New Chapter 6 Symmetrical Components

CHAPTER 6
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Chapter 6
Page 1
Symmetrical Components
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
FAULT CONDITION PHASOR DIAGRAMS
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR CABLES
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR MOTORS
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR GENERATORS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LINE TO GROUND FAULTS
PROBLEM 4
Chapter 6
Page 2
INTRODUCTION
The symmetrical components method (mathematical operations) is the foundation for
obtaining and understanding ground fault data on three-phase power systems. In
short, the method of symmetrical components is one of the relay/coordination
engineers most powerful technical tools. While the method and mathematics are
quite simple, the practical value lies in the ability to think and visualize in symmetrical
components. This skill requires practice and experience. The symmetrical
components method consists of reducing an unbalanced three-phase system of
phasors into three balanced or symmetrical systems: the positive, negative, and
zero phase sequence components. This balanced reduction can be performed in
terms of current, voltage, and impedance.
BALANCED SYSTEM
A balanced system (i.e., a three-phase fault) consists of three phasors, all equal in
magnitude and 120o apart (Figure 6-1). For example:
IA = 10o = 1.0 + j0
IB = 1240o = -0.5 - j0.866
IC = 1120o = -0.5 + j0.866
I A + IB + IC = 0
|IA| = |IB| = |IC|
Figure 6-1. Example of a Balanced System
Chapter 6
Page 3
Unbalanced System
An unbalanced system (e.g., a line-to-ground fault) consists of three-phasors, not all

equal in magnitude or degrees apart (Figure 6-2). For example:
IA = 10o = 1.0 + j0
IB =
2 225o = -1.0 - j1.0
IC = 190o = 0 + j1.0
I A + IB + IC = 0
|IA| = |IC| |IB|
Figure 6-2. Example of an Unbalanced System
Chapter 6
Page 4
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
The sequence components consist of three sequence sets: positive (+) sequence,
negative (-) sequence, and zero (0) sequence.
Positive sequence (+) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude,
displaced from each other by 120o in phase, and having the same phase sequence
(abc) as the original unbalanced phasors (abc). The term positive derives from the
fact that Ib1 is a positive (+) 120o behind Ia1 (Figure 6-3). Note: Subscript 1 identifies
the positive sequence component, subscript 2 identifies the negative sequence
component, and the subscript 0 identifies the zero sequence component.
Figure 6-3. Positive (+) Sequence Components
Negative sequence (-) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude,

displaced from each other by 120o in phase, and having the phase sequence
opposite (acb) to that of the original phasors (abc). The term negative derives from
the fact that Ib2 is a negative (-) 120o behind Ia2 (Figure 6-4).
Figure 6-4. Negative (-) Sequence Components
Chapter 6
Page 5
Zero sequence (0) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude and
with zero phase displacement (0o) from each other (Figure 6-5).
Figure 6-5. Zero (0) Sequence Components
Chapter 6
Page 6
Operators (J, A)
The j operator is a unit phasor with an angle displacement of 90o (Figure 6-6).
j = 1 90o = 0 + j1.0 = j
j2 = 1 180o = -1.0 + j0 = -1.0
j3 = 1 270o = 0 - j1.0 = -j
j4 = 1 360o = 1.0 + j0 = 1.0
-j = 1 270o = 0 - j1.0 = -j = j3
Figure 6-6. The j Operator
The a operator is a unit phasor with an angle displacement of 120o (Figure 6-7).
a = 1 120o = - 0.5 + j0.866
-a = 1 300o = + 0.5 - j0.866
a2 = 1 240o = - 0.5 - j0.866
-a2 = 1 60o
= + 0.5 + j0.866
a3 = 1 360o = + 1.0 + j0 = 1.0

Chapter 6
Page 7
-a3 = 1 180o = - 1.0 + j0 = - 1.0
Figure 6-7. The a Operator
Chapter 6
Page 8
FAULT CONDITION PHASOR DIAGRAMS

