Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
20 KAUFFMAN
16 INDEX
growth
entrepreneurship
state Trends
JUNE 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Steve Case............................................................................................................................................................................4
About the Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurship Series..........................................................................................................................6
State Growth Entrepreneurship Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................6
Figure 1: Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship (20082016)........................................................................................ 7
Understanding Growth EntrepreneurshipA Look at the Indicators...................................................................................................9
The Components of the Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship.............................................................................................10
A Big Tent Approach to Entrepreneurship.............................................................................................................................................12
Table 1: Summary of Components Used Across Reports........................................................................................................ 13
A Look at Startup Growth Potential........................................................................................................................................................14
State Trends in Growth Entrepreneurship.............................................................................................................................................15
Growth EntrepreneurshipTrends in Larger States................................................................................................................ 15
Table 2: Larger States RankingsKauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship.............................................................. 16
Figure 2: Larger States RankingsKauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship............................................................. 17
Growth EntrepreneurshipTrends in Smaller States.............................................................................................................. 18
Table 3: Smaller States RankingsKauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship............................................................ 18
Figure 3: Smaller States RankingsKauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship........................................................... 19
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
Table 9: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)..................................... 29
Industry: IT Services
Table 10: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States)............... 30
Figure 10: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States).............. 30
Table 11: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............. 31
Figure 11: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............ 31
Industry: Advertising & Marketing
Table 12: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States) .............. 32
Figure 12: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States).............. 32
Table 13: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States) ............ 33
Figure 13: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............ 33
Industry: Business Products & Services
Table 14: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States)............... 34
Figure 14: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States).............. 34
Table 15: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............. 35
Figure 15: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............ 35
Industry: Health
Table 16: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States) .............. 36
Figure 16: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States).............. 36
Table 17: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States) ............ 37
Figure 17: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............ 37
Industry: Software
Table 18: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States) .............. 38
Figure 18: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Largest States).............. 38
Table 19: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States) ............ 39
Figure 19: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies (Twenty-Five Smallest States)............ 39
2 |
2016
1: Virginia.............................................................................................................................................................. 41
2: Maryland........................................................................................................................................................... 42
3: Arizona.............................................................................................................................................................. 43
4: Massachusetts.................................................................................................................................................... 44
5: Texas................................................................................................................................................................. 45
6: Louisiana........................................................................................................................................................... 46
7: Colorado............................................................................................................................................................ 47
8: North Carolina................................................................................................................................................... 48
9: Alabama............................................................................................................................................................ 49
10: Georgia............................................................................................................................................................ 50
11: California......................................................................................................................................................... 51
12: Ohio................................................................................................................................................................ 52
13: South Carolina................................................................................................................................................. 53
14: Tennessee........................................................................................................................................................ 54
15: Minnesota........................................................................................................................................................ 55
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
Rank
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
Pennsylvania.................................................................................................................................................... 56
Illinois.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Washington...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Indiana............................................................................................................................................................. 59
New Jersey....................................................................................................................................................... 60
New York........................................................................................................................................................ 61
Missouri........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Wisconsin........................................................................................................................................................ 63
Florida............................................................................................................................................................. 64
Michigan.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
1: Utah................................................................................................................................................................... 67
2: New Hampshire................................................................................................................................................. 68
3: Delaware........................................................................................................................................................... 69
4: North Dakota..................................................................................................................................................... 70
5: Oklahoma.......................................................................................................................................................... 71
6: Rhode Island...................................................................................................................................................... 72
7: Kansas................................................................................................................................................................ 73
8: Nevada.............................................................................................................................................................. 74
9: New Mexico...................................................................................................................................................... 75
10: Mississippi....................................................................................................................................................... 76
11: Hawaii............................................................................................................................................................. 77
11: West Virginia................................................................................................................................................... 78
13: Connecticut..................................................................................................................................................... 79
14: Oregon............................................................................................................................................................ 80
15: Wyoming......................................................................................................................................................... 81
16: Iowa................................................................................................................................................................. 82
17: Nebraska.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
18: Idaho............................................................................................................................................................... 84
19: Maine.............................................................................................................................................................. 85
20: Arkansas.......................................................................................................................................................... 86
21: Kentucky.......................................................................................................................................................... 87
22: Alaska.............................................................................................................................................................. 88
23: Montana.......................................................................................................................................................... 89
24: Vermont........................................................................................................................................................... 90
25: South Dakota................................................................................................................................................... 91
The authors would like to thank Barb Pruitt, Betsy Dierker, Chris Jackson, Chris Newton, Dane Stangler, Derek Ozkal,
Donald Patton, Emily Fetsch, Jason Wiens, Jay R. Ritter, Jorge Guzman, Keith Mays, Lacey Graverson, Michael Hendrix,
Rhett Morris, and Robert W. Fairlie for their feedback, support, and advice.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
Foreword
By Steve Case
4 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
State Growth
Entrepreneurship
Executive Summary
Share of Scaleups
1. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c13492.
6 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
Growth Index
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
Kauffman Foundation
-1.20
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Year
SOURCE: Authors calculations using the BDS and Inc. 500|5000 data. For an interactive version, please see: www.kauffmanindex.org.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
Share of Scaleups
Health
8 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
Software
S T A T E T rends
Understanding Growth
Entrepreneurship
A Look at the Indicators
OMPA
TH C
N
W
HIGH-G
RO
HIGH-G
RO
NSITY
DE
Rate of Startup
Growth
THE
NSITY
DE
RAT
E
OMPA
TH C
N
W
TARTUP GR
FS
O
TH
W
O
20 KAUFFMAN
16 INDEX
TARTUP GR
FS
O
TH
W
O
RAT
E
SH
HIGH-G
RO
NSITY
DE
OMPA
TH C
N
W
TARTUP GR
FS
O
IPO SHARE
E OF SCALEU
AR
PS
SH
Share of Scaleups
TH
W
O
RAT
E
PS
growth
entrepreneurship
IPO SHARE
E OF SCALEU
AR
High-Growth
Company Density
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
and on a privately compiled dataset covering the fastestgrowing private companies in America, as measured
by their revenue growth. The Growth Entrepreneurship
Index improves over other possible measures of growth
entrepreneurship in its timeliness, dual approach of
capturing both employee and revenue growth, and
inclusion of all types of business activity, regardless of
industry.
The Components of
the Kauffman Index of
Growth Entrepreneurship
The Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship is an
equally weighted index of three normalized measures of
growth:2
1. The Rate of Startup Growth, calculated as how
much startups have grown, on average, after
Proxy measure of business growth and startup traction across young businesses.
Measures the average growth of cohorts of new employer firms from the year they
were founded through their fifth year of operation.
Calculates growth by comparing the average size of all startups from a given year
to the average size of surviving, young companies in year five of operation. All
industries are included in this measure.
Data based on author calculations from the U.S. Census Bureaus Business Dynamics Statistics.
What the number means:
For example, the Rate of Startup Growth was 70.3 percent for Colorado in the 2016 Index. That means that, on
average, Colorado companies turning five years old have grown 70.3 percent since their founding, from
4.7 average employees at the time of founding to 8.0 average employees by year five.
2. We normalize each of three measures by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation for that measure (i.e., create a z-score for each variable). This creates
a comparable scale for including the three measures in the Growth Entrepreneurship Index. We use annual estimates from 2007 to the latest year available (2013 or 2015) to
calculate the mean and standard deviations for each component measure (see Methodology and Framework for more details).
10 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Share of Scaleups
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
11
3. Approximately half of startups remain in operation five years later, according to our calculations for U.S. Census Bureaus Business Dynamics Statistics data.
12 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
RA
TE
S
ER
N
N
BUSI ESS OW
OF
Table 1
HIGH-GHIGH-G
RO
RO
RAT
E
RAT
E
RA
TE
OMPA
TH C
N
W
Rate of Startup
Growth
SH
SH
ESTABRL
IASTH
E
The number of
businesses older than
five years with less
than fifty employees
normalized by
population
The number of
IPO SHARE
businesses that started
small and grew to
employ at least fifty
people by their tenth
year of operation as
a percentage of all
businesses ten years
and younger
High-Growth
Company Density
The number of fastgrowing companies
with at least
$2 million dollars
in annual revenue
normalized by
business population
IPO SHARE
PS
E OF SCALEU
AR
OMPA
TH C
N
W
NSITY
DE
Established
TARTUP GR Small
FS
O
Business
Density
HIGH-G
RO
ALL BUSIN
SM
E
SH
ED
RAT
E
RA
TE
E OF SCALEU
AR
N
BUSI ESS OW
OF
TH
W
O
IPO SHARE
Share of Scaleups
E OF SCALEU
AR
Startup Density
ESTABL
ISH
RAT
EO
PORTUNIRAT
PORTUNI
OP
TY E OP
TY
O
NSITY ENSITY
D
DE
Y
PORTUNI
OP
TY
The percentage of
new entrepreneurs
driven primarily by
opportunity vs.
necessity
NSITY
DE
SS
TUP DENSI
AR
TY
ST
Opportunity Share
of New Entrepreneurs
S
ER
N
ENEURS
EPR
TR
N
OF NEW
ARE
SH UP DEN E
RT
SIT
A
Y
ST
SSSIO
ASLILNBEU
BU
NW
SM
E
OF
ED
PS
TUP DENSI
AR
TY
ST
The percentage of
adults transitioning
into entrepreneurship
at a given point in
time
TARTUP GR
FS
O
PS
N
EW E TREPR
F N RE OF NEW E
A
E
SH
Rate of Business
Owners
SITY
RSEN
ED
SNS
ENEURS
RS PRENEURS
EPR
EU RE
TR
N NT
N
OF NEW
ARE
E
SH
N
BUSI ESS OW
OF
Growth Entrepreneurship
OMPA
TH C
TARTUP GR
FS
O
TH WTH
W
O
O
RS
EU
N
N
EW E TREPR
E
FN
Rate of New
Entrepreneurs
S
ER
N
N
EW E TREPR
E
FN
RS
EU
N
RAT
EO
Startup Activity
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
13
he conversation around entrepreneurship measurement has increased in the last year with Guzman and
Sterns recent research attempting to use predictive techniques to connect aspects of a new firms business
registration to later growth outcomes, specifically reaching a meaningful exit (IPO or M&A) within six years
of founding (Guzman and Stern 2016). This research holds much promise for the future of entrepreneurship research,
as it may hold the possibility of even finer-grain geographic analysis and better predictive techniques beyond just
counting business registrations. However, while compellingand, indeed, Kauffman Foundation activities have
supported, financially and otherwise, this work in many waysthe data measuring startup growth potential has not
reached national coverage, although it may spread to other geographies in the near future. With that, the Growth
Entrepreneurship Index focuses on actual observed growth outcomes rather than ex ante growth potential of startups.
14 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Growth EntrepreneurshipTrends in
Larger States
For the twenty-five largest states in the country,
Virginia was top in growth entrepreneurship activity
followed by Maryland, Arizona, Massachusetts, and Texas.
It is no coincidence that two of the top states contain the
Washington, D.C., metro areaone of the metros with
the highest growth entrepreneurship activity in the latest
year. Among larger states, twelve ranked higher than they
did last year, four experienced no changes in rankings,
and another nine ranked lower.
Among the twenty-five largest states, the five that
experienced the biggest increase in ranks in 2016 were:
Larger States with Biggest Positive Shift in Rank
Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
State
Rank 2016
Rank 2015
Change
North Carolina
15
Alabama
13
Ohio
12
16
Tennessee
14
18
Arizona
Rank 2016
Rank 2015
Change
New Jersey
20
-12
Pennsylvania
16
10
-6
Illinois
17
14
-3
Wisconsin
23
20
-3
Louisiana
-2
South Carolina
13
11
-2
4. A full discussion of national trends is available in the national report for the Kauffman Growth Index.
5. We use the Bureau of Economic Analysis population data for 2012 to do this grouping.
6. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data (https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/ua/urban-rural-2010.html).
