1.

PROJECT STRUCTURE
In this project, we are required to design a high rise building with ten floor and consist of
shopping mall at the first five floor and hotel at the others floor. We are also required to
consider about the wind load where, at the both side of criteria in wind load characteristic.
This project will be held in the Batu Pahat area and will start the development on 1 st February
2016. We were running this design in two ways where manual design calculation and also
using Esteem software which too much help Esteem provided for the designer. Manual
method have some obstacle that should be thinking of, while esteem will automatically
provide the all data that designer want.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

PROJECT TITLE:
CADANGAN MEMBINA PUSAT MEMBELI BELAH KING AVENUE MALL,
TAMAN UNIVERSITI, BATU PAHAT JOHOR.
ENFORCEMENT OFFICER:
PENGARAH JABATAN KERJA RAYA NEGERI JOHOR
CONSULTANT:
KHB FORCE SDN BHD
CLIENT:
GAPS HOLDINGS SDN BHD
CONTRACTOR:
HD RESOURCES SDN BHD

EFFECTIVE DATE:
1st FEBRUARY 2016 1st FEBRUARY 2018
PROJECT LOCATION:
General Map of Parit Raja, Batu Pahat.

Detail Area of Parit Raja, Batu Pahat.

Area in the red column is the Proposed Construction Site.

Therefore our team has conduct on a survey on a search in finding an ideal space for the
construction of the apartment. From our survey, it can be conclude that the land to be choose
is the estate area behind the main campus of UTHM. We choose this particular site for the
construction is because of very concrete reason:

a) Near The Main Campus Area

Student will able to have a full access to the campuss facilities, and it will easier for
the student to correspond with the university administrative.
b) Low Cost To Run The Building
The cost to run the building can be lowered, because the short distance to the main
campus. For example, the cost for the transportation for the mobilization of student to
lecture, class, administrative office or other important universitys affair institution
can be lowered logically, because it is still consider being in a very short travelling
distance.
c) Security Aspect
By implementing this strategy, the proposed building automatically be in the main
campus area. Therefore, the process to maintain the safety to the area will be
integrated with the existing safety measures.
d) Long-Term Planning
This plan also has the potential to realize the universitys ambition, which is to
minimize the accommodation of student living outside of the main campus area.

2. LOAD TO BE CARRY ON EVERY COLUMN

NO
1.

LOCATION OF COLUMN
C1

LOADING (KN)
1098.4

2.

C2

3113

3.

C3

3306.6

4.

C4

3889.1

5.

C5

1956.7

6.

C6

2135.4

7.

C7

5794.8

8.

C8

5669.8

9.

C9

6502.2

10. C10

3717.6

11. C11

1852.8

12. C12

5085.3

13. C13

4788.3

14. C14

5669.4

15. C15

3277.5

16. C16

1720.9

17. C17

4637.7

18. C18

4964.0

19. C19

5708.8

20. C20

3012.8

21. C21

965.6

22. C22

2707.6

23. C23

2884.7

24. C4

3457.6

25. C5

1727.0

Grouping of loading
NO

LOADING RANGE (KN)

1. 0 - 2000

COLUMN INVOLVE
C1,C5,C11,C16,C21,C25

2. 2000 4000

C2,C3,C4,C6,C10,C15,C20,C22,C23,C24

3. 4000 6000

C7,C8,C12,C13,C14,C17,C18,C19

4. 6000 - 8000

C9

3. STUDY AND ANALYSE THE GIVEN SOIL PROFILE

The Equipment For Analysing Purpose

The cone penetration test (CPT), originally known as the Dutch cone penetration test,
is a versatile sounding method that can be used to determine the materials in a soil profile and
estimate their engineering properties. The test is also called the static penetration test, and no
boreholes are necessary to perform it. In the original version, a 60 cone with a base area of
10 cm2 was pushed into the ground at a steady rate of about 20mm/sec and the resistance to
penetration (called the point resistance) was measured. The cone penetrometers in use at
present measure

a. The cone resistance (qc) to penetration developed by the cone, which is equal to the
vertical force applied to the cone, divided by its horizontally projected area; and
b. The frictional resistance (fc ) which is the resistance measured by a sleeve located
above the cone with the local soil surrounding it. The frictional resistance is equal to
the vertical force applied to the sleeve, divided by its surface areaactually, the sum
of friction and adhesion.
Generally, two types of penetrometers are used to measure q c and fc .Mechanical
friction-cone penetrometer (Figure 2). The tip of this penetrometer is connected to an inner
set of rods. The tip is first advanced about 40 mm, giving the cone resistance. With further
thrusting, the tip engages the friction sleeve. As the inner rod advances, the rod force is equal
to the sum of the vertical force on the cone and sleeve. Subtracting the force on the cone
gives the side resistance.
Electric friction-cone penetrometer (Figure 1). The tip of this penetrometer is attached
to a string of steel rods. The tip is pushed into the ground at the rate of 20 Wires from the
transducers are threaded through the center of the rods and continuously measure the cone
and side resistances. Figure 2.25 shows a photograph of an electric friction-cone
penetrometer

