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onf/ odkYaomfvnf; e,fpyfwGif oD;ESHa&mif;csrI0ifaiGudk
Edik if o
H m;wpfO;D csif;pDtvdu
k f wpfvvQif aiGusyf av;ode;f

ESifhtxuf &&Sdolrsm; aqmif&rnfh 0ifaiGcGefOya'ESifh

aqmif&jcif;jzpfonf/
]]awmifoal wGu aiGay;&ayr,fh yGJ aHk wGu trnfcNH yD;
aqmifay;wJhtcgusawmh pm&if;0ifwm yGJkHemrnfeJY0if
w,f? wpfEpS w
f pfEpS u
f kd ode;f aygif;aomif;eJcY sDNyD; yGJ aHk wGu
aiGjzLjzpfomG ;w,f? awmiforl mS awmh bmtaxmuftxm;
rS rusefbl;? wcsdKUqdk z&Juvnf; aps;aumif;r&? tcGefcu
vnf;&Sd? um;cuvnf; iSm;vm&awmh epfemwmawGrsm;
w,f}}[k OD;ausmfolu qufajymonf/
z&J? ocGm; pdkufysdK;a&mif;csolrsm;taejzifh rlq,f
ukefpnf'dkifrSwpfqifh wifydkY&mwGif taumufcGefXmeudk
aqmif&jcif;jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;u rD'D,mrsm;udk ajzMum;&mwGif
]]tcGeu
f pd u
jyefo;Hk oyfv&Ykd wmvnf;&Sw
d ,f? r&wmvnf;
&Sdw,f}}[k ajzMum;cJhonf/
rlq,fuek pf nf'ikd rf w
S pfqifh z&J? ocGm;? o&uf paom
oD;ESHrsm;udk wkwfEdkifiHodkY wifydkYaeNyD; ,ckESpftwGif; z&J?
ocGm;wefcsdef ajcmufoed ;f ESihf o&ufo;D wefcsdef av;aomif;
cefY wifydkYxm;aMumif; od&onf/

