THE CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME ONE
From early times to c. 1500

edited by

NICHOLAS TARLING

CQCHSC%N

yetLUZERN

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia

2004

digitalisiert durch:
IDS Luzern

CONTENTS
Maps
Note on Spelling
Note on Gender in Southeast Asian Languages
Abbreviations
Preface to the Original Edition
Preface to the Paperback Edition
1 The Writing of Southeast Asian History
/. D. LEGGE, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Southeast Asian Studies before World War II
Southeast Asian Studies since World War II
Major Themes in Post-war Studies
Changes in Interpretation
Deconstructing Southeast Asian History

v
viii
ix
x
xi
xv
1
3
15
23
38
43

Front early times to c. 1500

Introduction

53

2 Southeast Asia before History

PETER BELLWOOD, Australian National University, Canberra
Present-day Environments of Southeast Asia
The Changing Nature of the Southeast Asian Environment
Human Prehistory: The First Million Years
Ancestors for the Living
The Archaeological RecordLate Pleistocene to
Mid-Holocene
The Rise and Expansion of Agricultural Communities
The Archaeology of Early Agricultural Societies
The Linguistic Records
The Early Metal Phase
The Late Neolithic and Early Metal Phases in the
Austronesian World
Bibliographie Essay

55

3 The Early Kingdoms

KEITH W. TAYLOR, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Vietnam
Champa
Angkor
Pagan

56
61
65
73
78
90
94
106
115
126
136
137
137
153
157
164

VI

Ayutthaya
nvijaya
Majapahit
Bibliographie Essay
4 Economic History of Early Southeast Asia
KENNETH R. HALL, Ball State University, Munde,
Indiana, USA
Early Economic Development
The Age of Fu-nan: The Emergence of the Southeast Asian
Political-Economy in the Early Christian Era
The Age of the rivijayan Maritime Empire (670-1025)
The Temple Realm of Central Java (570-927)
East Java, 927-1222
Singhasari (1222-1292) and Majapahit (1293-1528)
The Southeast Asian Maritime Realm, c. 1500
The Temple-based Political-Economy of Angkor Cambodia
Buddhism as an Economic Force in Pagan Burma
International Trade and Commercial Expansion on the
Mainland, c. 1100-1300
Champa's Plunder-based Political-Economy
The Emergence of the Vietnamese Political-Economy
The Early Southeast Asian Socio-Economy: A Concluding
Overview
Bibliographie Essay

168
173
176
181
183
185
192
196
202
208
215
226
229
240
245
252
260
270
272

5 Religion and Populr Beliefs of Southeast Asia before c. 1500

/. G. DE CASPARIS, Instituut Kern, Leiden, The Netherlands
I. W. MABBETT, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
The Earliest Times
Religions of Indian Origin on the Mainland
Religions of Indian Origin in the Maritime Realm
Two Special Problems
The Beginnings of Islam
Bibliographie Essay

276
281
286
304
322
330
334

Index

340

THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME TWO
From c. 1500 to c. 1800

edited by

NICHOLAS TARLING

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS
Mups
Note on Spelling
Note on Gender in Southeast Asian Languages
Abbreviations
Preface to the Paperback Edition
Introduction
1 Interactions with the Outside World and Adaptation in
Southeast Asian Society, 1500-1800
LEONARD Y. ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
The Coming of Foreign Groups
Innovations and Adaptations in Society
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay
2 Political Development between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth
Centuries
BARBARA WATSON ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
The Political Landscape
Southeast Asia during the Sixteenth Century
The Cycle of Fragmentation and Unity
The Centres of Power in the Seventeenth Century
A Renewal of the Movement towards Centralized Control
Kingship and Centralization in the Seventeenth Century
Seventeenth-century Administrative Reforms and
Manpower Control
The Creation of the 'Exemplary Centre'
The Fragmentation of the Eighteenth Century
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay
3 Economic and Social Change, c. 1400-1800
ANTHONY REID, Australian National University, Canberra
Population
An Economic Boom
Cash-cropping and Commercialization
Urbanization
The Nature of Southeast Asian Commerce
The State and Commerce
A Seventeenth-century Crisis
Europeans, Chinese, and the Origins of Dualism
The Trade in Narcotics

vii
viii
ix
x
xi
xix
1
2
17
50
51
58
58
65
75
81
84
89
92
98
101
110
111
116
116
119
124
128
132
139
144
149
154

VI

Eighteenth-century Transitions
Bibliographie Essay
4 Religious Developments in Southeast Asia, c. 1500-1800
BARBARA WATSON ANDAYA, The University of Hawaii
YONEO ISHU, Kanda University of International Studies
Indigenous Beliefs
The Coming of Islam
The Arrival of Christianity
Religious Issues
The Eighteenth Century
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay

156
160
164
164
169
183
192
213
223
223

5 The Age of Transition: The Mid-Eighteenth to the Early

Nineteenth Centuries
/. KATHIRITHAMBY- WELLS, Clre Hall, Cambridge
State Rivalry and Cyclicity
Forces of Integration: Religion, Charisma and
Resource Control
Buddhist Imperialism
Buffer Status and Double Allegiance
Economic and Cultural Crisis
Intellectual Reform and Modernization
Decline of Traditional Authority
Forced Cultivation
Failure of Reform: Rebellion and War
Commerce, Political Fragmentation and Moral Dilemma
Economic Dualism
Economic Reorientation
Evolution of a 'National' Identity
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay

231
235
240
242
248
251
253
255
258
262
264
267
268
268

Index

276

228
228

THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME THREE
From c 1800 to the 1930s

edited by

NICHOLAS TARLING

t=: I
V J

CPl
rf

\<t, LUZERN - P /

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS
Maps
Note on Spelling
Abbreviations
Preface to the Paperback Edition
Introduction

vii
viii
ix
xi
xix

1 The Establishment of the Colonial Regimes

1
NlCHOLAS TARLING, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
The Role of the British
5
The Dutch Realm in the Indonesian Archipelago
9
Raj, Company and Residency in Borneo
18
Sulu and the Philippines
21
British Malaya
24
Britain and Burma
30
Britain, France and Vietnam
37
The Independence of Siam
42
The Policies of the Western Powers
49
Southeast Asian Policies
55
Interaction and Accommodation
66
The Colonial Regimes
71
Bibliographie Essay
72
2 Political Structures in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries
G4RL A. TROCKI, Queensland University of Technology
Indigenous Collaboration
Direct and Indirect Rule
Law and Order
Plural Societies
Siam and Burma
Bibliographie Essay
3 International Commerce, the State and Society: Economic
and Social Change
ROBERT E. ELSON, Griffith University, Australia
States and Societies in the Early Nineteenth Century
Western Merchant Capitalists
The Development of International Commerce from
about 1820
The Creation of a New Order from about 1850

75
83
90
97
104
114
123
127
127
131
133
137

Phase One: Liberalism

Phase Two: From Liberalism to Management
The Modern State in Southeast Asia
Aspects of Social Change
The Great Depression
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay
4 Religion and Anti-colonial Movements
REYNALDO ILETO, Australian National University
The Religio-Political Landscape
Anti-Colonial Movements from 1850
Bibliographie Essay
5 Nationalism and Modernist Reform
PAUL KRATOSKA, National University of Singapore

138
147
149
158
182
187
189
193
195
209
240
245

BEN BATSON

Territorial Nationalism
Ethnic Nationalism
The Loyalist Option
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay
Index

253
286
312
313
314
321

THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VOLUME FOUR
From World War II to the present

edited by

NICHOLAS TARLING

LUZERN v Y

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS
Note on Spelling
Abbreviations
Preface to the Paperback Edition
Introduction

vii
viii
x
xix

1 Southeast Asia in War and Peace: The End of European

Colonial Empires
1
A. J. STOCKWELL, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, UK
World War II and Japanese Occupation
1
Colonial Restoration and Struggles for Independence,
1945-1948
13
Revolution and Decolonization in the Cold War, 1948-1957 33
Conclusion
52
Bibliographie Essay
55
2 The Political Structures of the Independent States
YONG MUN CHEONG, National University of Singapore
Revolution and Political Structures
Plural Political Structures
Maximum Government
Conclusion
Bibliographie Essay
3 Economic and Social Change
NORMAN G. OWEN, University of Hong Kong
Economic Policy in Independent Southeast Asia
Economic Implications of International Politics
International Markets and Technology
Economic Growth and Structural Change
Nationalism and Equity
Population and the Environment
Social Structures and Strategies
Protest and Rebellion
Bibliographie Essay
4 Religious Change in Contemporary Southeast Asia
PAUL STANGE, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
Appropriations of Industrial Culture
Spiritual Visions of Revolution and Independence
The Generation of National Cultures as Religious
Contention

59
60
80
96
128
131
139
142
150
153
158
167
175
181
192
198
201
204
207
214

VI

State Regulation and Institutional Religion

Reformulations in Populr Practice
Magical, Millenarian and Mystical Practices
Purist Revival and Secular Modernism
Trajectories of Changing Access to the Real
Bibliographie Essay
5 Regionalism and Nationalism

221
230
236
243
250
253
257

C. M. TURNBULL, formerly University of Hong Kong

The Concept of Southeast Asia

The Postwar Scene
The Impact of Decolonization
National Identity and Unity
Regional Links in the Immediate Postwar Era
The Beginning of the Cold War, 1948-1954
The South-East Asia Treaty Organization
The Bandung Conference and the Non-aligned Movement
Regional Tensions and Problems
Malaysia, Brunei and Confrontation
The Republic of Singapore
The Formation of ASEAN
The Second Indochina War
The ASEAN States
1975: The Communist Victories in Indochina
ASEAN Reactions
The Bali Summit
Vietnam, Cambodia and China
The Development of ASEAN
Burma
International Communism in the 1980s
Western Involvement
Non-alignment
Bibliographie Essay
Bibliographies

258
260
261
263
265
268
275
277
278
283
285
287
289
291
296
298
299
303
305
308
309
311
312
314
319

PAUL KRATOSKA

Asia
Southeast Asia
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
The Philippines
Indonesia
Burma
Thailand
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
Special Topics

319
320
323
326
328
332
332
333
335

Index

336