Figure 1 Electric Friction-Cone Penetrometer

Figure 2 Mechanical Friction Cone

Penetrometer

Soil Characterization:
Following this the standard procedure:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

expose the top 1 meter of soil

describe the exposed soil profile
take samples of each soil horizon
prepare soil samples for lab analyses
analyse the soil samples in the lab
review the data to understand your soil better

* Sample at least two sites

Determine Soil Structure
Soil structure is the shape that the soil takes based on its physical and chemical properties.
Each individual unit of soil structure is called a ped. Take a sample of undisturbed soil in
your hand (either from the pit or from the shovel or auger). Look closely at the soil in your
hand and examine its structure. Possible choices of soil structure are:

Below are some images of the different soil structures

Determine Soil Color

Use a Globe Color Chart which uses the Munsell System of Color Notation.
1. Take a ped of soil from each horizon and note on the data sheet whether it is moist,
dry or wet. If it is dry, moisten it slightly with water from your water bottle.
2. Break the ped

3. Stand with the sun over your shoulder so that sunlight shines on the color chart and
the soil sample you are examining. Note: Sometimes, a soil sample may have more
than one color. Record a maximum of two colors if necessary, and indicate
a. the Main (dominant color)
b. the Other (sub-dominant color).

Munsell Notation : The Munsell code below each colour in the GLOBE colour chart is a
universal notation that describes the soils colour.

Determine Soil Consistence

Take a ped from the top soil horizon. If the soil is very dry, moisten the face of the
profile using a water bottle with a squirt top and then remove a ped to determine consistence.
(Repeat this procedure for each horizon in your profile.) Holding it between your thumb and
forefinger, gently squeeze the ped until it pops or falls apart. Record one of the following
categories of soil consistence on the data sheet.

You have trouble picking out a single ped The ped breaks with a small amount of
and the structure falls apart before you pressure.
handle it.Soils with "single grained" structure
always have loose consistence.

The ped breaks when you apply a good The ped can't be crushed with your fingers
amount of pressure and dents your fingers (you need a hammer!).
before it breaks.

Determine Soil Texture

Presence of Roots and Rocks:
1. Presence of Roots Observe and record if there are none, few, or many roots in the
horizon.
2. Presence of Rocks Observe and record if there are none, few, or many rocks in the
horizon.
3. A rock is defined as being larger than 2 mm in size.

Figure 3 USDA Soil Triangle

4. SHALLOW OR DEEP FOUNDATION

Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that
have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. There are a very wide
range of foundation types suitable for different applications, depending on considerations
such as:

The nature of the load requiring support.

Ground conditions.
The presence of water.
Accessibility.
Sensitivity to noise and vibration.
Proximity to other structures.

Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations.

Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low
relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the
bearing capacity of the surface soils is insufficient to support loads imposed and so they are
transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar
elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete and sometimes timber. A
foundation is described as piled when its depth is more than three times its breadth (Atkinson,
2007).
Pile foundations are principally used to transfer the loads from a superstructure, through
weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible and stiffer
soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of a foundation and resisting horizontal
loads (Tomlinson & Woodward, 2008). They are used for large structures, and in situations
where the soil under is not suitable to prevent excessive settlement.
Generally piles are classified as; end-bearing piles (where most of the friction is
developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer) or friction piles (where most of the
pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when
harder layers are too deep). Most piles use some end-bearing and some friction, in order to
resist the action of loads. When determining which foundation is the most economical, the
engineer must consider the superstructure load, the subsoil conditions, and the desired
tolerable settlement. In general, foundations of buildings and bridges may be divided into two
major categories:
(1) shallow foundations
(2) deep foundations

Spread footings, wall footings, and mat foundations are all shallow foundations. In most
shallow foundations, the depth of embedment can be equal to or less than three to four times
the width of the foundation. Pile and drilled shaft foundations are deep foundations. They are
used when top layers have poor load-bearing capacity and when the use of shallow
foundations will cause considerable structural damage or instability.

