Project By :- Divyansh

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHL

A
G O V I N D P U R I M E T R O S TAT I O N
NEW DELHI-20

NAME

DIVYANSH

BRANCH

CIVIL ENGG. (IV SEM)

: 1403041017

B.T.E. ROLL NO.

CLASS ROLL NO.: 17GBC14

DATE

GUIDED BY

APRIL 13, 2016

PRASHANT RAMTEKE

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

Submitted To:- PRASHANT RAMTEKE

Submitted By:-

DIVYANSH

PROJECT ON BUILDING
COMPONENTS
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
There are two basic components of a building.
1. Sub Structure: The part of building that is constructed
below ground level.
2. Super Structure: The part of building that is above ground
level

SUB-STRUCTURE
Footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-structure.
This part of building safely transfers the load of building to
the underlying soil. Therefore, footing should be of such
strength that it can easily carry the building load. Failure of
footing leads to failure of building. Width and depth of
footing should be designed according to the load of a
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

building coming on it plus the bearing capacity of soil.

Bottom part of footing is generally constructed of Plain
Cement Concrete (P.C.C) or Reinforced Cement Concrete
(R.C.C). Steps are made above (P.C.C) by using bricks,
stones or concrete to reach the plinth level. Generally,
Damp Proof Course (D.P.C) is laid on plinth level. This layer
stops the penetration of moisture to the super structure part
of a building.

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Project By :- Divyansh

SUPER STRUCTURE
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Project By :- Divyansh

Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth

level (P.L). Generally columns and walls are constructed in
super structure. Following are the important parts of superstructure.

WALLS
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be
made of different materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks,
lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long, columns can be provided to
carry the roof.
Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and
protection against natural elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.
Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC)

Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or
waterproof cement. Walls are constructed above the damp proof course.
Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls.
Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living
conditions. Also it affects the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of
maintenance.
Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed,
because the plinth beam already performs like a DPC .

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

ROOF
The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The
roof rests on the walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and
other mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof can have different shapes
but it is always either flat or sloping.Roof is typically made of RCC, stone
slab, tiles etc.

PLINTH BEAM
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of
the building and nature of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard
to settlements of the building and earthquake damages.

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Project By :- Divyansh

FLOOR
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid
over the filling of the plinth and on subsequent floors.
Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that
the ground below the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent
dampness from rising to the top and to have a firm platform that can be
kept hygienic and clean.

STAIRS
A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of
ascent and descent between the floors and landings.
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The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located is called

staircase. The space or opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway.
There are different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair,
wooden stair, metal stair, brick stair etc.
.

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Project By :- Divyansh

OPENINGS
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and
ventilators.
Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and
ventilation.
Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab
or a concrete slab.
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Project By :- Divyansh

Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.
Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In
earthquake prone areas a continuous lintel beam is provided all over the
walls.

.SURFACES / FINISHES
External finishes are the outer
most layer of protection,
which protect the structure
from weathering. Internal
finishes are the layers given
on internal faces. They give
durability and pleasing
appearance to the inside
.

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

FIELD VISIT - II
AT
Govindpuri Metro Station,
Okhla Ph-3
Location Of Site : This site is located at Govindpuri metro station Okhla
Phase-III,
Anandmayi Marg, New Delhi 110020.

What is Metro Rail ?

Metro Rail is a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
It is a convenient, fast, efficient, reliable, modern, user friendly,
comfortable and affordable mode of urban transport.
It is safe and eco-friendly.
It is electric and requires only 1/5th energy per passenger km
compared to road based transport systems.
Brings about a more equitable allocation of road space by
encouraging greater use of public transport.
Provides point to point connectivity.

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

Pillar
In architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression
member. The term column applies especially to a large round support
(the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of
stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically
called a post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round section
are usually called piers. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering,
columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression
members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress
conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on
which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column"
refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and
decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not
needed for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say
form part of a wall.

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

BEARING
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to
only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the beari
ng may
vary.For example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or fo
r free rotate
around a fix axis, or it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of n
ormal forces
that bearing on the moving parts. Many bearings also facilitate the desired
motion as
much as possible , such as by minimizing friction ,bearing are classified bro
adly
according to the type of operation , the motions allowed ,or to the direction
s of the loads
(forces) applied to the parts .

TYPES OF BEARING
Animation of ball bearing: - The inner ring rotates and the outer rin
g is
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stationary.
Plain bearing :- Also known by the specific styles ; bushing , journa
l bearing ,
sleeve bearing , rifle bearing
Rolling element
:- Bearing such as ball bearings and roller bearings
s.
Jewel bearings: - Bearing in which the load is carried by rolling the
axle slightly
off centre.
Fluid bearing: - Bearing in which the load is carried by a gas or liqu
id.
Fllexure bearring: - Bearring in which the motiion is suppoorted by a lload ele
mennt

BRIDGE BEARINg

A bridge bearing iss a component of a bridge which typically provides a

resting surface
between bridge piers and the bridge deck. The purpose of a bearing is to
allow
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controlleed movemeent and thereby reduce the stresses involved.

