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Reference
roduct.do?actionFlag=detailProductSimple&web_doc_id=
SC0000104718&doc_type=123-1
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xDSL
The ADSL technology uses the existing twisted pairs to provide asymmetrical
upstream and downstream rate for users.
The G.SHDSL technology provides the symmetrical and high-speed leased line
access service on twisted pairs for users. It is mainly applied to the
interconnection of small and medium-sized enterprises, the base station relay of
China Mobile and the ISDN primary access.
The VDSL technology realizes the leased line connection and access. It is mainly
applied to hotel, high-speed access, video meetings, and so on.
ADSL: the Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
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Late 1980s
ISDN
HDSL
Early 1990s
ADSL
Late 1990s
VDSL
xDSL
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Time
Other DSL
ADSL Overview
ADSL is an asymmetrical xDSL technology. It makes full use of the untapped
high-frequency band to transmit data over copper cables at high speed by
diversified modulation. Its upstream band ranges from 26 kHz to 138 kHz, and its
downstream band from 138 kHz to 1104 kHz. Its upstream rate reaches 896 kbps
and downstream 8160 kbps.
ADSL has capability of adapting rate and anti-interference. Namely, the ADSL
technology can adjust its rate to a proper degree based on the line conditions,
such as distance, noise, and so on. In the ADSL technology, the longer the
transmission distance is, the lower the transmission rate is and the more the
transmission attenuates. But the transmission distance and attenuation are not in
linear proportion.
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G.SHDSL Overview
G.SHDSL is a new symmetrical subscriber line technology developed from the Highspeed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL), the Simultaneous Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
and the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). SHDSL has many features such as
multi-rate, optimized performance, lower power consumption for transmitting and
compatible spectrum. The rate of a single pair ranges from 192 kbps to 2312 kbps, and can
be adjusted adaptively with 8k as its granularity based on the line conditions. The
Extends the transmission distance of E1/V.35 (TDM) to 3 5.5 km that is four times or
more farther than that of the common E1/V.35.
Provides long-distance leased line access and extends the FR/CES networking distance
based on the TDM mode.
Makes full use of the existing copper cables to access broadband services asymmetrically.
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VDSL Overview
VDSL is a new xDSL technology to provide symmetrical or asymmetrical upstream and
downstream rate over twisted pairs. Its transmission reaches about 1.5 km, the highest
rate provided by optical fibers. VDSL permits the connection by analog telephones and
by high-speed data simultaneously, but it can transmit high-speed data only with short
reach. VDSL is similar to ADSL. But it is much easier to realize VDSL because ADSL is
designed for the line conditions that are worse than those of VDSL.
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xDSL Performance
Feature Comparison
xDSL
Symmetry
G.SHDSL
Asymmetrical
ADSL
Asymmetrical
ADSL2+
Asymmetrical
VDSL
Symmetrical/A
symmetrical
Maximum Rate
Maximum
Distance (km)
2.3 Mbps
Downstream: 8196 kbps
Upstream: 896 kbps
Downstream: 25 Mbps
Upstream: 3 Mbps
Downstream: 52 Mbps (asymmetrical)
Upstream: 12 Mbps (symmetrical)
Twisted
Pair
POTS
Service
5.5
No
Yes
6.5
Yes
1.5
Yes
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Questions
1. What are the technical features of the ADSL, VDSL and
G.SHDSL technologies?
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ADSL Standards
Some international organizations take on the standardization of the ADSL technologies, including
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the ITU Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T), and the ADSL Forum.
FAMILY
DESCRIPTION
RATIFIED
ADSL
1999
ADSL
G.992.2 G.lite
1999
ADSL2
G.992.3 G.dmt.bis
2002
ADSL2
G.992.4 G.lite.bis
2002
ADSL2+
2003
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Internet
ADSL Model
PSTN
ATU-R
Splitter
Twisted pair
Splitter
ADSL features
1. The upstream rate reaches
896 kbps and downstream
rate 8 Mbps.
2. ADSL: Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
3. Transmit voice and data on a
twisted pair simultaneously.