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
15
Table 2
State
Rank 2015
Change in Rank
Rate of Startup
Growth
Share of Scaleups
6.93
Virginia
81.0%
1.68%
3.71
Maryland
78.5%
1.83%
86.0
3.18
Arizona
68.1%
1.58%
103.5
3.09
Massachusetts
-1
59.2%
1.69%
104.7
3.05
Texas
61.8%
1.78%
94.1
2.46
Louisiana
-2
69.5%
2.18%
40.7
2.38
Colorado
70.3%
1.35%
97.2
1.61
North Carolina
15
59.8%
1.50%
79.9
2016
175.0
1.44
Alabama
13
64.6%
1.66%
58.1
10
1.41
Georgia
-1
45.1%
1.23%
113.4
11
1.32
California
12
60.1%
1.19%
94.7
12
1.28
Ohio
16
48.6%
1.62%
77.1
13
1.25
South Carolina
11
-2
49.8%
1.66%
72.1
14
1.16
Tennessee
18
50.8%
1.57%
75.3
15
0.81
Minnesota
17
44.7%
1.46%
82.0
16
0.78
Pennsylvania
10
-6
53.2%
1.44%
71.6
17
0.55
Illinois
14
-3
49.9%
1.27%
82.5
18
0.09
Washington
19
59.4%
1.15%
67.0
19
0.06
Indiana
21
52.2%
1.47%
52.2
20
-0.02
New Jersey
-12
51.5%
1.24%
67.4
21
-0.15
New York
22
57.0%
1.02%
73.3
22
-0.44
Missouri
23
57.2%
1.21%
51.7
23
-0.65
Wisconsin
20
-3
53.5%
1.40%
37.9
24
-0.93
Florida
25
47.5%
0.83%
79.1
25
-1.39
Michigan
24
-1
61.5%
0.83%
49.7
16 |
High-Growth
Company Density
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Figure 2
2016 Larger States Rankings for the Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
Ranking 2016
25
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
17
Growth EntrepreneurshipTrends in
Smaller States
Rank 2016
Rank 2015
Change
Mississippi
10
22
12
Wyoming
15
23
North Dakota
11
Nevada
15
Connecticut
13
17
Rank 2016
Rank 2015
Change
24
11
-13
Vermont
Arkansas
20
10
-10
Maine
19
13
-6
New Mexico
-4
Oklahoma
-3
Hawaii
11
-3
Kentucky
21
18
-3
Table 3
State
Rank 2015
Change in Rank
Rate of Startup
Growth
Share of Scaleups
5.24
Utah
66.7%
1.54%
160.6
1.63
New Hampshire
78.3%
1.46%
59.4
1.53
Delaware
61.7%
1.65%
64.7
1.27
North Dakota
11
86.5%
1.65%
26.4
0.83
Oklahoma
-3
53.7%
1.85%
42.8
0.59
Rhode Island
61.1%
1.50%
52.5
0.54
Kansas
-1
52.3%
1.69%
48.8
0.35
Nevada
15
55.8%
1.46%
56.0
0.21
New Mexico
-4
71.6%
1.55%
25.5
10
-0.58
Mississippi
22
12
61.2%
1.44%
26.8
11
-0.71
Hawaii
-3
50.1%
1.72%
17.8
11
-0.71
West Virginia
-2
42.7%
1.72%
27.1
13
-0.82
Connecticut
17
45.5%
1.33%
48.8
14
-0.94
Oregon
14
51.8%
1.03%
58.7
15
-1.01
Wyoming
23
84.2%
1.16%
6.4
16
-1.24
Iowa
19
44.9%
1.41%
32.8
17
-1.27
Nebraska
16
-1
33.3%
1.32%
53.4
18
-1.34
Idaho
21
59.7%
1.17%
28.8
19
-1.39
Maine
13
-6
62.1%
1.06%
32.3
20
-1.46
Arkansas
10
-10
52.4%
1.51%
11.0
21
-1.82
Kentucky
18
-3
36.2%
1.32%
35.7
22
-2.15
Alaska
20
-2
69.2%
1.01%
7.3
23
-2.63
Montana
24
56.3%
0.87%
22.1
24
-2.74
Vermont
11
-13
55.2%
0.89%
18.8
25
-4.50
South Dakota
25
20.4%
0.88%
19.6
18 |
2016
High-Growth
Company Density
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Figure 3
2016 Smaller States Rankings for the Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
Ranking 2016
25
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
19
Table 4
State
Virginia
Utah
Maryland
Arizona
Massachusetts
Texas
Louisiana
Colorado
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Delaware
Alabama
Georgia
California
Ohio
North Dakota
South Carolina
Tennessee
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Illinois
Kansas
Nevada
New Mexico
Washington
Indiana
New Jersey
New York
Missouri
Mississippi
Wisconsin
Hawaii
West Virginia
Connecticut
Florida
Oregon
Wyoming
Iowa
Nebraska
Idaho
Maine
Michigan
Arkansas
Kentucky
Alaska
Montana
Vermont
South Dakota
Share of Scaleups
1.68%
1.54%
1.83%
1.58%
1.69%
1.78%
2.18%
1.35%
1.46%
1.50%
1.65%
1.66%
1.23%
1.19%
1.62%
1.65%
1.66%
1.57%
1.85%
1.46%
1.44%
1.50%
1.27%
1.69%
1.46%
1.55%
1.15%
1.47%
1.24%
1.02%
1.21%
1.44%
1.40%
1.72%
1.72%
1.33%
0.83%
1.03%
1.16%
1.41%
1.32%
1.17%
1.06%
0.83%
1.51%
1.32%
1.01%
0.87%
0.89%
0.88%
175.0
160.6
86.0
103.5
104.7
94.1
40.7
97.2
59.4
79.9
64.7
58.1
113.4
94.7
77.1
26.4
72.1
75.3
42.8
82.0
71.6
52.5
82.5
48.8
56.0
25.5
67.0
52.2
67.4
73.3
51.7
26.8
37.9
17.8
27.1
48.8
79.1
58.7
6.4
32.8
53.4
28.8
32.3
49.7
11.0
35.7
7.3
22.1
18.8
19.6
81.0%
66.7%
78.5%
68.1%
59.2%
61.8%
69.5%
70.3%
78.3%
59.8%
61.7%
64.6%
45.1%
60.1%
48.6%
86.5%
49.8%
50.8%
53.7%
44.7%
53.2%
61.1%
49.9%
52.3%
55.8%
71.6%
59.4%
52.2%
51.5%
57.0%
57.2%
61.2%
53.5%
50.1%
42.7%
45.5%
47.5%
51.8%
84.2%
44.9%
33.3%
59.7%
62.1%
61.5%
52.4%
36.2%
69.2%
56.3%
55.2%
20.4%
20 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
State Trends in
Rate of Startup
Growth
Figure 4
2016 Rate of Startup Growth by State | Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
44.7%
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
21
Entrepreneurship.
