TRANSFORMATIONS

2.1 Translation
1. Translation is a transformation that moves all the points on a plane through the same
distance and in the same direction.
2. Properties of a translation
a) the shape, size and orientation of the object and the image are the same
b) every point is moved through the same distance and in the same direction

3. A translation is usually expressed in the form , where h represents the horizontal

k

movement parallel to the x-axis and k represents the vertical movement parallel to
the y- axis
Example 1 y

Exercise :
i) Draw the image for each of the
following object.
ii) State the coordinates of the image for each of
the points under the given translation.

yH
6
H

1.

4
4

Translation
0

y
B

i) A is mapped onto B under a

4
4

4
or each point in
translation
2

triangle A is moved 4 units to the right

followed by 2 uints downwards
ii) Under the same translation,
image of H is H(7,5).

Answer : A(
2.

Translation

3.

Translation
y

4

2
C

6
B

Answer:

Answer:

4. Translation
1

5. Translation

3

0

Answer :

Answer:

To find the vector of translation

k

h
k

In each of the diagram below, A' is the image of A under translation T . In each case, state the

4 units to the
right

vector of translation.
Example 1

Y
4
A

-4

-2

-2

i) Choose at least two corresponding points

between object and image.
ii) Count the number of units to move to the
right or left, then the number of units to
move upwards or downwards.
h
iii) The vector of translation is
k
5 units
downward

A'

Thus, the vector translation is

-4

A'

A
A'

Translation

Translation

4
A'

A
2

2
A'

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2
-4

-4

Translation:

Translation:
y
5.

6.

4
A

A'

A'

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Translation:

Translation :

2.2 Reflection
Reflection is a transformation which reflects all the points on a plane in a line
called the axis of reflection.
Properties of reflection :
i) the shape and size of the object and its image are the same .(congruent)
ii) the orientation of the image is laterally inverted compared to the object.
iii) the position of any point lying on the axis of reflection does not change.

4
A
'

AA
2

y =1
x

-4
4

In the diagram:

-2

0
-2
-4

P'

A' is the image of A under a reflection

of y axis or x = 0
P is the image of P under reflection
of line y =1

2.2.1 To determine the image under a reflection

Draw and label the image under a reflection for each of the following.
Example :

Exercise:
1.

A'
2

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Axis of reflection

Axis of reflection
3

Y
4
2

Q
4

-4

-2

-2
-4

R
4

S
4

2.2.2 To determine the axis of reflection

Example: Draw the axis of reflection

Exercise
1.

B'
4

axis of reflection
2.

C
A

4
4

D'

C'

2.2.3 State the axis of reflection.

Example:
y

Exersice
1

2
4

-4

-2

-4
4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Axis of reflection : x = 2
y
2.

Axis of reflection :
3
y

4
4

4
4

2
2
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Axis of reflection :

x
0

2 3 4

7
Axis of reflection :

5 6

2.3 Rotation
A rotation is a transformation which rotates all the points on a plane :
about a fixed point (known as centre of rotation)
C

Centre

through a given angle

Angle

in the clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

Direction

The diagram shows that P is mapped

onto P through a rotation about O of an
angle in clockwise direction

P'

The properties of rotation :

i) the shape of the object and the image are the same
ii) the size of the object and image are the same
iii) the orientation of object and image remain the same
iv) the centre of rotation is the only point that does not change its position.
Since full rotation is 3600
90 clockwise
=
2700 anticlockwise
0
900 anticlockwise
270 clockwise =
0
180 clockwise =
1800 clockwise ( for a rotation 1800 it is not necessary to mention the
direction of rotation)
Example :
Exercise
Draw the image for each of the object
Draw the image of M under a Rotation of 900
under the rotation given :
clockwise about A.
0

y
6
A

90
M'

x
1. Rotation of 900 anticlockwise about A

2. Rotation of 1800 anticlockwise about H.

y

3. Rotation of 900 clockwise about A.

y

6
A

H
2

x
O

4.

Rotation of 900 clockwise about B .

Rotation of 900 anticlockwise about C

5.

y
6
6

B
4

4
4

2
O

x
x
O

2.3.2 Determine and mark the centre of rotation

The intersection of two or more lines of perpendicular bisectors is a centre of
rotation.
i) Join point D to D and construct the
perpendicular bisector of line DD.
ii) Join point C to C and construct the
perpendicular bisector of line CC.
iii) Extend the two lines until they
intersect each other.
The point of intersection of these two
perpendicular bisectors is the
centre of rotation.

D
4

A
Perpendicular
bisectors

C
Centre of
rotation

Exercise : Determine and mark the centre of

rotation for each of the following
diagram
1

S
B

C
4

Q
R

S
To determine centre,angle and direction of
rotation

Exercise :
1.

4
4

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Centre : (0,0)
Angle : 900 ,
Direction : clockwise

Centre : ..
Angle : .
Direction : ...

2.

A
2

B
4

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4
Centre : ..
Angle : .
Direction : ...

-4
Centre : ..
Angle :.
Direction :

y
4

T
2

2
4

-4

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Centre :
Angle :
Direction : ..

Centre : ..
Angle : .
Direction : ...

2.4 ENLARGEMENT
An enlargement is a transformation which has a fixed point call the centre of enlargement.
All the points on the plane move at a constant ratio from the centre.
The ratio is known as the scale factor.
The image produced is always similar to the object.

Q
Triangle PQR is the image of
triangle PQR under an enlargement
with centre C and scale factor (k) = 2
Q

Scale factor, k can be calculate by

length of side of mage
k=
length of side of object
P' R'
PQ
4
=
2
=2
Area under enlargement
For any enlargement with scale factor k.
Area of image = k2 area of object
k=

To determine the centre of enlargement

and the scale factor
Example: i) Mark the centre of enlargement
ii) State the factor scale of
enlargment

Exersice
1.

y
4
2

-4

-2 A 0

-2
A
-4
Answer :

Answer
i) scale factor : 2

i)

2.

3.

B
B
R
4

D
D

i) Scale factor :

i) Scale factor :

6.

5.

B
4

Scale factor :

Scale factor :
To draw an image under enlargement
Draw and label an image under the following
enlargement
Example : centre (7,2) and scale factor 2

Exersice
1. Centre (2,2) and scale factor

1
.
2

4
C

2
2

A B B
0

6 7 x

2. Centre (2,4) and scale factor

1
2

3. Centre (4,4) and scale factor 2

y
6

0
4

Centre (1,3) and scale factor 3

4
P

Centre (0,0) and scale factor 2