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Arup Unified Method for Floors, Footbridges, Stairs and Other Structures
Ben Sitler, PE
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Outline
Introduction to Footfall Induced Vibration
Computing the Structural Response
Project Examples
References
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Response
consequences,
acceptability, ?????
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Be suspicious of >2%
Footbridges 0.5~1.5%
Stairs 0.5%
Floors 1~3%
Amplification Factor
25
20
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0.05 damping
0.10 damping
10
0.20 damping
5
0
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9
0.02 damping
0.5
1.5
2.5
Modelling Assumptions
Damping :: Frequency :: Modal Mass :: Mode Shape
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Low vibration
0.005 m/s2
Residential (night)
1.4
0.007 m/s2
Residential (day)
2-4
0.01~0.02 m/s2
0.02 m/s2
Office (normal)
0.04 m/s2
Footbridge (heavy)
24
0.12 m/s2
Footbridge (inside)
32
0.16
m/s2
Footbridge (outside)
64
0.32 m/s2
24
0.12 m/s2
32
0.16 m/s2
64
0.32 m/s2
Situation
0.01
0.001
10
Frequency (Hz)
100
R=AccRMS AccRMS
T Acc2 Acc
Peak,Harmonic
AccRMS = t T t =
2
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vs
Modal harmonic
response method
vs
Explicit time history
method
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Analytical Model
P
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Time
Force
Force
M
c
Time
Resonant Response
P
FRFdisp
k m ic
fh
fm
i2
1k
i 2
2 1 2
2
fh 2
fm
fh
fm
fh 2
fm
fh 2
fm
F W DLF f , harmonic
Acc
F excition reponse
m
fh 2
fm
2
fh 2
fm
fh
fm
fh 2
fm
FRFacc
fh
fm
Transient Response
SDOF Impulse RMS Velocity Response
my(t ) cy (t ) ky (t ) P (t ) P eit
VelPeak
f w1.43
[Ns]
f n1.3
Force
I eff 54
Time
ms
0
0
0
ma
FRFdisp
0
ys cs ca c p
0
ya
ca
m p
y p c p
ca
ca
0
c p y s k s ka k p
0 y a
k a
c p y p
k p
ka
ka
0
k p ys P
0 ya P
k p y p 0
ks ka 2 ms i (cs ca )
ka i ca
K M 2 iC
ka ica
ka 2 ma ica
1
2 ma
FRF
f
f
Da 1 i 2 a
fa
fa
2
f
f
ka Da ks a Da Ds
f
fa
2
f
f
Ds 1 i 2 s
fs
fs
2
Acc P 2 DMFdisp
IStructE Route 2
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a = active crowd
p = passive crowd
s = structure
Tokyo Institute of Technology | Takeuchi Lab
Programming Implementation
foreach node
AccRMS,Node() = (ModeHarmonicAccRMS(n,m,h,*h)2)
foreach mode
m,m,mm,ne,nr,Wm,m = ...
foreach harmonic
DLF,h,m,h = ...
AccRMS(n,m,h,*h)=RMS(F(m,h,m,mm,ne,nr,DLF,h,Wm,m))
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Some Examples
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Examples
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Questions?
Further Reading
General Structures (Vertical Resonant or Transient of Pedestrians)
Concrete Centre CCIP-016 A design guide for Footfall Induced Vibration of Structures
SCI P354 Design of Floors for Vibration
Stadia & Concert Hall (Vertical Resonance of Bobbing Crowd)
IStructE Dynamic Performance Requirements for Permanent Grandstands Subject to
Crowd Action
C. Jones, A. Pavic, P. Reynold, R. Harrison Verification of Equivalent Mass-Spring-Damper
Models for Crowd-Structure Vibration Response Prediction
High Use Footbridges (Lateral Synchronous Lock in and Vertical Crowd)
P. Dallard The London Millenium Footbridge
BSI PD 6688-2:2011 Background to National Annex to BS EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on
bridges
Setra Footbridges: Assessment of Vibrational Behaviour of Footbridges under Pedestrian
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contact: sitler.b.aa@m.titech.ac.jp
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