LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law allows us to convert heat into work, or work into heat. It also allows us to
change the internal energy of a system by transferring either heat or work between the system
and its surroundings.
Second law in an isolated system, natural processes are spontaneous when they lead to an
increase in disorder, or entropy. By definition, neither heat nor work can be transferred between
an isolated system and its surroundings.
Third law is the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is
equal to absolute zero (0 K). The crystal must be perfect, or else there will be some inherent
disorder.
THE APPLICATION THAT USES ALL THREE OF THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS IS DIESEL ENGINE.

The conservation of energy principle defined by the first law of thermodynamics says that
when all of the fuel's energy is released by burning in the engine's cylinders it doesn't disappear.
The total quantity of energy stays the same and must be accounted for. In the case of the diesel
engine shown below it either becomes thermal energy (heat) or mechanical energy (work). For
every 100 units of fuel energy that is burned in the engine a hundred units of converted energy
has to end up somewhere. It doesn't disappear. The picture below shows one example of where
the energy goes. The example assumes the engine is operating in what we call "steady state".

Steady state means the engine is running at a steady constant load and constant speed and
is not warming up or cooling down. In this steady state condition the energy flows are also
steady and constant. A good example is our engine above. If the engine has just been started after
sitting all night and getting cold it will take a while to get warmed up before it reaches steady
state. The engine's temperature control valves (thermostats) will keep the engine water from
flowing to the radiator until it gets warm enough. If we measure the energy flowing out of the
engine during the warm up period we would find that less energy is flowing out than is going in.
Some energy is being stored in the engine parts and fluids. It is hard to measure this, but if you
could you would find that the energy heating up the metal, oil, and water (stored energy), plus
the energy flowing out in the oil, cooling water, and exhaust exactly equals the energy in the fuel
going in. Eventually all the fluids and engine parts will reach a constant operating temperature.
Then we can say the engine is operating in steady state and the energy out equals the energy in.

For the second law of thermodynamics, it tells us that the usefulness of energy decreases
as it moves and makes things happen. All mechanical energy can and does eventually become
less concentrated heat energy. But we can't go the other way. We can't convert all of the heat
energy into mechanical energy. The concept of the second law of thermodynamics applied to

heat engine is equally applicable on the internal combustion engines used in our
cars, motorcycles, ships, airplanes, etc. In the internal combustion engines the heat is generated
by combustion of fuel inside the engine. The combustion of fuel takes place due to generation of
the spark (Spark Ignition or SI engines) as in case of the gasoline engines or due to compression
of the fuel (Compression Ignition or CI engines) as in case of the diesel engines. Some part of
the heat generated inside the engine is used to perform the work moving piston inside the engine
cylinder. The piston is connected to the crankshaft via connecting rod. The reciprocating motion
of the piston is converted into the rotary motion of the crankshaft, which is converted to the
rotary motion of the wheels via gear box. The remaining part of the heat generated inside the
engine is released to the atmosphere as the exhaust gases or tailpipe emissions. In this case the
engine where heat is generated is called as source, whereas the atmosphere where heat is released
is called as sink. As per the second law of thermodynamics, higher the temperature of the source
and lower the temperature of the sink, higher is the efficiency of the engine.

For the third law of thermodynamics that applies in the diesel engine is that, this
principle, also known Nernst principle was enunciated in 1904:
"If the temperature of a system tends to absolute zero, then the entropy tends to zero"
Transforming the work in the heat (to move an object from heat): diesel engine. The
thermal machines are based on a set of thermodynamic transformations that one comes to subject
a fluid and cyclical. In our study thermodynamics, fluid is then our system will come from
the heat exchange and work with the external environment. For a motor car explosion, the fluid
used is of the essence, diesel, alcohol or gas (lpg) by the motors. However, the temperature of
the system cannot be zero. It only can achieve zero degree Celsius when the system stop. The
absolute zero temperature is impossible to be occurred. Thus, to ensure the system cooling down,
cooling system takes placed in the system in order to keep the system continue continuously. The
cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and water pump. Water circulates through
passages around the cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off. Air-cooling
makes the engine lighter but hotter, generally decreasing engine life and overall performance.

In a conclusion, when the air/diesel fuel mixture is compressed, the process is nearly
adiabatic so the temperature increases. When it gets hot enough, it ignites. The increase in
temperature comes from the work done on the mixture as it is compressed (1st law). Not all the
energy from the burning fuel can be utilized to move the piston back out and turn the crankshaft
(2nd law). The third law of thermodynamics concerns the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute
zero temperature, and implies that it is impossible to cool a system to exactly absolute zero, or,
equivalently, that perpetual motion machines of the third kind are impossible.

THE PROCESS IN DIESEL ENGINE

Like a gasoline engine, a diesel engine usually operates by repeating a cycle of four stages or
strokes.

1. Intake:
Air (light blue) is drawn into the cylinder through the open green air inlet valve on the
right as the piston moves down.
2. Compression:
The inlet valve closes, the piston moves up, and compresses the air mixture, heating it up.
Fuel (dark blue) is injected into the hot gas through the central fuel injection valve and
spontaneously ignites. Unlike with a gas engine, no sparking plug is needed to make this
happen.
3. Power:
As the air fuel mixture ignites and burns, it pushes the piston down, driving the crank
shaft (red wheel at bottom) that sends power to the wheels.
4. Exhaust:
The green outlet valve on the left opens to let out the exhaust gases, pushed out by the
returning piston.