17

Table 2: Elisticities of Demand for Passenger Transport

(All elasticity figures are negative)

Range

Mode
Air:
Vaation

Non-Vacation
Mfixed'
Rail: Intercty
Leisure
Business
Mixed'
Rail: Intracity
Peak
Off Peak
All Day'

Automobile:
Peak
OffPeak
ADDay'
Bus:
Peak

R
Surveyed
MarketDemand ModeChoice
Elasticities
Elasticities

MostLikely
Range

No. of
Studies'

0.40-4.60

0.38

1.10-2.70

0.08-4.18
0.44-4.51

0.18
0.26-5.26

0.40-1.20
0.70-2.10

6
14

1.40
0.70
0.11-1.54

1.20
0.57
0.86-1.14

1.40-1.60
0.60-0.70
0.30-1.18

- 2
2
8

0.15

0.22-0.25

0.20-0.40

1.00
0.12-1.80

n..
0.08-0.75

< 1.00

2
1

0.10-0.70

0.12-0.49
0.06-0.88
0.00-0.52

0.02-2.69
0.16-0.96
0.01-1.26

0.10-0.70
0.20-1.10
0.10-1.10

9
6
7

0.00

0.03-0.58

0.10-0.70

1.08-1.54

0.01-0.69

0.10-1.10

0.10-1.62

0.03-0.70

0.10-1.30

11

AUlDay

0.05-0.86

n.a.

0.20-0.90

ransit System:
Peak
OffPeak

0.00-0.29
0.32-1.00

0.1
n1.a.

0.10-0.30
0.30-0.50

4
3

0.01-0.96

Dn.

0.10-0.70

10

OffPeak
All Day'
RapidTransit:

All Dayb
Otherse

Minibus
n.a.
0.10
I1
AircraftLanding
0.06-0.56
nA.
1
The distinctionbetweenvacation and non-vacationroutesare rather arbitrary in
most studies. This may partly accountfor the verywiderange of elasticityestimates
reported.
'This categoryincludesstudies that do not makethe distinctions.
'The numberof studies in this columndo not sumto the total becausesomestudies
report more than one et of estimates.
nA. = not available

18

Table 3: Elasticities of Demand for Freight Transport

Mode

Bail:

(AUlelasticity figures are negative)

RangeSurveyedI Mt Li}y Range No of Studies

AggregateCommodities

O.6-1.52
(0.09-1.79)

0.40-1.20

AaembledAutomobiles
Chemicals

0.65-1.08
0.39-2.26

0.70-1.10
0.40-0.70

2
3

Coal
Corn,Wheat, etc.
Fertilisers
Foods

0.02-1.04
0.52-1.18
0.02-1.04
0.02-2.58

0.10-0.40
0.50-1.20
0.10-1.00
0.30-1.00

2
3
1
9

Lumber,Pulp, Paper,etc.

OOS-1.97
(0.76-0.87)
0.61-3.55

0.10-0.70

0.60-2.30

0.17-1.85

0.20-1.00

1.00-2.20

RefinedPetroleumProducts
Stone,Clay snc Glass Products

0.02-2.54'
(1.57)
0.53-0.99
0.82-1.62
(0.69)

0.60-1.00
0.0-1.70

3
4

Aggregatecommodities

0.05-1.34

0.70-1.10

Asembled Automobiles
Chemical
Corn,Wheat, etc.
Foods
Lumber,Wood,etc.
Machinery
PrimaryMetalssad Metallic
Products
Paper, Pblaticsnd Rubber
Products
RefinedPetroleumProducts
Stone,Clay and Glas Products
Textles

0.62-0.67
0.98-2.31
0.73-0.99
0.32-1.54
0.14-1.55
0.04-1.23

0.56-0.70
1.00-1.90
0.70-1.00
0.50-1.30
0.10-0.60
0.10-1.20

1
2
2
S
S
S

0.18-1.36

0.30-1.10

1.05-2.97
0.52-0.66
1.03-2.17
03-0.77

1.10-3.00
00J70
100-2.20
0.40-0.80

2
3
2
1

(0.66)

(1.36)

Machinery
Paper,Plsie and Rubber
Product
Primary metalssnd Metallic
Products

19

Table 3 continued ...

RangeSurveyed Most LikelyRange No. of Studies

Mode
AggregateCommnodities
Shipping:Inland Waterway
AggregateCommodities
Chemicals
Coal
CrudePetroleum
Grain
Lumberand Wood
Non-MetallicOres
Primary Metal
Pulp and Paper
Stone,Clayand GlassProducts
.hlpplng: Ocean'
Dry Bulk Shipment'
Foods
LiquidBulk Shipment

0.82-1.60

0.01.60

(0.74-0.76)
0.75
0.28
149
0.4-1.62
0.60
0.65
0.28
1.12
1.22

0.60-1.60

0.00.25
0.20-0.31
0.21

1
I
I
2
I

1
I

I
1
1

1
1

I1
General Cargo
0.00-1.10
'The high elasticityestimates may reflecta low mar et share of aggre1atefreight of the

mode whenusingthe translogcost functionin estimation.

3Therehave been very few empiricalstudieson shipping,hencethe elsticity estimatesr
portedhere shr id be interpreted with caution.
'These includecoal,grain, Iron ore and concentrates,etc.
Note: Figur in parenthes re modechoiceelaticities.

Table 4: Elasticities of Demand for Gasoline

(All elasticity figures are negative)
Country
Ranged Surveyed Most Likely Range No of Studies
Austria
0.25-0.27
1
Canada
0.11
_1
Israel
0.25
_1
U.K.
0.1-0.17
_1
U.S.
0.04-0.21
_1
West Germany
0.25-0.93
_1
Multicountry Studies
0.20-1.370.20-0.50
3
'Included in this range is a long-run elasticityestimate of 0.32-1.37.

20

Table 5: Selected Estimates of Cross Elasticities

(Aggregate Data)
Authors
Oum (1979a)

Modes
Cros Elasticities Remarks
Ril-Truck
-0.10to +0.14
Aggregate freight transport
Truck-Rail
-0.88 to +0.13
demand in Canada, cross elasRail-Waterway
+0.15 to +0.20 ticities reported for selected
Waterway-Rail
+0.61 to +0.86 years between 190S-1974.
Thuck-Waterway
-0.23 to +0.03
-0.12 to +0.13
Waterway-Tuck
Oum and
Air-Bus
.0.02 to -0.01
Aggregate intercity passenger
Gillen (1983) Air-Rail
+0.01 to +0.04 transport demand in Canada,
Bus-Air
*0.12to -0.05
cross elsticities reported
Bus-Rail
-0.47 to 40.21
for selected years between
Rail-Air
+0.08 to +0.51 1961-1976.
Raii-Bus
-I.18 to -0.17
Interregional freight transport
Rail-Truck'
-0.18 to +0.50
Oum (1989)
Truck-Rail'
-0.62 to +0.84
demand in Canada.
Rail-Truck6
-0.47 to +0.48
|Tuck-Railb
-0.26 to +0.35
:Aggregate commodities.
'Fruits, vegetables and other edible foods.