SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF SYNOPSIS FOR MINOR PROJECT
Introduction:
Project report in this manual refers to a documented report of the process followed and the
results of Minor project conducted by a student in fulfillment of the requirements in bachelor
degree. This report will outline the report format for Minor Project. These rules must be adhered
strictly.
Group Members:
Maximum of 5 students per group allowed for taking up Minor Project
No of Copies to be submitted to department:
Total of 6 copies have to be submitted to department, out of which 5 copies will be the individual
reports of each student & 1copy will the group report. A soft copy (pdf format) should be
submitted to Department in CD along with report.
The report will be hard winded having Navy Blue as the front cover with text printed in fonts of
golden color.
Formatting:
MAIN HEADING
Arial,

FONT
SIZE
LINE
SPACING
PAGE
SETUP

TOP
1

14
1.5
BOTTO
M
1

LEF
T
1

SUB HEADING
Arial,
12

RIGH
T
1

Arrangement of Content:
The sequence in which the contents in the

report should be arranged is as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

MAIN TEXT
Times New
Roman
12

Cover Page (Specimen copy-1)

Certificate of Approval (Specimen copy-2)
Declaration (Specimen copy-3)
Acknowledgment (Specimen copy-4)
Abstract (Specimen copy-5)
Table of Contents (Appendix 1)
List of Figures (if any) Appendix 2 )
List of Tables (if any) (Appendix 3 )
List of Symbols (if any) (Appendix 4 )
Abbreviations (if any) (Appendix 5 )

11. Chapters
12. References (Appendix 6)
13. Appendices (if any)

Chapters to be included:
The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter,

(ii) Chapters

developing the main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several
divisions and sub-divisions.

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the
reference where they are cited.

Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed
directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.

The chapters that should be included in the reports are as follows:

Introduction (should not exceed 2 pages including Figs.)
Brief Literature survey (should not exceed 10 pages)
Problem formulation: Need and significance of proposed research work (should not exceed
5page)
Objectives (should not exceed 1 page)
Methodology/ Planning of work (should not exceed 2 pages)
Cover Page - A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy1.
Title Page A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy2.
Certificate A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen
copy-3.
Acknowledgment- A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given
Specimen copy-4.
Abstract It is a heart of the report. Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report
and it must clearly give the overview of the project (Avoid unnecessary things

in abstract) (Specimen copy-5).

Table of Contents The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any
material which precedes it. The title page and Certificate of approval will not
find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page
numbers of which are in lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing
should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of
the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Appendix 1.

List of Figures The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures
in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter
under this head (Appendix 2).
List of Tables The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in
the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under
this head (Appendix 3).
List of Symbols - The list should provide the detail of the symbols used in the report. One and a
half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 4).
Abbreviations Abbreviation list should provide the details of the abbreviations used in the
report in alphabetical order. One and a half spacing should be adopted or
typing the matter under this head (Appendix 5).
Page numbering - The preliminary parts (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of Contents, List
of symbols, List of figure, List of Tables) are numbered in roman numerals (i,
ii, etc). The first page of the first chapter (Introduction) onwards will be
numbered in Arabic numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom, centered.
Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc. - A word on numbering scheme used
in the project is in order. It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the
project. If the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be 2.1,2.2, 2.3 etc.
The subsections in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless
essential, it is not necessary to use numbers to lower levels than three stages.
Similarly, it is useful and convenient to number the figures also chapter-wise.
The figures in chapter 4 will be numbered as Figure 4.1: Figure Name, Figure
4.2: Figure Name etc. This helps you in assembling the figures and putting it in
proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as Table 4.1: Table Name,
Table 4.2: Table Name etc. All figures and tables should have proper captions.
Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table captions on
top of the table. All figures should have proper description by legends, title of
the axes and any other information to make the figures self explanatory. The
same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be
remembered is that references to the figures are made like Figure 4.2: Figure

Name, and equations as Eqn (5.8).

List of References The reference material should include the author name, title, year in details as shown
in Appendix 7. Do not mention the references of the websites in the report.

Appendices Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in

the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.
Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1,
Appendix 2, etc. Tables and References appearing in appendices should be
numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.