ADSL standards
G.992.1(G.dmt)
G.992.2(G.lite)
T1.413
Standard
of ADSL
without
signal
splitter
Standard
of full-rate
ADSL
Standard
of full-rate
ADSL
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G.Lite Overview
In G.dmt mode, ADSL needs voice splitters and cannot connect the
devices manufactured by different vendors. However, in G.Lite mode,
ADSL does not need voice splitters and cuts down the cost of chips and
installation.
2. G.Lite uses the DMT line encoding mode that performs the antiinterference well.
3. G.Lite provides asymmetrical rate, 512 kbps for upstream and 1.5 Mbps
for downstream.
4. G.Lite extends the transmission distance to 7 km at most.
G.Lite is rarely used in China by taking bandwidth and market into account.
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): It modulates two signals into a carrier frequency. The
amplitude modulation frequency of the two signals are the same but their phase difference is 90
degree.
Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation (CAP): It is based on QAM to modulate data to a single
carrier.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT): It modulates data to multi-carrier, and the data on each carrier is
modulated by QAM. DMT is by far the mainstream modulation technology.
The DMT modulation technology dominants the market for its powerful anti-interference and popular
style.
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DMT
DMT is by far the commonly-used modulation technology. It segments the transmission
band into multiple subchannels, each subchannel corresponds to a carrier of different
frequency and is modulated on the corresponding carrier in the QAM mode. The transmission
performance of the current subchannels decides the capacity of the transmitted information in
each subchannel. Information capacity defines the bits of the data modulated by each carrier.
DMT uses 4.3125 kHz bandwidth as its unit. It divides a 1 MHz band into 256 subchannels.
The POTS service occupies the band ranging from 300 Hz to 4 kHz on the telephone wire. By
taking the isolation into consideration, DMT assigns the band from 0 kHz to 25 kHz (namely,
the first six channels) to the POTS service. Therefore, only 250 subchannels are actually
assigned for transmitting digital services.
Each subchannel uses QAM in the DMT technology except the first six subchannels. QAM
piles up the output waveform since each subchannel has its own frequency, and then outputs
the piled waveform to lines. The peer receive end first restores the piled waveform based on
the frequency, and distributes them to each subchannel; then each subchannel uses QAM to
demodulate the waveform into data bits.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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DMT Sub-Carrier
Subchannel
Available band
SNR
noise
attenuate
s
Data
Object 1
Object 2
4.3125 kHz
7
Voice
tone
16
26KHz
64
31
256
1.1MHz
Upstream subcarrier
Downstream subcarrier
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Process
Activate the request and
confirm the procedure
Transceiver negotiation
Channel analyzing
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Parameter switching
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ADSL2 Standard
ADSL2 is developed from ADSL, its standard (G.992.3) has been
defined in June, 2002.
Annex I works if the loop line carries the POTS service; Annex J
works if the loop line carries the ISDN service. The Annex L of
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ADSL2+ Standards
ADSL2+ is the second generation full-rate ADSL. In 2003, ITU
presents G.992.5 that is also called the ADSL2+ standard. G.992.5
in application.
ADSL has high rate, supports multi-service, and is maintainable.
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ADSL2+ Features
Longer transmit distance
The transmit distance of ADSL2/ADSL+ reaches 6.5 km or more with the rate
of 192/96 kbps
minimum.
ADSL2 annex L uses a new spectrum allocation. If the distance is over 4 km,
the subband higher than Tone 128 are disabled to promote the transmit power
of the subband that is lower than Tone 128, and to increase the distance.
The receiver decides the tone ordering and the pilot tone. This improves the
problem that ADSL cannot be activated pilot tone because of the low SNR of
the ADSL pilot tone signal. In addition, the 2 bits carried by the pilot tone can
provide 8 kbps extra bandwidth.
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ADSL2+ Features
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ADSL2+ Features
Rate Binding
Carriers often need provide the service of different levels for various customers. The
diversified services are made a whole through binding multiple telephone wires to promote
the rate for the home user and the business user. The ADSL2 standard supports the IMA
standard of the ATM operation to bind the services. Using the IMA technology, ADSL2
binds two or more copper wires as one ADSL connection. In this case, the downstream
rate promotion is flexible.
