Mark Bejenaru

AP Human Geography
Block 4

Term

Definition

Example

Cue

Agglomerati
on
Economics

A process involving the clustering or

concentrating of people or activities.

A group of fast food

restaurants are
grouped together.

AE

Meat processing
plant.

BI

Farmers Markets

NBI

A port next to a train

station.

BOBP

Bulk Gaining

An industry in which the final

product weighs more than the
inputs.

Automobile
production

BG

Bulk
Reducing

An industry in which the final

product weighs less or compromises
a lower volume than the inputs.

Aluminum production

BR

Carrier
Efficiency

The ratio of output to input for a given

carrier.

N/A

CE

Comparative
Advantage

The principle that an area produces the

items for which it has the greatest ratio
of advantage.
When two regions specifically satisfy
each other's needs through exchange of
raw materials and or finished goods.

N/A

CA

Portugal gives Romania

fish in exchange for
lumber.

CT

Basic
Industries
Non-Basic
Industries
Break of Bulk
Point

Complimenta
ry Trade

Industries that sell their products or

services primarily to consumers
outside the settlement.
Industries that sell their product or
services primarily to consumers
inside the settlement.
A location where transfer is possible
from one mode of transportation to
another.

Related
Terms/Conce
pts

Mark Bejenaru
AP Human Geography
Block 4

Core
Periphery

Regions that dominate trade, control the

most advanced technologies, and have
high levels of productivity within
diversifies economies.
Poor regions that are dependent in
significant ways on the core and do not
have as much control over their own
affairs.

U.S.A.

Core

Guatemala

Per

Mexico

S-P

N/A

CuCa

Cumulative
Causation

Intermediary regions in terms of

hierarchy of power between core
regions and peripheral regions.
The spiral buildup of advantages
that occurs in specific geographic
settings.

Cultural
Convergenc
e

The tendency for cultures to become

more alike as they increasingly
share technology.

Canada and the U.S.

culturally converge.

CC

Deglomeratio
n

The process of
deconcentration.

Corporations spread
out.

Deglom

Deindustrializ
ation

The cumulative and sustained decline in the

contribution of manufacturing to a national
economy.

A country starts to
gravitate away from
industrialized lifestyle.

Deindi

More
Developed
Country
Less
Developed
Country

A modern, industrialized country in which

people are generally better educated and
healthier and live longer than people in the
developing countries.

U.S.A.

MDC

A country in which the society is less modern and

less industrialized and in which inhabitants are
generally poorer than they are in developing
countries.

Nigeria

LDC

The effects of distance on interaction,

generally the greater the distance the
less interaction.

Two companies that are

very far apart dont
have much interaction.

DD

Semiperiphery

Distance
Decay

Mark Bejenaru
AP Human Geography
Block 4

Economies
of Scale

Ecotourism
Export
Processing
Zone

Fixed Costs
Variable
Costs
Footloose
Industry
Fordism

Cost advantages to manufacturers

that accrue from high-volume
production.
Responsible travel that does not
harm ecosystems or the well-being
of local people.
Designated areas of countries where
governments create conditions
conducive to export-orientated
production.

N/A

EOS

N/A

Ecotour

A designated port.

EPZ

An activity cost that must be met

without regard to level of output.

N/A

FC

A cost of enterprise and operation

that varies either by output level or
by location of the activity.

N/A

VC

Computer Chips

FI

N/A

Ford

An industry or firm showing

neither market nor orientation.
The manufacturing economy and
system derived from assemblyline mass production.

Foreign
Direct
Investment

Investment in the economies of

LCDs by transnational corporations
based in MDCs.

Trump Industries
invests in a textile
company in Baghdad.

FDI

Friction of
Distance

The increase in time and cost

that usually comes with
increasing distance.

Distance decay.

FOD

Gross
Domestic
Product

A measure of the total value of

goods and services produced within
a country during a year.

N/A

GDP

Mark Bejenaru
AP Human Geography
Block 4

Growth
Pole
Human
Development
Index

An urban center with certain attributes

that, if augmented by a measure of
investment support, will stimulate
regional economic development in its
hinterland
An aggregate index of development,
which takes into account economic,
social, and demographic factors, using
GDP, literacy and education, and life
expectancy.

N/A

GP

N/A

HDI

International
Division of
Labor

A division of work between rich and poor

countries under which low-waged workers in
the global south do assembly,
manufacturing, and office work on contract
to companies based in the global north.

An African country does

work under contract for
a European country.

IDL

Investment
Capital

Generally made as cash in exchange

for shares in the invested company.

N/A

IC

Boars Head

JITP

Wheat farming

LI

N/A

MEZ

Farming Tilapia

Maq

Just In Time
Production
Labor
Intensive

Seeks to reduce inventories for the

production process by purchasing
inputs for arrival just in time to use
and producing output just in time to
sell.
Production processes that employ a
large amount of labor relative to the
amount of capital equipment.

Manufacturi
ng Export
Zones

A feature of economic development in

peripheral countries whereby the host
country establishes areas with favorable
tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements
in order to attract foreign manufacturing
operations.

Maquiladora
s

Factories built by US companies in

Mexico near the US border to take
advantage of much lower labor

Mark Bejenaru
AP Human Geography
Block 4
costs.

Market
Orientation

The tendency of economic

activity to locate close to its
market.

A wheat producing plant

is located near a place
where people buy wheat.

MO

Multinationa
l
Corporation

An organization that manufactures and

markets products in many different
countries.

Apple

MNC

N/A

ME

Aluminum Industry

N-C

Levi Strauss outsources

to Bangladesh.

OS

N/A

Post Indi

N/A

PPP

Miami, Florida

SEZ

Multiplier
Effect
Neocolonialism

Outsourcin
g
Postindustr
ial
Purchasing
Power
Parity
Specialized
Economic
Zones

The direct, indirect, and induced

consequences of change in an
activity.
The economic control MDCs are
sometimes believed to have over
LDCs.
Sending parts of a product out for
production to another factory for
cost savings.
A stage of economic development in
which service activities become
relatively more important than
goods production.
A theory of long-term equilibrium
exchange rates based on relative price
levels of two countries founded on the
law of one price.
Specific area within a country in which
tax incentives and less stringent
environmental regulations are
implemented to attract foreign business
and investment.

Mark Bejenaru
AP Human Geography
Block 4

Substitution
Principle

The tendency to substitute one

factor of production for another in
order to achieve optimum plant
location.

N/A

SP

Technology
Transfer

The diffusion to or acquisition by one

culture or retention of the technology
possessed by another, usually more
developed, society.

Technology advances
through generations.

TT

Tokyo

TP

N/A

TSConv

Technopole
Time-space
Conversion

Areas devoted to research,

development, and sale of high
technology products.
Refers to the greatly accelerated
movement of goods, information,
and ideas.

Time-space
Compression

When time-space convergence

has rapidly reached high levels of
intensity.

N/A

TSComp

Transnational
Corporation

A company that conducts research,

operates factories, and sells
products in many countries.

Apple

TNC

Ubiquitous

Present or existing everywhere.

Trade

Ub

Value
Added

The gross value of the product

minus the costs of raw materials
and energy.
Cities most closely integrated
into the global economic system.

N/A

VA

Washington, D.C.

WC

World
Cities