.Explain the various planning aspects and construction
systems /techniques which can be integrate as part of buildings
design to improve the ability of buildings to withstand the effects
of earthquake.
2.Give a brief explanatory note on earthquake zones in india .
3. What are the earthquakes and how do they influence building ?Draw net sketches
of various precaution that should be incorporate in the design of buildings to
make them earthquake-safe.
4.During earthquake, what factors lead to server damages to the building ?Explain the
systems / techniques that a designer has to incorporate in the design of buildings
to make buildings resist earthquake.
5. With support of neat sketches recommend the different construction feature that need to
The building during earthquake.
6.With support of neat sketches recommend the different construction features that
need to be integrate in design of load bearing structures to make them resist the
earthquake.