Figure 5
2016 Rate of Startup Growth by State | Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
86.5%
22 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
State Trends in
Share of Scaleups
Figure 6
Kauffman Foundation
Share of Scaleups
2.18%
0.83%
9. Isenberg, Daniel. Focus Entrepreneurship Policy on Scale-Up, Not Start-Up. Harvard Business Review. November 30, 2012. https://hbr.org/2012/11/focus-entrepreneurship-policy.
10. Feld, Brad. Shifting My Focus To Scaling Up - Feld Thoughts. Feld Thoughts. March 20, 2013. Accessed April 21, 2016. http://www.feld.com/archives/2013/03/scaling-up.html.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
23
Figure 7
Kauffman Foundation
Share of Scaleups
0.87%
1.85%
24 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
State Trends in
High-Growth
Company Density
The High-Growth Company Density has no upperbound restriction on firm age, though it does require firms
to be at least three years old. As such, the age of highgrowth firms spans a wide range, although these firms
skew young. A plurality of high-growth companies
(31.5 percent) are aged between five and seven years old,
and 59.1 percent are ten years old and younger.
Figure 8
2016 High-Growth Company Density by State | Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
37.9
11. Stangler, Dane, and Jordan Bell-Masterson. Measuring an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. Kauffman Foundation. March 2015.
12. Feld, Brad. Startup communities: Building an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your city. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
25
Among the twenty-five smallest states, the HighGrowth Company Density varied from 6.4 high-growth
companies for every 100,000 employer businesses in
Figure 9
2016 High-Growth Company Density by State | Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
Kauffman Foundation
160.6
26 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
ittle more captures making it in business than the day a company starts being publicly
traded. Ringing the bell, the making of millionaires (and often billionaires), and the
transformation from being a privately held company into a publicly owned one. Initial public
offerings are among the most visible indicators of growth companies; however, the small number
of IPOs in any given year makes it a difficult metric to comprehensively integrate into the Growth Index. With that,
we present statistics on Initial Public Offerings as a context measure to the Growth Entrepreneurship indicators.
Using preliminary 2015 data from the Kenney-Patton IPO Database, we present states and metros with the
highest IPO densitycalculated as the number of IPOs in a year per every 100,000 employer businesses in that
location.13, 14 For our purposes, not all IPOs are created equal. We focus on IPOs that are related to emerging
growth companies or de novo IPOs and not IPOs that are new legal entities of existing companies. Also, IPOs are
a global phenomenon with many foreign offerings on U.S. markets and some U.S. offerings on foreign exchanges.
The data presented here attempt to only
count domestic-headquartered, emerging
Table 5: Top States by Emerging Growth IPO Density in
growth, and domestic-IPOed firms in a
2015Kauffman Index of Growth Entrepreneurship
given year. Geographies are assigned
Number of
Size
Rank
State
IPO Density
based on the companys business
IPOs
Category
address, not its state of incorporation.
The United States saw about 100
emerging growth IPOs in 2015.
Narrowing in on the top states with
headquarters for these de novo IPOs, the
top three states with the highest density
of emerging growth IPOs were: 1)
Massachusetts, 2) California, and
3) Utah. The top three metros with the
highest density of emerging growth IPOs
were: 1) San Jose, 2) San Francisco,
and 3) Boston.
Massachusetts
14
11.4
Large
California
33
5.4
Large
Utah
4.0
Small
New Hampshire
3.7
Small
Tennessee
3.4
Large
Maryland
3.1
Large
Colorado
2.8
Large
North Carolina
2.7
Large
Arizona
2.3
Large
10
New York
2.0
Large
City (Main)
Metropolitan Area
Number
of IPOs
IPO
Density
San Jose
19.7
San Francisco
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA
16
17.9
Boston
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH
15
16.6
San Diego
8.9
Nashville
Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN
7.5
Dallas
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX
4.0
Washington
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV
4.0
Denver
Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO
3.8
Cincinnati
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN
3.2
10
Charlotte
3.2
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
27
Table 8
Rank
Industry
IT Services
521
13.0%
397
9.9%
367
9.2%
Health
315
7.9%
Software
289
7.2%
Financial Services
195
4.9%
Construction
195
4.9%
Government Services
193
4.8%
188
4.7%
10
Human Resources
147
3.7%
11
Real Estate
134
3.3%
12
Retail
131
3.3%
13
123
3.1%
IT Services
521
13.0%
14
113
2.8%
397
9.9%
15
Manufacturing
111
2.8%
367
9.2%
16
Telecommunications
89
2.2%
Health
315
7.9%
17
Energy
88
2.2%
Software
289
7.2%
18
Security
71
1.8%
19
Engineering
63
1.6%
20
Education
58
1.4%
21
Insurance
55
1.4%
22
52
1.3%
23
Media
51
1.3%
24
Environmental Services
39
1.0%
25
Computer Hardware
23
0.6%
Share
(%)
Share
(%)
2016
HighGrowth
Companies
HighGrowth
Companies
28 |
Industry
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 9: Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Rank
State
High-Growth
Company
Density
Number of
High-Growth
Companies
Rank
Software
Health
Business
Products &
Services
Advertising
& Marketing
IT Services
State
High-Growth
Company
Density
Number of
High-Growth
Companies
Virginia
36.2
48
New Hampshire
18.6
Georgia
20.9
31
Nevada
12.2
Maryland
19.9
19
Oregon
8.9
New Jersey
19.5
33
Iowa
6.9
Massachusetts
18.8
23
Oklahoma
6.1
New York
13.7
54
Utah
13.9
Massachusetts
12.3
15
Oregon
11.5
Minnesota
11.7
12
South Dakota
9.8
California
11.3
69
Nevada
9.7
Arizona
10.4
Kansas
7.5
Massachusetts
13.9
17
Utah
13.9
Georgia
13.5
20
Delaware
11.8
Colorado
11.1
12
Connecticut
7.9
Virginia
10.6
14
New Hampshire
7.4
Arizona
9.2
Nebraska
5.1
Georgia
12.2
18
Utah
17.8
Massachusetts
10.6
13
Iowa
8.6
Texas
9.8
36
Nebraska
7.6
Florida
9.3
33
Kansas
7.5
Arizona
9.2
Maine
7.2
Virginia
15.8
21
Oregon
11.5
Massachusetts
11.4
14
Utah
7.9
Colorado
9.3
10
Connecticut
6.3
Arizona
9.2
Delaware
5.9
California
9.2
56
North Dakota
5.3
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
29
Table 10 | Industry:
IT Services
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Virginia
36.2
48
Georgia
20.9
31
Maryland
19.9
19
New Jersey
19.5
33
Massachusetts
18.8
23
Figure 10
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
36.2
18.8
30 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 11 | Industry:
IT Services
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
New Hampshire
18.6
Nevada
12.2
Oregon
8.9
Iowa
6.9
Oklahoma
6.1
Figure 11
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
18.6
6.1
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
31
Table 12 | Industry:
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
New York
13.7
54
Massachusetts
12.3
15
Minnesota
11.7
12
California
11.3
69
Arizona
10.4
Figure 12
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
13.7
10.4
32 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 13 | Industry:
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Utah
13.9
Oregon
11.5
South Dakota
9.8
Nevada
9.7
Kansas
7.5
Figure 13
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
13.9
7.5
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
33
Table 14 | Industry:
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Massachusetts
13.9
17
Georgia
13.5
20
Colorado
11.1
12
Virginia
10.6
14
Arizona
9.2
Figure 14
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
13.9
9.2
34 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 15 | Industry:
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Utah
13.9
Delaware
11.8
Connecticut
7.9
New Hampshire
7.4
Nebraska
5.1
Figure 15
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
13.9
5.1
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
35
Table 16 | Industry:
Health
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Georgia
12.2
18
Massachusetts
10.6
13
Texas
9.8
36
Florida
9.3
33
Arizona
9.2
Figure 16
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
12.2
9.2
36 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 17 | Industry:
Health
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Utah
17.8
Iowa
8.6
Nebraska
7.6
Kansas
7.5
Maine
7.2
Figure 17
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
17.8
7.2
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
37
Table 18 | Industry:
Software
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Largest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Virginia
15.8
21
Massachusetts
11.4
14
Colorado
9.3
10
Arizona
9.2
California
9.2
56
Figure 18