IMA adds a new sublayer between the physical layer and the ATM layer of ADSL. At the
transmit end, the IMA sublayer distributes the ATM data stream from the ATM layer into
multiple ADSL physical layers. The process at the receive end is on the contrary.
To bind the services of various bit error rate and delay, the IMA sublayer defines the IMA
frame, protocol and managing function in a detailed manner. Meanwhile, the IMA sublayer
requires some functions of the ADSL physical layer to be updated. For example, discard
the idle cell and the error code at the receive end.
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ADSL2+ Features
More reliable running & Good spectrum compatibility
The receiver decides the tone ordering based on the channel analysis result, and
selects the tone of the best performance as the pilot tone. This makes for the
stable ADSL connection.
During the negotiation, the tone is disabled, and the receiver tests the distribution
of the radio frequency interference (RFI) for bypassing the RFI signal and reducing
the crosstalk on other twisted pairs.
the bit swap function, and changes the line rate seamlessly and dynamically.
The power cutback of the receiver and the transmitter is 40 dB high, and reduces
The receiver decides the pilot tone, and avoids that the line cannot be activated
ADSL2+ shortens the negotiation process, and quickly restores the connection
synchronization from errors.
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ADSL2+ Features
SRA
ADSL2+ can improve the crosstalk problem by using the seamless rate adaptive
(SRA) technology. Using SRA, ADSL2+ can change the ADSL transmit power without
changing the ADSL connection rate and bit error rate. When detecting the channel
condition change, ADSL2+ adapts the rate to the change. This point is transparent to
subscribers.
SRA is used for the decoupling at the modulation layer and the framing layer of the
ADSL2+ system. Decoupling enables the modulation layer to change the transmit rate
parameter, but it does not change the parameter of the framing layer. Pay attention
that the bit error will occur and cause the system restarted if the parameter of the
framing layer changes and causes the frame synchronization loss.
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Summary
ADSL is widely used on the existing network. ADSL2 is
only a connecting point in technology development, so it
is rarely used for commercial purpose. Now, ADSL is
being upgraded to ADSL2+.
Standard/ Working
Upstream/Down-
Transmit
Step
Features
ADSL
26138 k
896 k/8196 k
32
1.2 M/12 M
5.2
3 M/25 M
6.5
1381.1 M
ADSL2
26138 k
1381.1 M
ADSL2+
26138 k
138K2.2 M
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Questions
1. Briefly describe the three line coding technologies for ADSL
modulation & demodulation.
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Rate setting
Upstream/downstream channel bit swap
Trellis code
Channel mode
Noise margin
Signal attenuation
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All
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by any of the following
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis, G.dmt.bisplus, G.lite and T1.413.
Full rate
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by any of the following
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis and G.dmt.bisplus and T1.413.
G.lite
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by the G.lite standard.
T1.413
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by the T1.413 standard.
G.dmt
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by any of the following
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis and G.dmt.bisplus.
G.hs
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by any of the following
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis, G.dmt.bisplus and G.lite.
G992.1
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.dmt standard.
G992.2
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.lite standard.
G992.3
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by either the G.dmt standard
or the G.dmt.bis.
G992.4
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.lite standard.
G992.5
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.dmt.bisplus
standard.
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Rate Parameters
Minimum transmit rate: It presents the minimum activation rate required in the current direction
after the line activation.
Maximum transmit rate: It presents the maximum activation rate in the current direction after
the line activation. If the rate is fixed, the maximum and the minimum activation rates must be
identical.
After the activation, the actual line rate will satisfy the activation requirement after being
adapted from the expected maximum rate to the minimum rate. Such an activation requires that
the error bit rate must be smaller than 10-7, and the noise margin must be around the target noise
margin.
During the ADSL connecting, if the line is in good conditions, and the calculated downstream
rate is bigger than the configured maximum rate, the system will restrict the downstream rate to
the maximum rate and increase the downstream SNR margin. If the line is in poor conditions,
and the calculated maximum downstream rate cannot satisfy the configured maximum value, the
system will set up the connection at the actual downstream rate on the premise of guaranteeing
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Trellis Coding
Trellis coding works out the best coding gain using a special coding calculation to
increase the line SNR gain. The practice proves that using trellis coding can increase
the line SNR gain by 36 dB at least, but the portion of the error control redundancy
code in the line bandwidth does not increase. The improvement is represented as that
the activation rate increases a lot compared with that in its failure case after the trellis
coding switch is enabled.
