Advantages and Disadvantages of a SERIES and PARALLEL circuit

Circuit
SERIES
circuit

Advantages
1. Current in all parts of
the circuit is the SAME.
This causes the bulbs
to light up with the
same brightness.

2.

PARALLEL
circuit

The current in the

circuit increases if more
cells are connected.

Disadvantages
1. There is only one
path for the flow of
electric current. If a
bulb or lamp is burnt,
other bulbs will not
light up.

2. Cells in series do not

last long.

3. All circuit components

are controlled by one
switch.

3. If more bulbs are

added, the resistance
in
the
circuit
increases causing the
electric current that
flows to decrease.

1. If one of the bulbs is

burnt, the other bulbs
continues to shine.

1. The voltage does not

increase or decrease
if cells of the same
type are connected in
parallel.

2. Parallel cells last

longer.
3. Each bulb receives the
same voltage that is
supplied by the electric
source.

2. The electric current in

the circuit is the same
even though more
cells are connected in
parallel.

Magnetism
A magnet has 2 poles that are NORTH pole and SOUTH pole.
Like magnetic poles repel one another.
Unlike magnetic poles attract one another.

Materials that are attracted by magnet are called magnetic

materials. Example : iron nails, needles.
Materials that are not attracted by magnet are called non-magnetic
materials. Examples : plastic, glass, paper, wood.

Magnetic field ( medan magnet )

A magnetic field is the space around a magnet that gives the
magnetic effect.
A magnetic field is STRONGEST at the two poles of a magnet.
Magnetic field patterns can be shown by using iron filings.

A magnetic field consists of magnetic lines of force ( garis-garis

daya magnet).
**** magnetic lines of force do not meet, do not cut or cross one
another.
All magnetic lines of force have direction, point from the NORTH pole
to the SOUTH pole.
A strong magnet has magnetic lines of force that are CLOSE
together.

a) All magnetic lines of force do not cross one another.

b) All magnetic lines of force point from the NORTH pole to the SOUTH
pole.
c) Magnetic lines of force join if the poles are different. This shows that
unlike magnetic poles attract one another.
d) Magnetic lines of force do not join if the poles are similar. This shows
that like magnetic poles repel one another.
e) The neutral point in a magnetic field is the area where
i. Magnetic effect is not felt ( tidak dirasai )
ii.
There are no magnetic lines of force
iii.
There is no influence on a compass needle.

Use of a magnet in a compass

A magnet is used in a compass to determine direction.

A compass needle will always point to the north pole of the Earth.

Electromagnetism
- The pattern of the magnetic field that is produced by a straight wire
carrying electric current is circular in shape.

*** Right Hand Grip Rule ( Petua Genggaman Tangan Kanan)

Right Hand Grip Rule is used to determine the direction of the
magnetic field based on the direction of the electric current flow.
Dalam petua ini, dawai perlu digenggam dengan tangan kanan
supaya ibu jari menghala ke arah pengaliran arus elektrik ( arus
elektrik mengalir dari terminal positif ke terminal negative ).
Lengkungan jari yang lain menunjukkan arah garis daya magnet.

Electromagnet
Electromagnetism is the study of the relationship between
electricity and magnetism.
An electromagnet is a conductor that has characteristics similar to a
magnet.
An electromagnet consists of a solenoid ( gegelung dawai ) that is
wound around a soft iron core ( teras besi jati )

 Soft iron is used because it is easier to be magnetized and also

easier to demagnetize when electric current stops flowing through
it.
When electric current flows, the soft iron becomes a magnet.
However, its magnetism will disappear when the electric current is
cut off.
An electromagnet also has two poles, the north pole and south pole.

The strength of the magnetic field in an electromagnet can be

increased by
a) Increasing the number of turns of the solenoid.
b) Increasing the electric current that flows.
c) Reducing the diameter of the solenoid.
Electromagnets are used in devices like telephones, telegraph
machines, electromagnetic cranes, electric bells and car horns.