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ELECTRIC FORCE:
Coulombs law:
force on charge 1 due to charge 2 is
r
qq
F12 = k e 1 2 2 r12
r
Net force on a charge due to several other charges:
VECTOR SUM of all forces on that charge due to other charges
Called Principle of SUPERPOSITON
Each charge exerts a force on charge 1
r
r
r
r
Resultant force is F1 = F21 + F31 + F41
says net force on charge 1 equals sum of force on 1
from 2, force on 1 from 3, and force on 1 from 4
ELECTRIC FIELD
r
r
F
r
=
E
If the force on q0 at a point is F , then electric field at that point is
q0
r
r
r
If the electric field at a point is E , then the force on q0 at point is F = q0 E
r
q
E
=
k
e 2 r
Electric field at P due to a point charge is P
r
o Unit vector r points from q P
Superposition:
r
Total E at point P due to an arrangement of point charges is the VECTOR SUM
of the electric field contributions from all charges around P
Total electric field at P is:
r
r
r
r
qi ri r
ET = k e 2 = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4
ri
i
o q i is the charge at i
o ri is the distance from q i P
o ri is the unit vector from q i P
o the sum is a VECTOR SUM
Did example with electric dipole
r
E vector at a point in space is tangent to the EFL through that point
Density of EFL is proportional to E (magnitude) in that region
o Larger E closer packing of lines
EFL start on positive charges and end on negative charges
Number of EFL starting/ending on charge is proportional to its magnitude
Electric field lines do not cross
ELECTRIC FLUX
General result for Electric Flux through element of area Ai
r
r
Ei = Ei Ai cos i = Ei Ai
r r
E = E dA = En dA
over
closed
surface
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Difference in electric potential between points A and B is:
V = VB V A =
U
q0
B
SO:
r r
V = VB VA = E ds
A
EQUIPOTENTIAL
o All points on plane perpendicular to uniform
r
E field have same electric potential
SIGN OF V
o change in potential energy of q0 when moved
from A B is
U = q0 V = q0 Ed
r
E
o Says that if A B is in same direction as , then V = VB V A < 0
r
o If path is in the same direction as E , then potential difference V is
negative
ke q
V=
r
IMPORTANT:
Electric potential V is a scalar.
o can just add contributions from different charges
ALL points at distance r from a point charge q have the same potential
o Spherical surface around point charge is an equipotential surface
Implies:
Ex =
dV
dx
Ey =
dV
dy
Ez =
dV
dz
r
E
Says:
is always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES:
like contour maps
o valleys centred on negative charge
o hills centred on positive charge
Example: Electric
dipole (contours
marked in volts)
o Electric field lines
start on positive
charge, end on
negative charge
and are
perpendicular to
equipotentials at
crossing
total V at P is:
V = lim
qi 0
ke
i
qi
dq
= ke
ri
r
over all
charge
dq
dV
k
=
dq
e
V
Identify
r as the contribution to from the charge element
CHARGE DENSITY
to convert sum/integral over charge elements into a sum/integral over spatial
variables (i.e. x, y, z)
Q
L
Q
dq
r
r2
=
e
0
r r qinside
E dA =
over
closed
surface
r
o gives a way to calculate E for SPECIAL cases
r
E
is constant over part of
mostly useful if we normal component of
the surface and can be factored out of the integral
r
Using Gausss law to calculate Electric Field E
r r
e = E dA
over
closed
surface
r
o Must be able to factor E out of flux integral in region of space where we
want to find electric field
r r
E dA for all or part of surface
surface
r
E
1 :
r
E = 0 everywhere inside a conductor
r
E
Must be true or else charges would move until = 0
r
E surface means that the surface is an equipotential
r
E = 0 inside says potential V inside conductor must be
same as potential V at surface
o entire conductor is an equipotential
Q
=
I
Average current is ave t
Q is amount of charge across surface in time t
DIRECTION OF CURRENT:
SAME as direction of POSITIVE charges crossing
surface
OPPOSITE direction of NEGATIVE charges
crossing surface
CONDUCTIVITY: current density J = n q vd = E
Current (I)
l
1
RESISTIVITY: =
A V
=
I
o
l
Ohms Law:
l
=
R
V = IR
Define resistance
A so that
J = E =
I (current)
o Lines start and stop on poles of a magnet OR lines form closed loops
around current-carrying wires
No such thing as a magnetic monopole
For magnet lines start at North pole and end at South pole
r
o MAGNITUDE of magnetic field | B | indicated by DENSITY of lines
o DIRECTION of magnetic field at a point is tangent to field lines at point
Direction of magnetic field at some location is the direction that a
compass needle would point at that location.
r
MAGNETIC FORCE FB on a moving charge
r
r r
FB = q v B
v
Cyclotron motion:
Charge with velocity perpendicular to magnetic field moves on
circular path (cyclotron orbit) in plane perpendicular to magnetic field
Radius of orbit is
r=
mv
qB
T=
v qB
= =
r
m
m
circumference 2 r
=
= 2
v
v
qB
r
r
r
r
r r
In space with E and B , force on moving charge is F = qE + qv B (Lorentz Force)
VELOCITY SELECTOR
E (down)
+ + + + + + +
In selector region:
r
r r
o FB = q v B is up by RHR
r
r
o FE = q E is down
Net force on charge is zero IF
v
+q
qv B = q E
E
v
=
So particles with speed
B are undeflected
- - - - - - B (into screen)
MASS SPECTROMETER
Detector
r
3 : inject ions with speed vs into uniform B
with magnitude B0
m vs
=
r
o Radius of path is
q B0
rd
velocity selector
Bs, Es
+ + + + + + +
m rBs B0
SO: q = E
s
vs
+q
+q
- - - - - - -
B0
Bup
o kick raises K by qV
r
for charge q in uniform B
mv
r
=
o found
qB
o period of orbit is: T =
+q
circumf . 2 r 2 m
=
=
v
v
qB
alternating
voltage
source
B
Force on each charge in wire is B
d
Bin
l
FB
r
Force on segment d s of arbitrary shaped wire is
r
r r
dFB = I ds B
ds
= IA
I
r
o = IA is the magnetic dipole moment of the loop
o Magnitude: = IA
r
o Direction: r
vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop
direction by Right-hand rule:
fingers curl in direction of current
r
thumb shows direction of
Can express torque as vector product of magnetic dipole moment and field
= IA
r
= B
r
F2
r r
Direction of B is into screen/page
True for any current loop in a magnetic field!
F4
r 0 I dsr r
BIOT-SAVART LAW: dB = 4 r 2
r
For drawing, direction of d s r is out of screen/page
P
r
r
r
o So dB at P due to ds points out of screen/page
ds
r
d
s
r = ds sin
Magnitude
r
r
d
B
d
s
o For a given r, contributions
from
are maximum for points on
r
plane perpendicular to ds
r
r
r
d
s
d
B
d
s
makes NO contribution to
at points along direction
o Current in
r
B
Magnitude of
inversely proportional to perpendicular a distance from wire
r 0 I
B=
2 a
(IMPORTANT RESULT)
0 I
=
B
USE
2 a TO FIND MAGNETIC FORCE BETWEEN PARALLEL WIRES
I1
a
B2
F1
I2
I1
B2
a
F1
I2
0 I 2
=
B
Field at I1 due to I2 is 2 2 a
F1 0 I1 I 2
Force on I1 per unit length is l = 2 a toward I2 (for currents in same dir.)
F2 0 I1 I 2
Force on I2 per unit length is l = 2 a toward I1 (for currents in same dir.)
o By Newtons 3rd law.