Movement could be
thermal expansion or contraction, or movement from other sources such
as seismic
activity. There are several different types of bridges bearing which are
used depending
on a number of different factors including the bridges span. The oldest
form of bridge
bearing is simply two plates resting on top of each other. A common
form of moder bridge is the elastommeric bridg bearing. Another type of
bridge bearing is the mechanical bridge bearing. Thhere are sevveral
types of mechannical bridge bearing, suuch
as the piinned beariing, which is turn incllude specifiic types succh as the
rocker bearinng,
and the roller bearing. Anothe type of mechanical bearing is the fixed
beearing, whiich
allows rotation, but not other forms of movement

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

EPOXY LIQUID

coll

oqui
Epoxy is a term used to denote both the basic

al

components

na

and the

me

cured end

for

products

the

of epo

xy

epo

resins,

as

xide

well as

func
tion
al
gro
up.
Epo

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

xy resins, also known as polyepoxides, are a class

of reactiveprepolymers and polymers which contain
epoxide groups. Epoxy resins may be reacted (crosslinked) either with themselves through catalytic
homopolymerisation, or with a wide range of coreactants including polyfunctional amines, acids (and
acid anhydrides), phenols, alcohols and thiols. These
co-reactants are often referred to as hardeners or
curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is commonly
referred to as curing. Reaction of polyepoxides with
themselves or with polyfunctional hardeners forms
a thermosetting polymer, often with high mechanical
properties, temperature and chemical resistance.
Epoxy has a wide range of applications, including
metal coatings, use in electronics / electrical
components, high tension electrical insulators, fiberreinforced plastic materials and structural adhesives.

TENDOn wires
.
Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concretes natural weakne
ss in tension
it can be used to produce beams , floors or bridges with a longer span than
is practical
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

with ordinary reinforced concrete . It is often used in commercial and resid

ential
construction as a foundation slab . Prestressing tendon ( generally of high t
ensile
strength steel cable or rods ) are used to provide a clamping load which pro
duces a
compressive stress that balances the tensile stress than that the concrete c
ompression
member would otherwise experience due to a bending load . Traditional rei
nforced
concrete is based on the use of steel reinforcement bars , rebars , inside po
ured
concrete . Prestressing can be accomplished in three ways : pre- tensioned
concrete,
and bonded or unbounded post-tensioned concrete.

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

HINGE BEAM (PIN BEAM)

Beam is one of the most common structure member used in structure f
or supporting
vertical loads which are perpendicular to the axis of the beam. Usually
the axial force
If internal forces along the axis of the beam can be ignored as there is either no
horizontal load acting on the beam or thhe horizontaal loads can be neglected. The
refore,
the internal forces in beam are shear and bending moment
commonly. However, when the
applied force to the beam is not perpendicular to thhe axis of thhe beam,
the internal axial
forces should also be considered.

An internal hinge is a hinge linkage located betweeen ends of two separate beams
at

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Project By :- Divyansh

which here may be discontinuous slope from one side of the hinge linkage to the o
ther,
and the allowed dissplacement on both sides of the hinge linkage separating the t
wo
beams continuous.
Loads are applied along the pan of a beam. In general, the loads considered in stat
ic are
the concentrated load P and distributed load W. Concentrated load is the one which
can
be considered as acting at a point although the load is distributed over a small leng
th of
the beam in practicce. Distributed load is the one which cannot be considered as a
cting
at a point because the load is spread over a considerable length of the b
eam. The

distributed load is usually expressed as load W per unit length. The distributed loa
d is

An internal hinge is a hinge linkage located betweeen ends of two separate beams
at

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Project By :- Divyansh

which here may be discontinuous slope from one side of the hinge linkage to the o
ther,
and the allowed dissplacement on both sides of the hinge linkage separating the t
wo
beams continuous.
Loads are applied along the pan of a beam. In general, the loads conside
red in static are
the concentrated load P and distributed load W. Concentrated load is the
one which can
be considered as acting at a point although the load is distributed over a
small length of
the beam in practicce. Distributed load is the one which cannot be consi
dered as acting
at a point because the load is spread over a considerable length of the b
eam. The
Distributed load is usually expressed as load W per unit length. The distributed loa
d is
called uniformly distributed looad when the load W per unit length is a constant or
uniform from point to point over the length of load distributed are grouped as vary
ing
distributed load, e.g. linear varying distributed load order to determine the reaction
for

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Project By :- Divyansh

statically in determine beams, additional equations can be taken from the relations
hips
based on the properties of thee beam and the resistance to bending under the appl
ied
loads. If there are totally only two unknown reaction involved in all suppp
orts, the beam
is not stable for any applied loads and thhe beam is partially constrained only. Ther
efore
beam supported by two rollers is partiallly constrainned. The beam is sta
ble when the
applied loads is vertical and he beam will move when the horizontal components o
f the
applied loads is not equal to zero. Therefore in practice, a horizontal rest
raints used in
one suppport to restrain the beam from rotating or moving horizontal.

