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Fundamentals
Jurandir Primo
Primo, Jurandir
ASME Section I & Section VIII - Fundamentals
Indice para pesquisas: ASME, Vasos de Presso, Tubulao e
Acessrios.
ISBN:
Livro no sistema de auto publicao cuja edio, reviso, diagramao e capa foram selecionados
pelo prprio autor, para no encarecer a obra e facilitar a compra, a todos os estudantes e interessados em assuntos tcnicos e engenharia de equipamentos.
Portanto, qualquer pessoa pode ter esse livro, sem necessidade de copiar, digitalizar ou utilizar
outros processos de reproduo, porque foi executado para custar menos que o valor de uma pizza.
No entanto, o autor permite que todas as partes do livro possam ser copiadas ou reproduzidas para
fundamentos educacionais, instrutivos e treinamento tcnico.
Para adquirir esta ou outras publicaes do autor, enviar solicitao para:
engprimo@msn.com.
PREFACE:
The goal of this manual is to describe some of the most important functions of pressure vessels
design and calculations according to the ASME code, interre-lated especially with materials,
allowable stress and the need to provide reaso-nable inspection requirements.
When writing a book for a particular population, it is necessary to make a choice as to the
treatment to be given to the matter. Technological development, currently is very fast, then, it is
necessary to establish and understand the concepts.
In developing each subject, the fundamental concepts were searched through examples of
didactic forms, not for specialists who already dominate the subject, but for students from
several classes interested in this matter.
Because of the existing communication facilities, future technicians and engineers, will certainly
be better than the past generations, but they should be, more than anything, respected for their
efforts to contribute to a new reality.
The author perfectly understands that is not an expert writer and is open to constructive criticism
and suggestions for improvement of this book.
This book is to everyone who, just like me, came from small to big cities, to study, to work, to
face all kinds of difficulties. However, even without the preparation of modern computer
programs, seeks to contribute to the needs of education and instruction for all social levels, that
should be the true values of democracy, development and progress in any country.
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Esse manual parte de uma srie de publicaes para as diversas reas de Engenharia:
Tecnologia de Soldagem;
Transportadores de Correia e Corrente;
Bombas Centrfugas;
Slos Mecnicos;
Compressores de Ar;
HVAC Ar Condicionado;
Torres de Resfriamento;
Ventilao Industrial;
Vasos de Presso Normas ASME;
Trocadores de Calor;
Vlvulas Industriais;
Tubulao Industrial;
Pavimentao Asfltica;
Outros...
Contents
I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
X.
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To :
All teachers of my childhood , since my first letters , elementary, high
school and college ;
All who, with absolute sincerity, fights for social justice and life
environment;
Every one that has gone and everyone who came to this planet as
missionaries of :
Education.
I. INTRODUCTION:
The ASME Code design criteria consists of basic rules specifying the design method, design loads,
allowable stress, acceptable materials, fabrication, testing, certification and inspection
requirements.The design method known as "design by rule" uses design pressure, allowable stress
and a design formula compatible with the geometry to calculate the minimum required thickness of
pressurized tanks, vessels and pipes.
The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code is made of 12 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections.
1.0 - Code Sections
I. Power Boilers
II. Materials
III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
IV. Heating Boilers
V. Nondestructive Examination
VI. Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII. Pressure Vessels
IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI. Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
XII. Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
1.1 - SECTION I. Power Boilers
This Section provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric, and miniature
boilers; high temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in
locomotive, portable, and traction service.
1.2 - SECTION II. Materials
1.3.1 - DIVISION 1
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1.3.2 - DIVISION 2
1.3.3 - DIVISION 3
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2.4 - B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and
testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas
liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid
petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants,
refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and
receiving points.
The requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this
Code are:
Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at
pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations
and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and proper loops;
Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and
piping interconnecting these facilities;
Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been
set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia,
and bulk plants;
Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety
and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the
piping systems.