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
15.8
9.2
38 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
Table 19 | Industry:
Software
Top Five States with Highest Density of High-Growth Companies per Industry (2015)
Twenty-Five Smallest U.S. States by Population
Rank
State
Oregon
11.5
Utah
7.9
Connecticut
6.3
Delaware
5.9
North Dakota
5.3
Figure 19
Circle size
indicates
absolute
number of
high-growth
companies in
that industry.
Kauffman Foundation
11.5
5.3
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
39
Appendix 1:
Table 2
State
Rank 2015
Change in Rank
Rate of Startup
Growth
Share of Scaleups
High-Growth
Company Density
175.0
6.93
Virginia
81.0%
1.68%
3.71
Maryland
78.5%
1.83%
86.0
3.18
Arizona
68.1%
1.58%
103.5
3.09
Massachusetts
-1
59.2%
1.69%
104.7
3.05
Texas
61.8%
1.78%
94.1
2.46
Louisiana
-2
69.5%
2.18%
40.7
2.38
Colorado
70.3%
1.35%
97.2
1.61
North Carolina
15
59.8%
1.50%
79.9
1.44
Alabama
13
64.6%
1.66%
58.1
10
1.41
Georgia
-1
45.1%
1.23%
113.4
11
1.32
California
12
60.1%
1.19%
94.7
12
1.28
Ohio
16
48.6%
1.62%
77.1
13
1.25
South Carolina
11
-2
49.8%
1.66%
72.1
14
1.16
Tennessee
18
50.8%
1.57%
75.3
15
0.81
Minnesota
17
44.7%
1.46%
82.0
16
0.78
Pennsylvania
10
-6
53.2%
1.44%
71.6
17
0.55
Illinois
14
-3
49.9%
1.27%
82.5
18
0.09
Washington
19
59.4%
1.15%
67.0
19
0.06
Indiana
21
52.2%
1.47%
52.2
20
-0.02
New Jersey
-12
51.5%
1.24%
67.4
21
-0.15
New York
22
57.0%
1.02%
73.3
22
-0.44
Missouri
23
57.2%
1.21%
51.7
23
-0.65
Wisconsin
20
-3
53.5%
1.40%
37.9
24
-0.93
Florida
25
47.5%
0.83%
79.1
25
-1.39
Michigan
24
-1
61.5%
0.83%
49.7
40 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
Virginia
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
80.96% 62.12%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.68% 1.62%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
175.0
178.7
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
41
2016
Maryland
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
78.50% 69.35%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.83% 1.71%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
86.0
104.9
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
42 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Arizona
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
68.14% 41.76%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.58% 1.49%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
103.5
93.2
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
43
2016
Massachusetts
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
59.24% 61.73%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.69% 1.52%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
104.7
120.2
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
44 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Texas
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
61.79% 49.43%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.78% 1.72%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
94.1
91.7
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
45
2016
Louisiana
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
69.46% 65.41%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
2.18% 2.13%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
40.7
47.5
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
46 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Colorado
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
70.28% 49.20%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.35% 1.27%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
97.2
95.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
47
2016
North Carolina
2015
State Profile
15
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
59.83% 31.69%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.50% 1.46%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
79.9
84.7
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
48 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Alabama
2015
State Profile
13
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
64.59% 38.31%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.66% 1.59%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
58.1
70.0
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
49
2016
10
Georgia
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
45.06% 36.96%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.23% 1.24%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
113.4
109.4
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
50 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
11
California
2015
State Profile
12
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
60.11% 45.31%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.19% 1.12%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
94.7
94.9
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
51
2016
12
Ohio
2015
State Profile
16
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
48.63% 35.00%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.62% 1.51%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
77.1
76.5
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
52 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
13
South Carolina
2015
State Profile
11
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
49.76% 44.21%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.66% 1.57%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
72.1
70.6
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
53
2016
14
Tennessee
2015
State Profile
18
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
50.81% 33.71%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.57% 1.51%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
75.3
73.1
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
54 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
15
Minnesota
2015
State Profile
17
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
44.73% 41.45%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.46% 1.41%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
82.0
72.2
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
55
2016
16
Pennsylvania
2015
State Profile
10
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
53.17% 53.63%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.44% 1.42%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
71.6
72.1
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
56 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
17
Illinois
2015
State Profile
14
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
49.88% 41.35%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.27% 1.29%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
82.5
87.1
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
57
2016
18
Washington
2015
State Profile
19
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
59.36% 42.31%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.15% 1.14%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
67.0
75.0
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
58 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
19
Indiana
2015
State Profile
21
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
52.24% 39.42%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.47% 1.33%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
52.2
59.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
59
2016
20
New Jersey
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
51.52% 64.89%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.24% 1.20%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
67.4
76.9
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
60 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
21
New York
2015
State Profile
22
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
57.02% 52.72%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.02% 0.97%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
73.3
66.0
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
61
2016
22
Missouri
2015
State Profile
23
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
57.20% 30.01%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.21% 1.27%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
51.7
54.6
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
62 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
23
Wisconsin
2015
State Profile
20
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
53.45% 40.80%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.40% 1.39%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
37.9
54.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
63
2016
24
Florida
2015
State Profile
25
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
47.45% 41.50%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
0.83% 0.75%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
79.1
71.2
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
64 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
25
Michigan
2015
State Profile
24
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