G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA

Project By :- Divyansh

HOLLOW

pillar

A hollow str
uctural sect
ion (HSS) is
a typeof me
tal profile wi
th a hollow t
ubular crosssection.HSS, esspecially rectangular sections, are commonly used
in welded steel fres wheere
member experienc loading in multiple directions.efficient shapes
for this multiple axis loading as hey have unniform geommetry along
two or more cross-sectional axis, and thus uniform strength characteristics. Th
is make
them good choice for columns. They also have excellent resistance t
o torssion
HSS can also be used as beams, although wide flange or I-beam shapes are
in many
cases a more efficient structural shape for this application. However, the HS
S has
superior resistance to lateral torsion buckling.
The flat square surfaces of rectangular HSS can ease construction, and they
are
something preferred for architectural aesthetics in exposed structures, alth
ough
elliptical HSS are becoming more popular in exposed structures for the sam
e aestheticreasons.
In the recent past, HSS was commonly available in mild steel, such as A500
grade B.

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Today, HSS is commonly available in mild steel, A500 grade C. other steel g
rades
available for HSS are A847(weathering steel), A1065(large section up to 50
inch sq)
(made with SAW process), and recently approved A1085
(higher strength, tightertolerances than A500).

USE
OF CIRCU
UMN OVER RECTANGULAR COLUMN

LAR COL

The resistance to bending or deflection of a circular cross section is

higher than a
rectangular cross section with the same area. In addition, the load
required to buckle a
column with a circular cross section is the same around its perimet
er. But a beam with
a rectangular cross section may bend first in either of two axes.
Rectangular c/s or Shear walls > square c/s > Round c/s.
There are some logical reasons to it.
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Project By :- Divyansh

1. It is way much easier to construct and cast rectangular or sq

uare columns than
circular ones. This is primarily for the ease of working with the
shuttering (the
cast prepared to pour concrete) and to support it from it collap
sing due to
pressure while the concrete is still in flow-able form. The squar
e and rectangular
ones eventually are easier and less costly to cast.
2. Due to architectural appearance. All (mostly) the buildings ha
ve flat walls and
other vertical surfaces, which are at right angles to each other
. To successfully
camouflage the skeleton of beams and columns, square or rec
tangular (more
better) is preferred. The rectangular columns can be easily lev
eled by the walls
and other partitions. People in present times do not want colu
mns stranding in
their way.
3. You would find circular columns as pillars of Bridges because
there you dont
need to flush them to anything. Also circular looks a aesthetic
there. They are
also present in buildings but only in large areas like common p
laces, auditoriums
or fire assembly zones, where you have enough space for the
m not to hinder any
movement of people or look bad with flat surfaces

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EXPANSION JOINT
Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic
between structures while accommodating movement, shrinkage, and
temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete,
composite, and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out
of place in extreme conditions, and also allow enough vertical
movement to permit bearing replacement without the need to
dismantle the bridge expansion joint. There are various types, which
can accommodate movement from 30 to 500 millimetres (1.2 to
19.7 in). They include joints for small movement (EMSEAL BEJS, XJS,
JEP, WR, WOSd, and AC-AR), medium movement (Etic EJ, Wd), and
large movement (WP, Etic EJF/SFEJ).
Modular expansion joints are used when the movements of a bridge
exceed the capacity of a single gap joint or a finger type joint. A
watertight system, invented by the Swiss company Mageba, is
designed on a modular basis and can be tailored to satisfy the specific
requirements of almost any structure. Modular multiple-gap expansion
joints can accommodate movements in every direction and rotations
about every axis. They can be used for longitudinal movements of as
little as 160 mm, or for very large movements of well over 3000 mm.
The total movement of the bridge deck is divided among a number of
individual gaps which are created by horizontal surface beams. The
individual gaps are sealed by watertight elastomeric profiles, and
surface beam movements are regulated by an elastic control system.
The drainage of the joint is via the drainage system of the bridge deck.
Certain joints feature so-called sinus plates on their surface, which
reduce noise from over-passing traffic by up to 80%.

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G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA