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Every
Algeria
Bahrain
3
4
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
9
10
11
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
12
13
Oman
Palestine
14
15
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
16
17
18
19
United
Emirates
Type of
Government
Republic
Constitutional
Monarchy
Republic*
Islamic
Republic
Parliamentary
Democracy
Parliamentary
Democracy
Constitutional
Monarchy
Constitutional
Emirate
Republic
Transitioning*
Constitutional
Monarchy
Monarchy
Parliamentary
Democracy
Emirate
Monarchy
Population
37,100,000
1,248,000
GDP in
Billion
$274.5
$32.44
GDP per
Capita
$7,500
$28,200
83,688,000
78,869,000
$537.8
$997.4
$6,600
$13,100
31,130,000
$155.4
$4,600
7,591,000
$247.9
$32,200
6,509,000
$38.7
$6,000
2,647,000
$165.9
$43,800
4,1410,000
5,614,000
32,310,000
$64.69
$87.91
$171
$15,900
$13,300
$5,300
3,090,000
4,260,000
$90.66
$11.95
$28,500
$2,900
1,952,000
26,535,000
$189
$740.5
$102,000
$25,700
Republic*
Republic
Parliamentary
Democracy
Emirate
22,531,000
10,733,000
79,750,000
$107.6
$104.4
$1,125
$5,100
$9,700
$15,000
5,315,000
$361.9
$49,000
D. Wind Energy
Wind energy relies indirectly on solar energy, which is
received by the earths surface and converted into
kinetic energy creating an imbalance between net
outgoing radiation at high latitudes and net incoming
radiation at low latitudes (IPCC, 2012). This coupled
with the earths rotation, geographic features and
temperature gradients result in wind. There are multiple
wind energy technologies available, but the primary use
of wind energy is to harness kinetic energy from moving
wind to generate electricity from large wind turbines
either deployed offshore or near-shore (IPCC, 2012).
The wind energy market has rapidly evolved in the
past 30 years due to extensive research and
development. According to the IPCC (2012), wind
turbine capacity has increased from 75 kW in the 1980s
to 1.5 MW and larger in 2009. Egypt, Algeria, Saudi
Arabia and Morocco are countries in the MENA region
that have extensive wind energy potential. Potential
wind energy available depends mainly on wind speed,
but is highly affected by density of air that is determined
by air temperature, barometric pressure and altitude. As
wind speed increases, the power and energy output
increases. Several MENA countries have wind velocity
ranges from 8-11 meters/second, which is considered a
good wind energy resource. Currently, wind energy is
the least cost type of renewable energy technology (AlKaraghouli, 2007). In many developed countries that
have utilized wind energy in previous years, wind
Country
Direct Normal
Irradiance (CSP) kWh/m2/year
Global Horizontal
Irradiance (PV)
kWh/m2/year
Algeria
2700
1970
Bahrain
2050
2160
Egypt
2800
2450
Iraq
2000
2050
Jordan
2700
2310
Kuwait
2100
1900
Lebanon
2000
1920
Libya
2700
1940
Morocco
2600
2000
Oman
2200
2050
Qatar
2000
2140
Saudi Arabia
2500
2130
Syria
2200
2360
Tunisia
2400
1980
UAE
2200
2120
Yemen
2200
2250
Figure 8: CSP Potential in the MENA Region (Booz & Co, 2009)
R&D
for
RE
Technology
Market