61.52% 48.84%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
0.83% 0.67%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
49.7
68.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
65
Appendix 2 :
Table 3
State
Rank 2015
Change in Rank
Rate of Startup
Growth
Share of Scaleups
High-Growth
Company Density
5.24
Utah
66.7%
1.54%
160.6
1.63
New Hampshire
78.3%
1.46%
59.4
1.53
Delaware
61.7%
1.65%
64.7
1.27
North Dakota
11
86.5%
1.65%
26.4
0.83
Oklahoma
-3
53.7%
1.85%
42.8
0.59
Rhode Island
61.1%
1.50%
52.5
0.54
Kansas
-1
52.3%
1.69%
48.8
0.35
Nevada
15
55.8%
1.46%
56.0
0.21
New Mexico
-4
71.6%
1.55%
25.5
10
-0.58
Mississippi
22
12
61.2%
1.44%
26.8
11
-0.71
Hawaii
-3
50.1%
1.72%
17.8
11
-0.71
West Virginia
-2
42.7%
1.72%
27.1
13
-0.82
Connecticut
17
45.5%
1.33%
48.8
14
-0.94
Oregon
14
51.8%
1.03%
58.7
15
-1.01
Wyoming
23
84.2%
1.16%
6.4
16
-1.24
Iowa
19
44.9%
1.41%
32.8
17
-1.27
Nebraska
16
-1
33.3%
1.32%
53.4
18
-1.34
Idaho
21
59.7%
1.17%
28.8
19
-1.39
Maine
13
-6
62.1%
1.06%
32.3
20
-1.46
Arkansas
10
-10
52.4%
1.51%
11.0
21
-1.82
Kentucky
18
-3
36.2%
1.32%
35.7
22
-2.15
Alaska
20
-2
69.2%
1.01%
7.3
23
-2.63
Montana
24
56.3%
0.87%
22.1
24
-2.74
Vermont
11
-13
55.2%
0.89%
18.8
25
-4.5
South Dakota
25
20.4%
0.88%
19.6
66 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
Utah
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
66.69% 58.29%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.54% 1.55%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
160.6
146.8
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
67
2016
New Hampshire
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
78.33% 56.53%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.46% 1.46%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
59.4
63.2
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
68 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Delaware
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
61.68% 35.05%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.65% 1.46%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
64.7
88.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
69
2016
North Dakota
2015
State Profile
11
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
86.49% 56.51%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.65% 1.32%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
26.4
31.7
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
70 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Oklahoma
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
53.66% 62.98%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.85% 1.73%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
42.8
36.7
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
71
2016
Rhode Island
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
61.11% 51.13%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.50% 1.35%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
52.5
57.3
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
72 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
Kansas
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
52.26% 41.94%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.69% 1.64%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
48.8
56.3
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
73
2016
Nevada
2015
State Profile
15
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
55.75% 21.73%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.46% 1.26%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
56.0
65.7
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
74 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
New Mexico
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
71.55% 76.88%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.55% 1.62%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
25.5
19.2
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
75
2016
10
Mississippi
2015
State Profile
22
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
61.16% 28.24%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.44% 1.43%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
26.8
22.0
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
76 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
11
Hawaii
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
50.10% 57.48%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.72% 1.73%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
17.8
17.8
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
77
2016
11
West Virginia
2015
State Profile
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
42.67% 65.97%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.72% 1.69%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
27.1
7.7
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
78 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
13
Connecticut
2015
State Profile
17
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
45.51% 23.60%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.33% 1.29%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
48.8
55.1
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
79
2016
14
Oregon
2015
State Profile
14
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
51.82% 42.07%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.03% 1.04%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
58.7
62.6
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
80 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
15
Wyoming
2015
State Profile
23
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
84.17% 54.07%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.16% 1.17%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
6.4
0.0
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
81
2016
16
Iowa
2015
State Profile
19
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
44.95% 32.98%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.41% 1.28%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
32.8
31.1
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
82 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
17
Nebraska
2015
State Profile
16
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
33.26% 30.96%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.32% 1.23%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
53.4
53.4
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
83
2016
18
Idaho
2015
State Profile
21
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
59.73% 32.01%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.17% 1.19%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
28.8
35.2
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
84 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
19
Maine
2015
State Profile
13
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
62.10% 54.89%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.06% 1.03%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
32.3
46.7
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
85
2016
20
Arkansas
2015
State Profile
10
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
52.44% 65.63%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.51% 1.55%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
11.0
15.4
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
86 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
21
Kentucky
2015
State Profile
18
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
36.24% 31.20%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
1.32% 1.27%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
35.7
43.8
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
87
2016
22
Alaska
2015
State Profile
20
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
69.24% 67.24%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
1.01% 1.09%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
7.3
0.0
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
88 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
23
Montana
2015
State Profile
24
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
56.25% 57.30%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
0.87% 0.86%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
22.1
11.0
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
89
2016
24
Vermont
2015
State Profile
11
210%
2016
Component
180%
2015
Component
55.25% 96.25%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
Year
2003
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2.8%
2015
Component
0.89% 0.96%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
18.8
6.3
2001
Year
2005
2009
2013
160
2015
Component
1997
180
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
90 |
2016
2009
2011
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2013
2015
2016
25
South Dakota
2015
State Profile
25
210%
2016
Component
2015
Component
20.40% 47.02%
Measures how much startups
have grown as a cohort, on
average, five years after
founding - measured by
change in employment.