The following is some of condition that need pile foundation (deep foundation):
1. When one or more upper soil layers are highly compressible and too weak to support
the load transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used to transmit the load to
underlying bedrock or a stronger soil layer. When bedrock is not encountered at a
reasonable
depth below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the structural
load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the applied structural load is derived
mainly from the frictional resistance developed at the soilpile interface.
2. When subjected to horizontal forces pile foundations resist by bending, while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the superstructure. This type of situation is
generally encountered in the design and construction of earth-retaining structures and
foundations of tall structures that are subjected to high wind or to earthquake forces.
3. In many cases, expansive and collapsible soils may be present at the site of a proposed
structure. These soils may extend to a great depth below the ground surface.
Expansive soils swell and shrink as their moisture content increases and decreases,
and the pressure of the swelling can be considerable. If shallow foundations are used
in such circumstances, the structure may suffer considerable damage. However, pile
foundations may be considered as an alternative when piles are extended beyond the
active zone, which is where swelling and shrinking occur. Soils such as loess are
collapsible in nature. When the moisture content of these soils increases, their
structures may break down. A sudden decrease in the void ratio of soil induces large
settlements of structures supported by shallow foundations. In such cases, pile
foundations may be used in which the piles are extended into stable soil layers beyond
the zone where moisture will change.
4. The foundations of some structures, such as transmission towers, offshore platforms,
and basement mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting forces. Piles are
sometimes used for these foundations to resist the uplifting force.
5. Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed over pile foundations to avoid the
loss of bearing capacity that a shallow foundation might suffer because of soil erosion
at the ground surface.
Therefore according to the above criteria, in this project we suggest the foundation of this
building to be design with pile foundation (deep foundation)

5. SOIL IMPROVEMENT
Various strategies can be utilized to check the adequacy of soil change. In-situ
procedures are well known in light of the restrictions of numerous research facility
strategies. For the most part, in-situ test are performed to assess the liquefaction
capability of a dirt store before the change was endeavoured. With the learning of the
current ground attributes, one can then indicate an essential level of change as far as insitu test parameters. Performing in-situ tests after change has been finished permits one to
choose if the level of change was palatable. At times, the degree of the change is not
reflected in-situ test results until sometime after the change has been finished. These are
the list of soil improvement technique that can be applied for the project. It is highly
recommended to use both drainage technique and compaction piles technique base on the
result of the load to be carried out by foundation and the type of soils in site area.
1. Drainage technique. Liquefaction risks can be decreased by expanding the
seepage capacity of the dirt. On the off chance that the porewater inside the
dirt can deplete openly, the development of abundance pore water weight will
be diminished. Seepage procedures incorporate establishment of channels of
rock, sand or manufactured materials. Manufactured wick channels can be
introduced at different points, as opposed to rock or sand depletes that are
normally introduced vertically. Waste systems are regularly utilized as a part
of mix with different sorts of soil change procedures for more viable
liquefaction peril decrease.
2. Compaction piles. Installing compaction piles is a very effective way of
improving soil. Compaction piles are usually made of pre-stressed concrete or
timber. Installation of compaction piles both densifies and reinforces the soil.
The piles are generally installed in a grid pattern and are generally driven to
depth of up to 60 ft.
3. Stone columns. Stone columns are columns of gravel constructed in the
ground. Stone columns can be constructed by the vibroflotation method. They
can also be installed in other ways, for example, with help of a steel casing
and a drop hammer as in the Franki Method. In this approach the steel casing
is driven in to the soil and gravel is filled in from the top and tamped with a
drop hammer as the steel casing is successively withdrawn.
4. Vibroflotation. Vibroflotation involves the use of a vibrating probe that can
penetrate granular soil to depths of over 100 feet. The vibrations of the probe
cause the grain structure to collapse thereby densifying the soil surrounding
the probe. To treat an area of potentially liquefiable soil, the vibroflot is raised
and lowered in a grid pattern. Vibro Replacement, is a combination of
vibroflotation with a gravel backfill resulting in stone columns, which not only

increases the amount of densificton, but provides a degree of reinforcement

and a potentially effective means of drainage.

6. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Soil type affects selection of types of foundations, foundation depth and foundation
sizes. Following are the considerations for foundation based on soil types:

Soil
Type

Sand

Foundation
Trouble areas
Types

Reason for use

Footings

Easy to construct and

economical

Retaining Structures

Must be used since

sand cannot support
themselves

Deep foundations
(Piles)

Uses friction resistance

but low in bearing
capacity

Bearing capacity may be a

problem but in most cases it is
sufficient
Excessive settlement in wet
and loose deposits.
Confining pressure is usually
low.
Low bearing capacity.

Footings

Clay

Retaining Structures

Deep foundations
(Piles)

Economic but may

have problem with
bearing capacity in
saturated clays
Clays are selfsupportive up to a
certain height (critical).
Must be used if height
increases beyond the
critical.
If bearing capacity is
low, piles may be
driven to rock. May
change formation of
clay.

Generally low shear strength

when wet.
High consolidation in soft
clays
Swelling is possible.
Over-consolidated clays may
contain cracks and fissures.

Following table shows solutions to some problems in foundations based on soil types:

Soil
Type

Nature of problem

Possible solution
Loose sands must be compacted

Settlement

Lowering water table may result in sand

densification

Sand
Bearing Capacity

Compaction increases cohesion and friction

thus bearing capacity increases
Use of deep foundation
Lowering water table

Consolidation

Pre-loading
Drive pile to rock
Compaction

Bearing capacity
Clay

Use of deep foundations

Treat or stabilize soil
Maintain constant water table
Expansion or swelling
Alter soil nature (similar to stabilization)
Include swell pressure in design