Ak'[l;? ZGef 15? 2016

pD;yGm;u@rsm;ESifh tvkyftudkifrsm;ay:aygufa&;
a'gufwmausmfvwf
wdkif;jynfwdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;wGif u@rsm; cJGjcm;Muygonf/
(1) Primary sector -rlvyxru@? (pdu
k yf sdK;arG;jrLa&;?
opfawmESifh o,HZmwypnf;rsm; ponfwdkYESifh ywfouf
aom vkyfief;&yfrsm;)? (2) Secondary sector - 'kwd,
u@? (ukefMurf;rsm;udk ukefacsmtjzpf xkwfvkyfaom
pufr?I aqmufvyk af &; ponfwEYkd iS hf ywfoufaomvkyif ef;
&yfrsm;)? (3) Tertiary sector - wwd,u@(yhHydk;
rIvkyfief;rsm;? ukefoG,fa&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ponfh
vkyif ef;&yfrsm;) [lcGjJ cm;Muonf/ rdrw
d Ykd jrefrmjynfuo
hJ Ykd
zHUG NzdK;qJwikd ;f jynfrsm;wGif vkyo
f m;tiftm; jzefU jzL;jcif;ESihf
ywfouf Primary sector - rlvyxru@wGif vkyu
f ikd f
olrsm;rSm (50 rS 70%) cefY? Secondary sector 'kwd,u@wGif (10 rS 20%)cefUESifh Tertiary sector wwd,u@wGif (30 rS 40%) cefU&SdMuonf/ (1950-60)
ckESpfrsm;wGif xdkacwftcsdefu Developed countries
ac: zHGU NzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl Primary sector - rlvyxr
u@wGif vkyu
f ikd o
f rl sm;rSm (10 rS 15%) cef?Y Secondary
sector - 'kwd,u@wGif (50 rS 70%) cefUESifh Tertiary
sector - wwd,u@wGif (20 rS 30%)cefY&SdcJhBuonf/
xdt
k ajctaerS ,ckEpS af ygif; (40 - 50) Mumonft
h cgwGif
Developed countries ac: zGHU NzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;wGif enf;
ynmrsm; rsm;pGmjrifhrm;ajymif;vJvmcJhNyD; txufwGif
wifjycJhaom vkyfom;tiftm;yg0ifrIyHkpHrSmvnf; vdkuf
avsmnDaxGpGm rsm;pGmajymif;vJcJhonf/ txufygzHGU NzdK;NyD;
Edik if rH sm;twGi;f xkwv
f yk rf v
I yk if ef;rsm;wGif Automation
tqifh? xdkYaemuf Computerization ,cktcg Robot
ac: pufkyfrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif; ponfjzifh ajymif;vJcJhMu
onf/ xdaYk Mumifh ,if;wdik ;f jynfw\
Ykd Secondary sector'kwd,u@wGif vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;pGm vdktyfcsufr&Sd
awmhbJ xdu
k @wGif vkyu
f ikd o
f Ol ;D a&rSm rsm;pGmavsmhenf;
oGm;awmhonf/ trSefpifppf xdkwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif
tvGet
f qifjh rifah om enf;ynmrsm;vdt
k yfaom xkwv
f yk f
rIrsm;om jyKvkyMf uNyD; yHrk eS v
f t
l iftm;ESihf xkwv
f yk &f aom
pufkHrsm;udk rdrdwdkYjrefrmjynfuJhodkY zHGU NzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;odkY a&TU
ajymif;Muonf/ xdkonfESifhwGJzuf zHGU NzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;wGif
Tertiary sector - wwd,u@rSm vGepf mG BuD;xGm;vmNyD;
xdkwwd,u@rS Quaternary sector - pwkwu@[k
uGJjym;aygufyGm;vmawmhonf/ pwkwu@qdkonfrSm
Knowledge based industry ynmtqifhjrifholrsm;?
Research and development ac: okawoeESihf wDxiG f
rIjyKvkyfaeolrsm;[k owfrSwfMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,cktajctaewGif NzdK;zHGU NyD;EdkifiHrsm;\
vkyo
f m;tiftm;jzefjY zL;rIrmS Secondary sector - 'kw,
d
u@wGif (20% rS 40%) cefY? Tertiary sector - wwd,
u@wGif (30% rS 40%) cefUESifh Quaternary sector pwkwu@wGif vkyfudkifMuolrsm;rSm (20% rS 40%) cefY
txd jrifhrm;wdk;yGm;vmNyD; v,f,mESifh pdkufysKd;arG;jrLa&;
u@wGif vkyu
f ikd o
f rl sm;rSm vGepf mG enf;yg;vsuf Primary
sector - rlvyxru@ vkyo
f m;tiftm;rSm (1% rS 5%)
cefYtxd avsmhenf;usqif;oGm;awmhonf/
xdu
k mhtajctaewGif vdrm yg;eyfaom zHUG NzdK;qJEikd if H
wdkYonf (1980) ywf0ef;usifcefUrSp vltiftm;rsm;pGm
vdktyfaom zHGU NzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;rS pufHktvkyfkHrsm;udk rdrdwdkU
EdkifiHrsm;wGif vma&mufzGifhvSpfvkyfudkifMu&ef qGJaqmif
aomtpDpOfrsm; zefw;D Muawmhonf/ odYk zGUH NzdK;NyD;Edik if H
rsm;rS pufHktvkyfkHrsm; vma&mufzGifhvSpfMujcif;? zHGU NzdK;NyD;
EdkifiHrsm;rS &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm; zHGU NzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;odkY 0ifa&muf
jcif;tm;jzifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;tjrwf&SdMuonf/ yxr
t"dutusKd;tjrwfrmS zHUG NzdK;qJEikd if rH sm;wGif rsm;pGmvdt
k yf
vsuf&Sdaom tvkyftudkifrsm; ay:aygufjcif;yifjzpf
ayonf/

xdkonfwdkYudktajccH rdrdwdkY jrefrmjynftajctae

ESihf ywfouf wifjyvdyk gonf/ (1963) ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrm
jynf aus;vufa'oaevlOD;a&rSm (18.3) oef;&Sd
pkpkaygif;pdkufysKd;ajrrSm {uoef;aygif; (23.91) &Sdyg
xdpk Ofu ysrf;rQ aus;vufa'oae vlwpfO;D vQif(1 . 35)
{u tcsKd;&dSygonf/ ,ck(2014)ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynf
aus;vufa'oaevlOD;a&rSm(35 . 4)oef;&Sd pkpkaygif;
pdkufysKd;ajrrSm {u oef;aygif;(32 .23)&Sdyg ysrf;rQ
aus;vufa'oae vlwpfOD;vQif (0 . 9) {u tcsKd;odkY
avsmhenf;usqif;oGm;ygonf/
(Based on Agricultural Statistics (199798), Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,
Statistical Yearbook CSO, 2010 and
population figures are from 2014 census)

xdkonfudk tajccH ,cktcg rdrdwdkY jrefrmjynfwGif

,cifu vGepf mG tqifajycJMh uaom jrefrmjynfatmufyikd ;f
aus;&Gmrsm;wGiyf if v,fyikd af omolw\
Ykd &mcdik Ef eI ;f rSm (3040%)cefo
Y m&dMS u trsm;pkjzpfaom (60% 70%)cefaY om
aus;vufa'oaeolwrYkd mS tvkyt
f udik &f mS ;yg;vmMuonf/
xdktrsm;pkwdkYrSm tvkyftudkifr&Sdjcif;? Under employment ac: &Hzef&Hcgomtvkyf&Sdjcif; paomqif;&JrIwdkUESifh
BuHKae&onf/ xdkonfwdkYudk tajccH rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif
Percentage of people living below poverty line

ac: qif;&Jaomtajctaexuf edrfhuspGmaexdkifMu&ol

rsm; &mcdik Ef eI ;f onf (32%)ESihf umay:wGif qif;&JrI tjrifh
rm;qH;k aom wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif yg0ifvsuf&o
dS nf/ xdjk yem
udk &ifqdkif&ef vlaygif;rsm;pGmtwGuf tvkyftudkifrsm;
ay:ayguf&ef BudK;pm;Mu&ayrnff/
udef;*Pef;rsm;ESifh azmfjy&aomf(2014)oef;acgif
pm&if;t& rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf[k
owfrSwfaom touf (16)ESpfrS(64)ESpft&G,f vlOD;a&
(32 . 982) oef;&So
d nf/ oef;acgifpm&if;wGiyf if xdt
k &G,f
tkyfpkrS Labour force rate ac: vkyfom;tiftm;rSm
(67%)&Sdonf[kqdkygonf/ (Census Report Volume
2 (Union),Table 7: and Population of Selected
Age-Groups, Dependency Ratios,Page 21-29)

xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkY\ vkyfom;tiftm;rSm (22 . 099)oef;

jzpfayrnf/ xdkvkyfom;tiftm;rSm tenf;qHk; vlOD;a&
wd;k EIe;f ESihf wlnpD mG (1 . 12%)cef?Y vlaygif; oef;(2 . 5)ode;f
cefjY zifh wd;k yGm;vsuf&ydS grnf/ xdk wd;k yGm;vsuf&adS om vkyo
f m;
tiftm;qdk&mwGif vuf&Sdtajctaet& tvkyfvufrJh
rsm;? tvkyf&Smvsuf&Sdolrsm;? txufwGif wifjycJhonfh rdrd
wdkY tajctaet& Under employment ac: &Hzef&Hcg
om tvkyftudkif&Sd? tcsdefjynfhtvkyfr&Sdolrsm; twGufyg
xnfhoGif;wGufcsufMuygvQif rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif ESpfpOf

NrdKU jyrsm;wGif tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:ayguf&ef pufkHtvkyfkHrsm;

jzpfxeG ;f &ef BudK;pm;&ayrnf/ xdo
k Ykd puft
Hk vkyf rHk sm; ay:aygufa&;wGiv
f nf;
&efukef? rav; uJhodkYaom vlOD;a&oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom
NrdKU BuD;rsm;tjyif tv,ftvwftqif&h adS om vlO;D a& (1)ode;f txuf&adS om
NrdKUrsm;wGifvnf; pufkHtvkyfkHrsm;jzpfxGef;&ef BudK;pm;oifh
ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm ]]wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;}} yif jzpfonf/
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; IaxmifhrSaomf rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynf nDrQpGm
zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufaevQif taumif;qHk;jzpfayrnf
wdk;yGm; vdktyfaom tvkyftudkifaygif;rSm (3)odef;cefYyif
jzpfayrnf/ ESpfpOfvkyfom;tiftm; (3)odef;udk ae&mcs
xm;&efqdkonfrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynfwGif
pufHkBuD;aygif; (300)cefY ESpfpOfwnfaqmufMu&rnf
jzpfonf/
wpfzef xdkvdktyfaom tvkyftudkifaygif; (3)odef;rS
txufwGif wifjycJhonfh Sectors ac: u@rsm;rS rnfodkY
ae&mcsxm;Murnfudk
oHk;oyfMu&ayrnf/ rdrdwdkY
wdkif;jynf\ vkyfom;tiftm;tcsKd; yg0ifrIrsm;rSm - CIA
Factbook t& Primary sector - rlvyxru@wGif
(70%)- Secondary sector - 'kwd,u@wGif(7%)ESifh
Tertiary sector - wwd,u@wGif(23%)toD;oD;
jzpfMuonf/ rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynfrS xkwfaom Statistical
Yearbook rS xkwEf w
k w
f u
G cf sufygvQif xd&k mcdik Ef eI ;f rsm;rSm
(60%)? (15%) ESi(hf 25%)wdYk jzpfMuonf/ ESppf Ofw;kd yGm;vsuf
&Sad om vkyo
f m;tiftm; (3)ode;f twGuf Primary sector
rS vufcEH ikd rf rI mS rsm;pGma0;ayrnf/ rdrw
d \
Ykd jyemZmpfjrpf
rSm Land man ratio usqif;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonfhtjyif
rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynf\ pdkufysKd;arG;jrLa&;u@wGif Mechanization ac: pufu&d ,
d mrsm; oH;k pGv
J mMuojzifh xdu
k @u
wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdaom vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;pGm pkyf,l&ef
arQmfrSef;Edkifrnfr[kwfay/ wpfzef Tertiary sector wwd,u@tajctaeudk avhvmygvQif rdrw
d \
Ykd vuf&dS
jyemrsm;jzpfaom yHyh ;kd rIvyk if ef;rsm;wGif vkyt
f m;ydv
k suf
&Sdjcif;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf/ vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm; ponf
wdkYwGif pdefac:rIrsm; BuHKawGUaeMu&ojzifh xdku@rSvnf;
vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;pGm vufcHEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
jyemudk National Planning ac: trsKd;om;

&efuek Nf rdK?U rav;NrdKEU iS hf aejynfawmftjyif (2014)ckEpS w

f iG f vlO;D a& (1)ode;f txuf&dS NrdKU BuD;rsm;ESihf wdik ;f ESihf jynfe,f
NrdKUawmfrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; (2014) ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& (1)odef;atmuf&Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm; (Census Report Volume 2
(Union, rS tajccHygonf/)

pDru
H ed ;f ESio
hf m BudK;pm;ajz&Si;f Mu&ygrnf/ twdck sKH; wifjy&
aomf NrdKU jyrsm;wGif tvkyt
f udik t
f cGit
hf vrf;rsm; ay:ayguf
&ef pufkHtvkyfkHrsm; jzpfxGef;&ef BudK;pm;&ayrnf/ xdkodkY
puft
Hk vkyf rHk sm; ay:aygufa&;wGiv
f nf; &efuek ?f rav;
uJhodkYaom vlOD;a&oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom
NrdKU BuD;rsm;tjyif tv,ftvwftqifh&Sdaom vlOD;a&
(1)ode;f txuf&adS om NrdKrU sm;wGiv
f nf; puft
Hk vkyf rHk sm;
jzpfxeG ;f &ef BudK;pm;oifo
h nf/ &efuek ?f rav;uJo
h Ykd vlO;D a&
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaexdik v
f suf&adS om NrdKw
U w
Ykd iG f ajraps; tdrf
aps;BuD;jcif;? oGm;vma&;wGif ukeu
f sp&dwBf uD;jcif; paom
tcuftcJrsm;&SdMuonf/ xdkYxufydk ta&;BuD;aom
tcsufrmS ]]wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw
G af &;}}yif jzpfonf/
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;IaxmifhrSaomf rdrdwdkY
wdik ;f jynf nDrQpGmzGUH NzdK;wd;k wufaevQif taumif;qH;k jzpfay
rnf/ jrefrmjynfwGif xdkuJhodkY vlOD;a& (1)odef;txuf&Sd
aom NrdKrU sm;rSm &efuek ?f rav;ESihf aejynfawmftjyif (15)
NrdK&U NSd yD; wdik ;f ESijhf ynfe,fNrdKaU wmfrsm;jzpfaomfvnf;(2014)
ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& (1)odef;atmuf&Sdaom bm;tH? [m;cg;?
vdGKifaumf? rauG;? xm;0,fESifh ppfukid ;f wdYyk g xnfo
h Gif;vQif
NrdKU BuD;aygif; (21) NrdKU&Sdonf/ xdkNrdKUrsm; ywf0ef;usifudk
Development regions [k owfrSwf zGHU NzdK;&ef BuddK;pm;
oifhayonf/
pufkHtvkyfkHrsm;jzpfxGef;&ef BudK;pm;jcif;wGif atmufyg
wdkY vdktyfygrnf (1) pGrf;tifvHkavmufpGmjzefYjzL;Edkifa&;? yHkrSefaps;EIef;
rsm;jzifhom a&mif;csa&; (pGrf;tifrSm rdrdwdkY
wdik ;f jynfrS Edik if jH cm;odYk a&mif;csaeaomfvnf;
ASEAN EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfonf vl
wpfOD;csif;oHk;pJGrI tenf;qHk;jzpfonf)
(2) pufrIajruGufrsm; azmfxkwf avQmhayghaom
aps;EIef;rsm;jzifh iSm;&rf;a&mif;csjcif;
(3) vkyfom;rsm;udk vufawGUuRrf;usifrIrsm;udk
oifMum;ydkYcsaom tpDtpOfrsm;
(4) vlrIa&;tajccH taqmufttHkrsm;jzpfaom
usef;rma&;taqmufttHkrsm;?
ynma&;
taqmufttHrk sm;ESihf a&ay;a0a&;? vQyfppfay;
a0a&; paom tif*sifeD,mydkif;qdkif&m tajccH
taqmufttHkwdkY zHGU NzdK;apa&;
(5) tvkyftudkif&&Sdolrsm; aexdkifa&;twGuf
tvkyfESifh wGJzufaom tvkyform; tdrf&mrsm;
ay:aygufa&;
(6) Development regions ac: zGHU NzdK;rI OD;pm;ay;
e,frsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;rsm;
tqifhjrifhpGm ay:aygufa&;
txufygtaMumif;wdkYudk
tajccH txufyg
tpDtpOftwdkif; 0dkif;0ef;BudK;pm;MurSom rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynf
a&&SnfzHGU NzdK;wdk;wufayrnf/