180%
150%
120%
90%
60%
30%
0%
-30%
-60%
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
2008
2013
Share of Scaleups
Share of Scaleups
3.2%
2016
Component
2015
Component
0.88% 0.92%
Measures the number of
firms that started small but
grew to employ fifty people
or more by their tenth year
of operation as a percentage
of all employer firms ten
years and younger.
2.8%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
1.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.0%
1989
High-Growth
Company Density
2015
Component
19.6
9.8
1997
2001
2005
Year
2009
2013
180
160
2016
Component
1993
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Year
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
91
RAT
E
HIGH-G
RO
HIGH-G
RO
OMPA
TH C
N
W
Rate of Startup
Growth
THE
NSITY
DE
RAT
E
NSITY
DE
TH
W
O
TARTUP GR
FS
O
OMPA
TH C
N
W
TH
W
O
20 KAUFFMAN
16 INDEX
TARTUP GR
FS
O
SH
SH
SH
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
HIGH-G
RO
PS
NSITY
DE
E OF SCALEU
AR
Component A:
Rate of Startup Growth
2016
High-Growth
Company Density
92 |
OMPA
TH C
N
W
TARTUP GR
FS
O
IPO SHARE
E OF SCALEU
AR
PS
RAT
E
Share of Scaleups
TH
W
O
Methodology and
Framework
PS
growth
entrepreneurship
IPO SHARE
E OF SCALEU
AR
S T A T E T rends
Rate of
Startup
Growth
Figure 1B
Kauffman Foundation
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2008
(Startup)
2009
(Age 1)
2010
(Age 2)
2011
(Age 3)
2012
(Age 4)
2013
(Age 5)
Year
SOURCE: Authors calculations using the BDS. For an interactive version, please see: www.kauffmanindex.org.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
93
Share of
Scaleups
Component C: High-Growth
Company Density
Each of the first two components
for the Growth Entrepreneurship Index
is based on U.S. Census Bureau data and has different
elements of firm age incorporated into its construction.
Our third and final component for the Growth
Entrepreneurship IndexHigh-Growth Company Density
attempts to provide data from an alternative sourcethe
Inc. 500|5000 annual list of high-growth companies
and to look at private firms more broadly, not just those
companies that are young or small.
At the higher section of the distribution, Inc. highgrowth companies have up to multi-billion-dollar revenues
15. European Union (2003): Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (Text with EEA relevance)
(notified under document number C(2003) 1422). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003H0361.
94 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
High-Growth
Company
Density
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
95
16. This is one of the normalization methods recommended by the OECD and the Joint Research Centre from the European Commission in the Handbook on Construction
Composite Indicators (2008).
96 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
The High-Growth Company Density has no upperbound restriction on firm age, though it does require firms
to be at least three years-old. As such, the age of highgrowth firms spans a wide range, although these firms
skew young. A plurality of high-growth companies
(31.5 percent) are aged between five and seven years old,
and 59.1 percent are ten years old and younger.
This measure is based on previous research by the
Kauffman Foundation examining the geography of
Inc. 500 companies over time (Motoyama and Danley
2012). It also is based on the entrepreneurship fluidity
measure suggested by our Kauffman Foundation
colleagues Stangler and Bell-Masterson (2015).
The Inc. 500|5000 lists have biases introduced as
the result of any undocumented changing criteria for
judging over time and also the fact that businesses must
seek out the designation. While Inc. firms arguably are
not representative of all U.S. high-growth companies
by revenue, the dataset is one of the few that allows us
historically and reliably to track trends of revenue-focused
high-growth in the country at the national, state, and
metro levels. Moreover, the Inc. 500|5000 lists have
been utilized in entrepreneurship research for decades
(Bhide 2000).
Matching BDS state and national numbers to
Inc. data is a non-issue because the definitions of the
geographical areas are the same. However, this is slightly
different for metropolitan areas. Because metropolitanarea definitions may vary across datasets, we used the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions
for metropolitan areas from December 2009 to calculate
High-Growth Company Density. This is the definition of
metros used on the BDS dataset, and it means that, to
calculate the number of high-growth companies using the
Inc. 500|5000 data, we aggregated population data from
the ZIP and street level up to the metropolitan level.
The Inc. 500|5000 data has state, ZIP, and street level
address information on the companies, and we used that
data to match high-growth companies to metros. This
is a multi-step process. First, we created a crosswalk file
connecting ZIP codes to counties, which makes it possible
to then match ZIP codes to metros according to the Office
of Management and Budget (OMB) 2009 definitions. To
create the ZIP to county crosswalk, we started with the
Department of Housing (HUD) ZIP-to-County file.17 When
a ZIP code crossed county boundaries, we matched it to
the county with the highest ratio of addresses for that ZIP
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
97
code. In the case when there was a tie, we used the ratio
of business addresses, residential addresses, and other
addresses, in that order, to untie. When there was still
a tie (only five ZIP codes in the country), we picked one
county for a match. The HUD crosswalk is extensive but
not comprehensive, so we complemented it by merging
it with the with University of Missouri ZIP-to-County data
geocoder for ZIPs not included in the HUD file.18 Similarly,
when a ZIP code crossed county boundaries, we matched
it to the county with the highest population for that
ZIP code in 2010. Second, we matched Inc. 500|5000
entries that contained ZIP code location to the ZIP-toCounty combined crosswalk file we created. Most of the
companies in the data (approximately 94.4 percent of
the 45,000 companies in the dataset) had ZIP location
information that matched to a county. Third, for the
approximately 2,500 unmatched companies, we did two
rounds of geocoding using the HERE API to identify ZIP
codes for these firms. The first round used the structured
street level address and state for matching. Almost all
2,500 businesses were matched in that way, with only
forty-nine businesses remaining unmatched. The second
round of geocoding with the HERE API did a free text
search on the location data available of these companies,
and identified the location of thirty-two of the fortynine.19 Fourth, for the remaining seventeen companies,
we manually searched for their ZIP codes on their websites
and through internet searches.
