Teste de Avaliao

Ingls
11. Ano de Escolaridade

GROUP I
The End
For those who live in a city or near one, the night sky isnt much to look at just a few scattered stars in a
smoggy, washed-out expanse. In rural Maine, though, or North Dakota, or the desert Southwest, the view is
quite different. Even without a telescope, you can see thousands of stars twinkling in shades of blue, red and
yellow-white, with the broad Milky Way cutting a ghostly swath from one horizon to the other. No wonder our
ancient ancestors peered up into the heavens with awe and reverence; its easy to imagine gods and
mythical heroes inhabiting such a luminous realm.
GLOSSARY
smoggy a mix of smoke and fog; polluted

swath path; strip

expanse wide area or surface

peered up gazed at; stared at

broad extensive; wide; large

realm kingdom; dominion

Yet for all the magnificence of the visible stars, astronomers know they are only the first shimmering veil
in a cosmos vast beyond imagination. Armed with ever more powerful telescopes, these explorers of time
and space have learned that the Milky Way is a huge, whirling pinwheel made of 100 billion or more stars;
that tens of billions of other galaxies lie beyond its edges; and, most astonishing of all, that these galaxies
are rushing headlong away from another in the aftermath of an explosive cataclysm known as the Big
Bang.
That even the literal birth of time and space some 15 billion years ago the Big Bang has been
understood, at least in its broadest outlines, since the 1960s. But in more than a third of a century, the best
minds in astronomy have failed to solve the mystery of what happens at the other end of time. Will the
galaxies continue to fly apart forever, their glow fading until the cosmos is cold and dark? Or will the
expansion slow to a halt, reverse direction and send the stars crashing back together in a final, apocalyptic
Big Crunch? Despite decades of observations with the most powerful telescopes at their disposal,
astronomers simply havent been able to decide.
Why do we care? Well, this is a question that has haunted humans for as long as we walked the Earth
GLOSSARY
pinwheel type of fireworks; pyrotechnics

outlines rough plan; structure

rushing speeding up

halt stop

aftermath a following event; what follows

1.

What

are

the

main

differences

between

Big

Bang

and

Big

Crunch?

____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___

2. Explain, using your own words, the sentence: this is a question that has haunted humans
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

Choose, for each case, the option that replaces the underlined word/phrase correctly.
3. just a few scattered stars ...
(A) spotted

(B) distinguished

(C) diffused

(D)

(E) 4. astronomers know they are only the first shimmering veil
(F)

(A) only the tip of the

iceberg

(B) a lot smaller than

the others

(C) the only stars in

the Universe

(D)

(E) 5. and, most astonishing of all

(F)

(A) unusual

(B) astounding

(C) shocking

(D)

(E) 6. Despite decades of observations

(F)

(A) Even after

(B) In spite of

(C) Even though

(D)
(E)

(F) 7. The underlined phrase from the excerpt has been understood, at least in its broadest outlines
means that
(G)

(A) at least there is a clue about its arrangement

(B) at least its boarders are known
(C) at least humanity is not far to know its borders
(D)none of the previous options
(H)
(I)

(J) GROUP II

(K)
(L)

(M)

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia

pseudomallei, found in soil and water. It is of public health importance in endemic areas, particularly in
Thailand and northern Australia. It exists in acute and chronic forms. Symptoms may include pain in chest,
bones, or joints; cough; skin infections, lung nodules and pneumonia. Without access to appropriate
antibiotics (principally ceftazidime or meropenem), the septicemic form of melioidosis has a mortality rate that
exceeds 90%. With appropriate antibiotics, the mortality rate is about 10% for uncomplicated cases but up to
80% for cases with bacteraemia or severe sepsis1. It seems certain that access to intensive care facilities is
also important, and probably at least partially explains why total mortality is 20% in Northern Australia but
40% in Northeast Thailand. Response to appropriate antibiotic treatment is slow.
(N)

(O) 1 Sepsis is a potentially deadly medical condition that is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory
state (called a systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS) and the presence of a known or
suspected infection. The body may develop this inflammatory response by the immune system to
microbes in the blood, urine, lungs, skin, or other tissues. A lay term for sepsis is blood poisoning,
also used to describe septicaemia. Severe sepsis is the systemic inflammatory response, plus
infection, plus the presence of organ dysfunction. Septicaemia is a related medical term referring to
the presence of pathogenic organisms in the bloodstream, leading to sepsis. The term has not been
sharply defined. It has been inconsistently used in the past by medical professionals, for example as
a synonym of bacteraemia (presence of bacteria in the blood), causing some confusion.
(P)
(Q)
(R) 1. The excerpt It seems certain that access to intensive care facilities is also important, and probably at least

partially explains why total mortality is 20% in Northern Australia but 40% in Northeast Thailand means
that melioidosis
(S)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

is mostly found in some areas of Thailand and Australia, thats why the mortality rate is so high.
is a very serious medical condition, therefore it requires to be treated in intensive care facilities.
can be a deadly condition in areas like Thailand and Australia because of the lack of medical facilities.
when left untreated can lead to mortality.
(T)