According to the ADSL standard (G.992.1), the trellis coding function is optional. At
present, all Huawei ADSL board series support this function. In the ADSL2/ADSL2+
standard (G.992.3/G.992.5), the trellis coding function is forcibly supported. Now,
Huawei ADSL2+ board series also support this function.
Enable or Disable the trellis function as follows:
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Channel Mode
There are two channel modes: interleaved mode and fast mode.
Fast mode: This mode has short delay and general error correction
capability. So it applies to the delay-sensitive service.
Interleaved mode: This mode can solve the burst noise and has a good
capability of correcting errors. The deeper the interleaved depth is, the
better the error correction capability is, and also the longer the delay is.
Therefore, the interleaved mode applies to the delay-insensitive service
that requires low reliability.
Unit of interleaved delay
DMT: Use the depth as its unit directly, namely, the interleaved depth.
MS: Use millisecond (ms) as its unit, namely, the interleaved delay.
Choose the channel mode:
> Please select channel mode 0-interleaved 1-fast (01) [0]:
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Interleaving Principle
Span N=7
Interleaving process
Enter the data from FEC
21
216, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Depth
D=3
16, 9, 2, 15, 8, 1
De-interleaving process
Object 1
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Read the
data to FEC
216, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Object 2
Bit order
(no interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Bit order
(interleaving)
15
16
10
17
11
18
12
19
13
20
14
21
X
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
16
17
18
19
20
21
Burst error
Receiving bit
(no interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
Receiving bit
(interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
X
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SNR/Noise Margin
The SNR margin refers to the additional noise that the system can tolerate on the premise
of guaranteeing the current rate and error bit rate. The SNR margin of the modem and the
stability of the ADSL connection are in direct ration. Generally, the bigger the SNR margin
of modem is, the more stable the connection is. Meanwhile, the SNR margin and the
activated physical connection rate are in inverse ratio. Namely, the bigger the SNR margin
is, the lower the activated physical connection rate is.
Target SNR Margin: It refers to the required noise margin for initialization when the bit error
rate equal to or smaller than 10-7.
Maximum SNR Margin: When the noise margin exceeds this value, ADSL must lower its
output power.
Minimum SNR Margin: When the noise margin is smaller than this value, ADSL must
promote its output power. If the promotion fails, ADSL should perform the negotiation again.
Set the SNR margin of modem as follows:
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Signal Attenuation
SATN refers to the signal attenuation. The SATN value is the ratio of the received
signal power at the receive end to the transmitted signal power at the transmit
end. In fact, SATN is the line attenuation parameter in ADSL, ranging from 0
to 102.2 dB with the step as 0.1 dB.
If the signal attenuates too much, the ADSL service will be unstable and
Crosstalk
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Line Length
Noise Margin
Upstream
Attenuation
Rate
Noise Margin
Attenuation
Rate
5.5
27232
1088
1000
9.5
25184
1.5
1120
2150
20
20832
23.5
1024
3050
30
9056
41.5
1056
4000
39
5472
54
992
5200
45.5
2496
63.5
896
6100
53.5
960
63.5
672
7000
12
61
192
63.5
416
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Summary
This chapter describes the key parameters of the line profile and their
meanings. During configuring the line profile, inherit the default
value for most parameters. What requires change are the following
parameters: the activation standards used by the line profile,
interleaved/fast mode, upstream/downstream activation rate range.
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Questions
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ADSL Trend
Broadband
ADSL
ADSL2
ADSL2+
VDSL2+
Full-service
Support the IPTV, Triple Play, leased line, and some other
services.
Intelligent
Speed up the ADSL application, and locate the fault range
accurately to reduce the service interruption time.
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T1E1.4 (North America) and ETSIM6 (Europe). Later, ITU takes charge of
the regional ADSL standardization. This organization is a leader of the
ADSL standardization.
www.itu.int/ITU-T/
ADSL Forum
www.t1.org/t1e1
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Thank You
www.huawei.com
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