SPECIMEN 1- COVER PAGE

PROJECT TITILE
Synopsis of Minor Project
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
Submitted To

RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

Submitted by
Name of Scholar
Enroll No
Under the supervision of
Name of Guide

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
BHOPAL (M.P.)
Month- Year

SPECIMEN 2
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled .
submitted by . (students name) in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

..
(Supervisor Name)
Supervisor
Full designation
Department

..
(HOD Name)
Head of Department
Full designation
Department

SPECIMEN 3
DECLARATION

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

DECLARATION
I ..(Name of Scholar) , a student of Bachelor of Engineering in Sagar
Institute of Research & Technology , session .., Bhopal (M.P.) here by informed that
the work presented in this dissertation entitled (Project Title)
is the outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this
work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not
infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any other University or anywhere else

for the award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Name of Scholar
Enroll No

SPECIMEN 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take an opportunity to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my guide and the pivot
of this enterprise, . who is most responsible for helping me to complete this work.
He/She showed me different ways to approach the problems and the need to be persistent to
accomplish my goal. His/Her discernment in the choice of topic, his/her confidence in me when I
doubted myself and his/her admirable guidance are some cogent reasons that make me over that
without his/her support this thesis would be a chimera.
I am also thankful to ., Head of Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
for cooperation and support to complete this work. I would also like to express my thanks to Dr.
S C Bhageria Director SIRT Bhopal providing necessary facilities. I would also convey my
Thanks to and of Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering for their continuous support. Thanks are due to all the staff members and lab staff of
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SIRT for providing all help and support.
Name of Scholar
Enroll No

SPECIMEN 5
ABSTRACT

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

ABSTRACT

Over recent years the MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) system has become a popular technique in
wireless communication. MIMO is a system with multiple transmitting and multiple receiving antennas.
With increasing the number of transmitting and receiving antennas significant improvement in the bit
error rate (BER) was observed than that with single transmitting and single receiving antenna system.
Also with increase in the number of transmitting and receiving antennas the data rate of the system was
found increased, hence considerable improvement in an information rate. Performance of the bit error rate
probability of the channel with variable signal to noise ratio will change with channel quality in case of
the non adaptive modulation scheme. In some application, system will require the minimum BER. Hence
fixed modulation scheme will not perform better in such application. With the use of the adaptive
modulation scheme, system will automatically cope up with the changing channel condition and
accordingly selects the modulation scheme for maintaining minimum required BER. The throughput of
the system was found improved with the use of adaptive modulation in MIMO system. For simulation
Rayleigh channel model has been considered.

APPENDIX-1

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of Approval..
Declaration
Acknowledgement.
Abstract..
CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.2

INTRODUCTION
AC BRIDGES
DC BRIDGES
1
1.3
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
2
CHAPTER 2 THEORY
CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 5 DERIVIATION
CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT
6.1
TRANSFORMER
6.1.1
BASIC PRINCIPLE
6.1.2
INDUCTION LAW
6.1.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
6.1.4 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
CHAPTER 7 ADVATAGES
CHAPTER 8 DISADVATAGES
CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
APPENDICES

i
ii
Iii
iv
1-2
1

3
4
5
6
7-21
7-11
8
9
10
11
22
22
22
23

APPENDIX-2
LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No

Description of Figure

Fig. 3.1
Fig.4.1
Fig.6.1
Fig.6.2
Fig.6.3

Circuit Diagram
Practical Circuit Diagram
Transformer
Figure Of Transformer
Circuit Diagram Of Transformer

APPENDIX-3

Page No
4
5
7
8
9

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF TABLE
Table No
Table. 3.1
Table. 4.1
Table. 6.1

Description of Figure
Summary of resistors
Resistor ratings
Transformer ratings

Page No
4
5
7

APPENDIX-4
LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF SYMBOLS
m

Number of transmit antennas

Number of receive antennas

hi,j

Channel matrix element

Channel matrix

Received signal

Transmit signal vector

Total transmit power

APPENDIX-5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS
AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER

Bit Error Rate

db

Decibel

iid

independent identical distributed

LOS

Line Of Sight

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO

Multiple Input Single Ouput

MMSE

Minimum Mean Square Error

PDF

Probability Density Function

QAM

Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation

Rx

Receiver

SIMO

Single Input Multiple Output

SISO

Single Input Single Output

APPENDIX-6

REFRENCES

References
[1] R. Gowarishankar and M. F. Demirkol, Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems,
IEEE 2005, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, 2005
[2] A. Svensson, An Introduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes for Known and
Predicted Channels, Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 12, December 2007
[3] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003
[4] S. Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.