2.5 - B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test,
and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for
temperatures as low as -320 F (-196 C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled,
except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping
in their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
Any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories
or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
Water piping and piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi
(105 kPa) regardless of size; or
Pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all connecting refrigerant and
secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
2.6 - B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used
for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance
of those facilities.
2.7 - B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that
transport gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported,
including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator
stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically
designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop
and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and
processes. The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline
system.
2.8 - B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping
This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings,
and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures
covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection,
examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the
building or within the property limits.
2.9 - B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Rule for design, construction, inspection and security requirements of slurry piping systems. This
code covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal,
mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
2.10 - B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines
The scope of this Manual includes all pipelines within the scope of the pipeline codes that are part of
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping, ASME B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons,
Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols; ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and
Distribution Piping Systems; and ASME B31.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems. Parts 2, 3,
and 4 are based on material included in ASME Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Systems, 1983 Edition.
3.0 - ASME Certification and Inspection Procedures:
The symbols "A", "S", "U", "PP" and "H" Stamps covers the fabrication and alteration of high pressure boilers, unfired pressure vessels, power piping and heating boilers. Once any ASME Pressure
Vessel is manufactured, it is checked, tested and approved by the ASME Authorized Inspector, who
review all the procedures and all the documentation and sign the Data Report Form before to Stamp
the name plate with the U or UM symbols, which means that the Pressure Vessel fully complies
with the ASME Code rules for construction of Pressure Vessels.
The National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors uses the NB Symbol as well the
R Symbol to repair or to alter any previous Stamped Pressure Vessel. All materials used must be
very well documented and all welders must be certified. Manufacturers have an Authorized
Inspector, who judges the acceptability of the code.
The quality of weld is then checked for lack of weld penetration, slag inclusion, overlap and
excessive reinforcement. At the final inspection the units are hydrostatically tested at 1.5 times
working pressure and observed for leaks.
Professionals and students should be well versed in conversion practice. Many US customary unit
values presented in the ASME codes do not convert directly into metric values in the ASME editions.
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Carbon Steel
Plates and
Sheets
High Alloy
Steel Plates
Spec. Nbr
Grade
SA - 516
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
55
60
65
70
SA - 285
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
SA - 36
DIVISION 1 DIVISION 2
-20F to
-20F to
650F
650F
13,800
18,300
15,000
20,000
16,300
21,700
17,500
23,300
11,300
12,500
13,800
15,000
16,700
18,300
12,700
16,900
SA - 203
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
A
B
D
E
16,300
17,500
16,300
17,500
21,700
23,300
21,700
23,300
SA - 240
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
304
304L
316
316L
11,200
12,300
10,200
20,000
16,700
20,000
16,700
Division 1 governs the design by Rules, is less stringent from the standpoint of certain design details
and inspection procedures, and thus incorporates a higher safety factor of 4. For example, if a
60,000 psi tensile strength material is used, the Maximum Allowable Stress Value is 15,000 psi.
Division 2 governs the design by Analysis and incorporates a lower safety factor of 3. Thus, the
maximum allowable stress value for a 60,000 psi tensile strength material will become 20,000 psi.
Many companies require that all their pressure vessels be constructed in accordance with Division 2
because of the more exacting standards. Others find that they can purchase less expensive
vessels by allowing manufacturers the choice of either Division 1 or Division 2.
Normally, manufacturers will choose Division 1 for low-pressure vessels and Division 2 for highpressure vessels. The maximum allowable stress values at normal temperature range for the steel
plates most commonly used in the fabrication of pressure vessels are given in Table above.
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1.0 SECTION I Boiler Tubes up to and including 5 inches O.D. (125 mm):
a) To calculate the minimum required thickness, to paragraph PG-27.2.1, use equation below:
Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
D = Tube Outside Diameter (in)
e = Thickness Factor (0.04 for expanded tubes; 0 = for strength welded tubes)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A
2.75 x 580
2 (11,800) + 580
+ 0.005 (2.75) + 0
t = 0.079 in.
Note: Where the manufacturing process produces only standard plate thickness, so should be used
1/8 in (3.2 mm) minimum.
Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
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