18. University of Missouri Census Data Center. MABLE/Geocorr12: Geographic Correspondence Engine. http://mcdc.missouri.edu/websas/geocorr12.html. Accessed in
April 13, 2016.
19. For full documentation on the differences in free text versus structured geocoding on the HERE API, please see full documentation of HERE Geocoder API https://developer.
here.com/rest-apis/documentation/geocoder/topics/overview.html.
98 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
REFERENCES
Bhide, Amar V. 2000. The origin and evolution of new businesses. New York: Oxford University Press.
Birch, David L. and James Medoff. 1994. Gazelles. In Labor, Employment Policy, and Job Creation, edited by Lewis
C. Solmon and Alec R. Levenson, 15968. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Decker, Ryan A., John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. Where has all the skewness gone? The
decline in high-growth (young) firms in the US. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper
w21776.
Department of Housing. HUD USPS ZIP Code Crosswalk Files. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/usps_
crosswalk.html. Accessed in April 13, 2016.
European Union. 2003. Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and
medium-sized enterprises. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003H0361.
Eurostat and OECD. 2007. Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics.
Fairlie, Robert W, Arnobio Morelix, E.J. Reedy, and Joshua Russell. 2015. Kauffman Index of Startup Activity |
National Trends, Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Fairlie, Robert W, Joshua Russell, Arnobio Morelix, and E.J. Reedy. 2015. Kauffman Index of Main Street
Entrepreneurship | National Trends, Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Feld, Brad. 2011. The Silent KillersFeld Thoughts. http://www.feld.com/archives/2011/12/the-silent-killers.html.
Accessed April 21, 2016.
Feld, Brad. 2012. Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons.
Feld, Brad. 2013. Shifting My Focus To Scaling UpFeld Thoughts. http://www.feld.com/archives/2013/03/scalingup.html. Accessed April 21, 2016.
Guzman, Jorge, and Scott Stern. 2016. The State of American Entrepreneurship: New Estimates of the Quantity and
Quality of Entrepreneurship for 15 US States, 19882014. National Bureau of Economic Research Working
Paper w22095.
Haltiwanger, John, Ron S. Jarmin, Robert Kulick, and Javier Miranda. High Growth Young Firms: Contribution to
Job, Output, and Productivity Growth. In Measuring Entrepreneurial Businesses: Current Knowledge and
Challenges. University of Chicago Press, 2016.
HERE Geocoder API. https://developer.here.com/rest-apis/documentation/geocoder/topics/request-first-geocode.
html. Accessed in April 13, 2016.
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends
2016
99
Inc. Magazine. 2015. Inc. 500|5000 list of fastest-growing private companies in America 2007-2015. Files received
from Inc. Magazine.
Isenberg, Daniel. 2012. Focus Entrepreneurship Policy on Scale-Up, Not Start-Up. Harvard Business Review.
https://hbr.org/2012/11/focus-entrepreneurship-policy. Accessed April 21, 2016.
Jarmin, Ron S., and Javier Miranda. 2002. The Longitudinal Business Database, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census
Bureau.
Kedrosky, Paul. 2013. The Constant: Companies that Matter, Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Kenney, Martin and Donald Patton. 2016. Firm Database of Emerging Growth Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) from
1990 through 2015 (Preliminary).
Kerr, William R., Ramana Nanda, and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf. 2014. Entrepreneurship as Experimentation.
National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper w20358.
Kirchhoff, Bruce A. 1994. Entrepreneurship and dynamic capitalism: the economics of business firm formation
and growth. Westport, Conn: Praeger.
Moreira, Sara. 2015. Firm Dynamics, Persistent Effects of Entry Conditions, and Business Cycles. University of
Chicago Working Paper.
Motoyama, Yasuyuki, and Brian Danley. 2012. An Analysis of the Geography of Entrepreneurship: Understanding
the Geographic Trends of Inc. 500 Companies Over Thirty Years at the State and Metropolitan Levels,
Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Motoyama, Yasuyuki, Brian Danley, Jordan Bell-Masterson, Kate Maxwell and Arnobio Morelix. 2013. Leveraging
Regional Assets: Insights from High-Growth Companies in Kansas City, Kansas City: Ewing Marion Kauffman
Foundation.
OECD and Joint Research CentreEuropean Commission. 2008. Handbook on Construction Composite Indicators.
Reedy, E. J., and R. L. Litan. 2011. Starting Smaller; Staying Smaller: Americas Slow Leak in Job Creation. Kauffman
Foundation Research Series: Firm Creation and Economic Growth, 2011, Kansas City: Ewing Marion
Kauffman Foundation.
Ritter, Jay R. 2016. Initial Public Offerings: Foreign IPOs in the U.S., 1980-2015. https://site.warrington.ufl.edu/ritter/
files/2016/03/Initial-Public-Offerings-Foreign-IPOs-in-the-US-1980-2015-2016-03-08.pdf. Accessed April 21,
2016.
Ritter, Jay R. 2016. Initial Public Offerings: VC-backed IPO Statistics Through 2015. https://site.warrington.ufl.
edu/ritter/files/2016/02/Initial-Public-Offerings-VC-backed-IPO-Statistics-Through-2015-2016-01-06.pdf.
Accessed April 21, 2016.
Sarada and Javier Miranda. Productivity Growth. Kauffman Foundations State of the Field Site. http://www.
kauffman.org/microsites/state-of-the-field/topics/firm-and-industry-dynamics/productivity-growth.
Accessed April 21, 2016.
Siegel, Robin, Siegel, Eric, MacMillan, Ian C., 1993. Characteristics distinguishing high-growth ventures. J. Bus.
Venturing 8 (2), 169180.
Stangler, Dane. 2010. High-Growth Firms and the Future of the American Economy, Kansas City: Ewing Marion
Kauffman Foundation.
Stangler, Dane, and Jordan Bell-Masterson. 2015. Measuring an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, Kansas City:
Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
Ulukaya, Hamdi. 2013. Chobanis founder on growing a start-up without outside investors. Harvard Business
Review 91, no. 10 (2013): 4548.
University of Missouri Census Data Center. MABLE/Geocorr12: Geographic Correspondence Engine.
http://mcdc.missouri.edu/websas/geocorr12.html. Accessed in April 13, 2016.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS), http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/bds/
overview.html. Accessed in March 29, 2016.
100 |
2016
GROWTHENTREPRENEURSHIP
S T A T E T rends