Sequence Currents
Figure 6-8 shows and the following characteristics apply to the current sequence
component sets for three-phase faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-line-to ground
faults.
o No negative or zero sequence currents flow for three-phase faults; only positive
sequence currents flow.
o Only positive and negative sequence currents flow for line-to-line faults.
o Positive, negative, and zero sequence currents flow for faults involving ground.
Sequence Voltages
Figure 6-9 shows and the following characteristics apply to the voltage sequence
component sets for three-phase faults and line-to-line faults.
o No negative or zero sequence voltages exist for a three-phase fault and the positive
sequence voltage collapses to zero at the point of the fault.
o No zero sequence voltages exist for line-to-line faults.
o Positive, negative, and zero sequence voltages exist for faults involving ground.
Chapter 6
Page 9
Sequence Currents
Figure 6-8. Sequence Current Components
Chapter 6
Page 10
Sequence Voltages
Figure 6-9. Sequence Voltage Components
Chapter 6
Page 11
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS

The zero sequence equivalent circuits of three-phase transformers deserve special
attention because of the different combinations of connections (e.g., delta-wye, wyedelta, etc.). Figure 6-10 shows the various transformer connection combinations and
the corresponding zero sequence current flow equivalent diagram.
Referring to Figure 6-10, the following observations are noted:
o If either one of the neutrals of a wye-wye (Y-Y) transformer bank is ungrounded, zero
sequence current (I0) cannot flow in either winding.
o Where both neutrals of a wye-wye (Y-Y) transformer bank are grounded, zero
sequence current (I0) flows in both windings.
o In delta-wye (-Y) or wye-delta (Y-) transformer grounded banks, zero sequence
currents (I0) have a path only through the wye (Y) winding.
o No zero sequence currents (I0) flow in a delta-delta (-) transformer bank.
o If the connection from neutral to ground contains an impedance (ZN), the zero
sequence equivalent circuit model must be modeled as an impedance of 3ZN.
Chapter 6
Page 12
Zero Sequence Transformer Models
Figure 6-10. Transformer Zero Sequence Model
Chapter 6
Page 13
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR CABLES

Positive Sequence Impedance
Usually given in tables
Negative Sequence Impedance
Z2 = Z1
Zero Sequence Impedance
Z0 > Z1
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR MOTORS

X1 = Xd
X2 = X1
Since motors are ungrounded, they have no zero sequence impedance.
Chapter 6
Page 14
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR GENERATORS

X1 = Xd
X2 is usually 20% higher than X1
X0 is usually much smaller than X1
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LINE TO GROUND FAULTS

Ilg
3E
Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn
Chapter 6
Page 15
PROBLEM 4
SCC = 1200 MVA
10 MVA
6%
13.8 kV
Cable (0.1 Ohms)
2.5 MVA
5.5 %
6 Ohms
4.16 kV
200
HP
Ground Fault
Calculate the line to ground fault current in the 4.16kV system using the following
methods:
A.
Approximate method (only grounding resistor)
B.
Ignoring motor contribution.
C.
Including motor contribution.
Note: For the utility, transformers, cable, and motor:

Assume that the total impedance is reactive.
Chapter 6
Page 16
PROBLEM 6 SOLUTION
Utility Contribution
SCC
Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base)
1200 MVA
100
SCC (MVA)
Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base)
100
1200
.0833 P.U.
10 MVA Transformer (Branch 100)

Z%
Z(p.u. new)
6.0 %
Z(p.u. old) *
MVA (base-new)
MVA (base-old)
Z(p.u. new)
Z(p.u. new)
6.0
MVA (base-new)
100
MVA (base-old)
0.060 *
100
10
Z(p.u. new)
Chapter 6
0.6000
P.U.
Page 17
2.5 MVA Transformer

Z%
=
5.50 %
Z(p.u. new)
Z(p.u. old) *
MVA (base-new)
MVA (base-old)
Z(p.u. new)
5.50
100
Z(p.u. new)
0.0550
MVA (base-new)
MVA (base-old)
100
2.50
Z(p.u. new)
2.200 P.U.
0.1 ohm Cable

Z (branch)
X (p.u.) =
X (ohms)
Z (base)
X(branch)
0.1
ohms
= 0.10
0.0525
P.U.
34.671
P.U.
1.90440
6 ohm grounding resistor

