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CLASIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS:
Aerobic system
Obligate anaerobes:
Anaerobic system
Facultative anaerobes
BACTERIAL METABOLISM
DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE
ANOXIC DECOMPOSITION :
Uses nitrogen e.g. N02- , N03- as terminal electron
acceptor in absence of molecular oxygen
Used to reduce nitrogen content of water to control
water pollution
ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION :
Molecular Oxygen and nitrate must be absent as
terminal electron acceptors
Decomposition is a two stage process
DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE
(contd.)
Moisture
Temperature
pH
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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT UNITS
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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT UNITS(contd.)
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TRICKLING FILTER
Description :
Consist of a bed of coarse material e.g. stones , slats ,
plastic materials over which wastewater is applied
A microbial growth is established on the surface of the stone
or packing forming a fixed film.
The wastewater passes over the stationary fixed film
microbial population which utilizes the organic content for
growth and energy.
Excess growth of microorganisms wash from the media
surface and goes into the sedimentation basin known as
secondary clarifier or final clarifier
Disinfection is carried out in some cases after which the
effluent is discharged into water bodies.
Sludge accumulated in the final clarifier is taken out for
further treatment and disposal.
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ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Description :
Principle :
A mixture of wastewater and biological sludge
(microorganisms) is mixed and agitated and aerated.
Biological solids are separated from the treated wastewater
and aeration process.
Method :
Air is injected to mix with the wastewater and activated
sludge to supply oxygen needed by the organisms to break
down the organics.
The mixture of activated sludge and wastewater in the
aeration tank is known ass MIXED LIQUOR
The mixed liquor flows into the secondary clarifier where
the activated sludge settles out.
Most of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration tank.
This helps in maintaining a high population of microbes to
perform rapid breakdown of the organics.
The remaining activated sludge called waste activated 20
sludge (WAS) is sent for treatment and disposal.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Conventional Activated Sludge Treatment System
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QX o V
k d X (Q Qw ) X e Qw X r
Ks S
SX
V m
k d X Qw X r
Ks S
re - arranging we have
m SX Qw X r
kd
Ks S
VX
The equation for mass balance for food (soluble BOD 5 ) is given by
m SX
(Q Qw ) S Qw S
QSo V
Y (K s S
where Y yield coefficien t
on rearrangin g we have,
m SX Q Y
(So S )
Ks S V X
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(So - S ) kd
VX
VX
The hydraulic detention time, of the reactor is given by,
V
Q
The mean cell residence time , c is given by,
VX
Qw X r
Allowing for losses of biomass in the effluent, we have
VX
c
Qw X r (Q Qw ) X e
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IMPORTANT NOTES :
Once the mean cell residence Oc is selected the
concentration of soluble BOD5 ,S in the effluent is fixed :
K (1 k )
S
( k ) 1
s
The soluble BOD5, S , is only affected by the mean cellresidence time and the amount of BOD5 entering the
reactor.
To achieve a desired effluent quality both soluble and
insoluble fractions of BOD5must be considered.
To use equation some estimate of the BOD5 of the
suspended solids must be made first . This value is then
subtracted from the total allowable BOD5 to find the
allowable S ,
S = Total BOD5 allowed BOD5 in suspended solids
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Y (S S )
X
(1 k )
c
QX Q X (Q Q ) X
Q
X X
'
'
'
'
m3/d
10
mg/L
SVI
SVI sludge volume index
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X r'
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SLUDGE PRODUCTION
P Y Q( S S )(10 kg / g )
3
obs
obs
1 k
d
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OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
C5H7NO2 + 5O2
MO
2
Q( S S )
10 1.42 P
f
o
Note :
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The SRT (c) selected for the design is a function of the degree of
treatment required.
A high SRT( or older sludge age) results in higher quantity of solids being
carried in the system and higher degree of treatment being achieved.
A long SRT also results in the production of less waste sludge.
Municipal wastewater generally contain sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus
to support biological growth.
Industrial wastes are generally deficient in nutrients and supplemental
nitrogen and phosphorus may be required.
The ratio of nitrogen to BOD5 should be 1:32
The ration of phosphorous to BOD5 should be 1:150
Toxic metals and organics should be removed during the pretreatment
program to avoid precipitation into the waste sludges leading to hazardous
waste generation.
Volatile organics may be stripped from solution into the atmosphere
creating an air pollution problem.
Surface skimming equipment should be installed in the secondary
treatment system to remove oil and grease.
Grease balls on the surface of the aeration tank cannot be degraded by
the microorganisms because it is not in the water to enable physical
contact to take place.
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Sludge problems
Bulking Sludge
This is sludge with poor settling characteristics and poor
compactability
Types of bulking sludge:
Caused by filamentous organisms
Water trapped in the bacterial floc causing reduction in
density of the agglomerate and resulting in poor settling.
Long slow moving collection system transport
Low availability of ammonia due to high organic loading
Low pH which favours acid-favouring fungi which tend to
predominate
Lack of micro-nutrients, which stimulates predomination of
the filamentous actinomycetes over the normal flocforming bacteria
Lack of nitrogen also favours slime-producing bacteria
which have low specific gravity.
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Rising Sludge
Sludge which floats to the surface after an apparently good
settling.
Results from denitrification i.e. reduction in nitrates and
nitrites to nitrogen gas in the sludge blanket(layer).
The gas is trapped in the sludge blanket causing globs of
sludge to rise to the surface to the effluent leading to water
pollution
Solution of rising sludge problem
Increasing the rate of return of sludge flow(Qr)
Increasing the speed of the sludge collecting mechanism
Decreasing the mean cell residence time
Decreasing the flow from the aeration tank to the clarifier/
settling tank
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Filtration
Removes residual suspended solids , unsettled
microorganisms , residual BOD5.
Carbon Adsorption
Chemical Precipitation
Nitrification /denitrification
Land treatment
Land treatment
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SLUDGE TREATMENT
SLUDGE TREATMENT....
SLUDGE TREATMENT...
UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE
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SLUDGE TREATMENT
& DISPOSAL PROCESSES
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