(U) 2. The excerpt Response to appropriate antibiotic treatment is slow means that
(V)
(A) melioidosis usually takes a long time to develop.
(B) the symptoms of melioidosis can slowly be treated with antibiotics.
(C) the antibiotics dont have an immediate action.
(D) people often dont know they have melioidosis.
(W)

(X) 3. Scientifically, the terms bacteraemia and septicaemia stand for the same. This sentence is

(A) true, because both terms refer to the presence of pathological organisms in the blood.
(B) false, because the presence of bacteria in the blood does not necessary lead to sepsis.
(C) true, because both terms refer to an inflammatory process caused by the immune
system.
(D)false, because a septicaemia is a SIRS plus the presence of pathological organisms.
(Y)

(Z) 4. The excerpt The term has not been sharply defined means that
(AA)

(AB)
(AC)
(AD)
(AE)
(AF)
(AG)
(AH)
(AI)

(A) the term hasnt been completely defined .

(B) there is no definition for the term.
(C) there too many definitions for the term.
(D) the term has not been defined in an accurate way.
5. Pay attention to the following information.

(AJ)

Salmonellosis
(AK)

(AL) Every

year, approximately 40.000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because
many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or
more times greater.
(AM)

(AN)
What is
it?
(AO)
Symptom
s

(AP)
Transmis
sion

(AQ)
Treatme
nt
(AR)
(AS)
(AT)
(AU)
(AV)

it is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella

they were discovered by an American scientist named Salmon
salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter.
children are the most likely to get salmonellosis
diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection
the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without
treatment
Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and
then to other body sites sometimes it causes sepsis and death
Poultry, pork, and beef, if the meat is prepared incorrectly or is infected with
the bacteria after preparation.
Infected eggs, egg products, and milk when not prepared, handled, or
refrigerated properly.
Reptiles, such as turtles, lizards, and snakes, which may carry the bacteria on
their skin.
Tainted fruits and vegetables
antibiotics, if its an urgent case
most people dont need to be medicated

Organize the given information in a small text, using the example of the article about melioidosis.

(AW)
(AX)
(AY)

GROUP III

Listenning Link You will hear a narration from a medical video, about heart diseases.
Pay attention to it and fill in the blanks with the correct words. Each space can only be filled
with one word.

(AZ)
(BA)

(BB)

Cardiac compromise is a ______ term that refers to many kinds of problems with the heart. Just

as there are many problems, there are a wide variety of signs and symptoms associated with these heart
problems. As an EMT it is much __________ to treat all patients as though they are having a heart
problem rather than diagnose the specific ______________. With that in mind, lets take a closer look at
five of the most common heart conditions.

(BC)

(BD)

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

(BE)

(BF)

CAD occurs when the coronary arteries are _______________ or blocked, reducing the

____________ of oxygen delivered to the heart. Two conditions: atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
commonly cause the ____________ or blockage of arteries. Atherosclerosis is a build ________ of fatty
deposits on the intern walls of arteries. This build _______ causes a narrowing of the inter-vessels
diameter, restricting blood ________. Fats and other particles combine to form plaque. Arteriosclerosis is
a _________________ or hardening of the artery wall resulting from calcium deposits. Often called
hardening of the arteries, this condition causes the _________ of elasticity, changing blood flow and
increasing blood pressure. These conditions can facilitate rough surfaces, making them vulnerable to
blockages. A large thrombus can cause an occlusion or it may break __________ to become an embolism
and form blockages else where. When blockage occurs, tissues may die and in some cases this can be
fatal.
(BG)

(BH)

2. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

(BI)

(BJ)

AMI occurs when a portion of the myocardium, heart muscle, dies as a result of oxygen

_____________. The dead area can no longer ____________. This can lead to cardiac arrest, shock,
pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure. In some cases, heart attack patients suffer cardiac
____________ as the dead tissue of the heart muscle bursts open. Medications called trombulitics
dissolve clots that block coronary arteries. Other patients receive an angioplasty, a _____________ device
to open the arteries.
(BK)

(BL)

3. Aneurysms

(BM)

(BN)

Weak ___________ that dilate are known as aneurysms. When a weaken artery bursts, rapid

internal bleeding occurs and tissues beyond the rupture can be damaged. A rupture of an artery within the
brain can result in a severe stroke. If a _________ artery ruptures, death from shock can occur.
(BO)

(BP)

4. Arrhythmia

(BQ)

A malfunction of the hearts electrical system will generally result in an arrhythmia. Electrical

___________ within the heart result in arrhythmias, including bradicardia abnormally slow, less than
____________ bits per minute -, tachycardia - __________ than 100 bits per minute or rhythms that are
present when there is no ______, including ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, pulseless
electrical _____________ and asystole.
(BR)

(BS)

5. Congestive heart failure (CHF)

(BT)

CHF is a condition of build up of fluids in the ___________ and other organs, because of

inadequate pumping of the heart or failure of the _______________ to function properly. CHF can be
caused by diseased heart valves, hypertension or some form ob obstructive pulmonary disease. The
symptoms of CFH may include tachycardia, ______________ of breath, elevated blood pressure,
cyanosis, profuse sweating, cool and clammy skin, pulmonary edema, pedal edema, or the _________ of
frothy white or pink sputum. ()