PROGRAM ALIH TAHUN

TEKNIK MESIN-PPS-UB
MALANG-2014
ACHMAD. A. SONIEF

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Requires understanding of engineering

systems
By observation and experiment
Theoretical analysis and generalization

Computers are great tools, however,

without fundamental understanding of

engineering problems, they will be useless.

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Mathematical Problem

It has a solution.
This solution is unique
How do we find the solution ?
How do we find approximate solution?
Error estimates
Algorithm
Programming
Computation with guaranteed accuracy

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Fig. 1.1

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

 A mathematical model is represented as a functional

relationship of the form

Dependent
Variable
=f

independent
forcing
variables, parameters, functions

Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state

of the system
Independent variables: Dimensions such as time and space
along which the systems behavior is being determined
Parameters: reflect the systems properties or composition
Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Newtons

nd
2

law of Motion

States that the time rate change of momentum of a body

is equal to the resulting force acting on it.

The model is formulated as
F=ma
(1.2)
F=net force acting on the body (N)
m=mass of the object (kg)
a=its acceleration (m/s2)

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

 Formulation of Newtons 2nd law has several

characteristics that are typical of mathematical models of

the physical world:
It describes a natural process or system in mathematical

terms
It represents an idealization and simplification of reality
Finally, it yields reproducible results, consequently, can be
used for predictive purposes.

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

 Some mathematical models of physical phenomena

may be much more complex.
Complex models may not be solved exactly or require
more sophisticated mathematical techniques than

simple algebra for their solution

Example, modeling of a falling parachutist:

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

dv F

dt m
F FD FU
FD mg
FU cv
dv mg cv

dt
m

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

dv
c
g v
dt
m
This is a differential equation and is written in
terms of the differential rate of change dv/dt of
the variable that we are interested in predicting.
If the parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0),
using calculus

gm
( c / m )t
v (t )
1 e
c
Dependent variable
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Forcing function

Independent variable

Parameters
10

Conservation Laws and Engineering

Conservation laws are the most important and

fundamental laws that are used in engineering.

Change = increases decreases (1.13)
Change implies changes with time (transient). If the
change is nonexistent (steady-state), Eq. 1.13 becomes
Increases =Decreases

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

11

Fig 1.6

For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes:

Flow in = Flow out

or
100 + 80 = 120 + Flow4
Flow4 = 60
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

12

Numerical Computations
Modeling

Model of natural or
Social phenomena
Mathematical model

algorithm

Development of stable algorithm

programming
Computing
Analysis of Results
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Flow chart, Language ( C,Visual C)

Software ( Matlab, Mathematica )
Execution on a computer
Error Estimates. Correctness.
Exact solution.
Approximation solution.
13

Numerical Methods
Navier-Stokes equations analytically solvable only in
special cases
approximate the solution numerically
use a discretization method to approximate the
differential equations by a system of algebraic
equations which can be solved on a computer
Finite Differences (FD)
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
Finite Element Method (FEM)
Boundary Element Method (BEM)
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

14

Numerical methods, grids

Grids
Structured grid
all nodes have the same number
of elements around it
only for simple domains
Unstructured grid
for all geometries
irregular data structure
Block-structured grid

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

15

Numerical methods, properties

Consistency
Truncation error : difference between discrete eq and the exact one

Truncation error becomes zero when the mesh is

refined.
Method order n if the truncation error is proportional
to (x) n or (t) n
Stability
Errors are not magnified
Bounded numerical solution

PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

16

Numerical methods, properties (2)

Convergence
Discrete solution tends to the exact one as the grid

spacing tends to zero.

Lax equivalence theorem (for linear problems):

Consistency + Stability = Convergence

For non-linear problems: repeat the calculations in

successively refined grids to check if the solution

converges to a grid-independent solution.
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

17

Hierarchical model of errors in Scientific computing

Model of natural or
Social phenomena

Fluid flow
Errors in
modelization

Mathematical model

Partial differential
equations
Truncation
errors

Numerical computation
model

Linear system
of equations
Round-off
errors

Computed numerical
model
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

Approximate
solution
18

Language
C, C++, C-XSC
PASCAL, PASCAL-SC
FORTRAN, FORTRAN-SC
BASIC, VISUAL BASIC

software
PROFIL - Programmers Runtime
Optimized Fast Interval Library
MATHEMATICA
MATLAB, INTLAB
MAPLE -V
PPS-UB-PAT-TM-2010

19