Z (branch)
= R(branch)
R (p.u.)
= R (ohms)
R (base)
Chapter 6
= 6.0
6.0
ohms
17.3056
Page 18
2000 HP Motor
X(d)
0.17 (assumed)
X(p.u.)
X(d old)
MVA (base-new)
MVA (base-old)
X(p.u.)
0.17 * MVA (base-new)

MVA (base-old)
X(p.u.)
0.17
100
2.00
X(p.u.)
8.5
P.U.
Ibase
100,000
= 13,879.019 amps
3 * 4.16
1)
Using Approximate Method
Ilg
(4160/ 3)
2400
6
= 400 amps
Chapter 6
Page 19
2) Ignoring Motor Contribution
Utility
10 MVA
j 0.0833
j 0.6
TXMR
3 * (34.671)
Cable
2.5 MVA
j 0.0525
Grounding
j 2.2
2.5 MVA
TXMR
TXMR
Positive & Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Per Unit Impedances
Per Unit Impedances
Z1
j 2.2
Z2
j (.0833 + 0.6 + 0.05250 + 2.2)
j (2.9358)
Z0 + 3 Zn
j (2.2) + 3 (34.671)
Ilg
3E
Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn
3E
j (2.9358) + j (2.9358) + j (2.2) + 3 (34.671)
3
j(8.0716) + 104.13
.028756 P.U.
104.3257
Ifault
Chapter 6
IP.U. * Ibase
Page 20
.028756 *13,879.019
399.105 amps
(for all practical purposes, it is equal to 400 amps)
Chapter 6
Page 21
3) If Motor Contribution was to be Added
j 0.0833
Utility
10 MVA
j 0.6
3 * (34.671)
j 8.5
Cable
j 0.0525
200 HP
Groundin
2.5 MVA
Positive & Negative Sequence
XP.U.
2.5 MVA
j 2.2
j 2.2
Zero Sequence
(2.9358) * (8.5)
(2.9358) + (8.5)
Ilg
2.18212 P.U.
3E
Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn
3E
j (2.18212) + j (2.18212) + j (2.2) + 3 (34.671)
3
j(6.56424) + 104.13
.02875 P.U.
104.2199
Ifault
Chapter 6
IP.U. * Ibase
Page 22
.02875 *13,879.019
399.5114 amps which is basically 400 amps
(not worth all the effort)
Chapter 6
Page 23

New Chapter 6 Symmetrical Components

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CHAPTER 6

Figure 6-1. Example of a Balanced System

An unbalanced system (e.g., a line-to-ground fault) consists of three-phasors, not all

2 225o = -1.0 - j1.0

Figure 6-2. Example of an Unbalanced System

Figure 6-3. Positive (+) Sequence Components

Negative sequence (-) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude,

Figure 6-4. Negative (-) Sequence Components

Figure 6-5. Zero (0) Sequence Components

Figure 6-6. The j Operator

a3 = 1 360o = + 1.0 + j0 = 1.0

-a3 = 1 180o = - 1.0 + j0 = - 1.0

Figure 6-7. The a Operator

FAULT CONDITION PHASOR DIAGRAMS

Figure 6-8. Sequence Current Components

Figure 6-9. Sequence Voltage Components

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS

Zero Sequence Transformer Models

Figure 6-10. Transformer Zero Sequence Model

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR CABLES

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR MOTORS

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR GENERATORS

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LINE TO GROUND FAULTS

SCC = 1200 MVA

Cable (0.1 Ohms)

Approximate method (only grounding resistor)

Ignoring motor contribution.

Including motor contribution.

Note: For the utility, transformers, cable, and motor:

Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base)

Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base)

10 MVA Transformer (Branch 100)

2.5 MVA Transformer

0.1 ohm Cable

6 ohm grounding resistor

0.17 * MVA (base-new)

Using Approximate Method

2) Ignoring Motor Contribution

Per Unit Impedances

Per Unit Impedances

j (.0833 + 0.6 + 0.05250 + 2.2)

(for all practical purposes, it is equal to 400 amps)

3) If Motor Contribution was to be Added

Positive & Negative Sequence

399.5114 amps which is basically 400 amps

(not worth all the effort)

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