Ak'[l;? ZGef 15? 2016

wdkif;jynf\ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; ponfwdkYESifhpyfvsOf; IaxmifhpHkrS oabmxm;tjrifpHkwdkYudk trsm;jynfolodkY wifjyay;Edkif&ef u@udk zGifhvSpfjcif;jzpf pdwf0ifpm;ol rnfolrqdk yg0ifa&;om;&ef
zdwaf c:ygonf/ odaYk omf Murf;wrf;jyif;xefaom t,ltq? ta&;tom;rsm;udk owif;pm\ rl0g't& azmfjyay;Edik rf nfr[kwaf Mumif;ESihf u@wGif yg&So
d rQwdo
Yk nf oufqikd &f m aqmif;yg;&Sit
f oD;oD;\ tmabmfrsm;om
jzpfygaMumif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/ (pmwnf;tzGJU)

trkef;pum;ESifh Oya'
Oya'okawoDwpfOD;
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I eG &f ufr'D ,
D mrsm;twGi;f trke;f
pum;rsm; aeYpOfqo
kd vdk jyefyY mG ;vsuf&o
dS nfukd jrifawGU
ae&ayonf/ xdktrkef;pum;rsm;teuf EdkifiHa&;?
bmoma&;? vlraI &;wdEYk iS phf yfvsOf; ajymqdak &;om;
aom trke;f pum;rsm;rSm ydrk jkd yefyY mG ;vsuf&ydS gonf/ xdk
trke;f pum;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;? bmoma&;? vlrsdK;a&;cH
,lrI tpGe;f a&mufaeolrsm;? bmoma&;? vlrsdK;a&;rsm;
tay:tajccH Edik if aH &;tjrwfxw
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kd rl sm;? oabm
xm;rjynf0h olrsm;ESihf rdrv
d yk af qmifajymqdrk \
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teuf em;rvnfolrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf
[k ,lq&ygonf/
tqdkyg trkef;pum;ajymqdk? a&;om;rIrsm;onf
trIu
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kd uJo
h ?Ykd trke;f pum;rS
p vlw\
Ykd avmb? a'go? arm[w&m;rsm;vTr;f rd;k um
EdkifiHa&;? bmoma&;ESifh vlrsdK;a&;jyemrsm; BuD;
xGm;vmEdik yf gonf/ odyYk g ,ckjzpfay:aeaom trke;f
pum;rsm; vlrIuGef&ufrD'D,mrsm;twGif; jyefYyGm;rI
r&Sdapa&; [efYwm;&efvdktyfvmNyDjzpfygonf/
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