AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.1):
THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION: DIFFERENTIATION

Properties of Logarithms

a and b are positive numbers and n is rational.

ln 1

ln

ln

ln

ln

ln

ln

ln

ln

The Natural Logarithmic Function

The natural logarithmic function is defined by

ln

Domain: 0,

Continuity: Continuous; Increasing

Range:

Concavity: Concave Downward

Derivative of the Natural Logarithmic Function

1

ln

ln

IN OTHER WORDS:

The derivative of ln

is 1/ .

When you have ln of a function u instead of just x, multiply 1/u by the derivative of u.

Logarithms and Differentiation

It is sometimes useful to use logarithms to differentiate non-logarithmic functions.

EXAMPLE:

To do this, take the log of both sides, expand, and differentiate.

2

ln

ln

ln

2 ln

(You need to differentiate y.)

2
2

(Take the ln of both sides.)

12 ln
1

(Expand using properties of logs.)

2

1
Page 1

(Differentiate and solve for dy/dx.)

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.2):
THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION: INTEGRATION

Integration Rules
1

ln| |

ln| |

More on u-Substitution

You may need to use u-substitution to differentiate functions in this section. These are guidelines for
deciding what to set u equal to.
1) If you have a composite function, set u equal to the inside function.
2) If you have a fraction, set u equal to the denominator.

3) If you have a fraction and step 2) doesnt work, set u equal to the numerator.

Polynomial Long Division

Sometimes, when u-substitution doesnt initially work, you can use long division before integrating.
EXAMPLE:

(u-substitution cant help you integrate yet.)

1
1

(Divide using polynomial long division.)

(Integrate the quotient. Now you can use usubstitution.)

Integration Formulas for Trigonometric functions

sin

cos

csc

ln|csc

cot |

cos

sin

sec

ln|sec

ln|cos |

tan
tan |

cot

ln|sin |

The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Recall that you use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus when one or both of the limits of
integration is a variable instead of a number.

In this section, you need to plug the upper limit into the function and multiply by the derivative of the limit.
EXAMPLES:

1 2

1
Page 2

1 2

1 3

3 1

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES
SECTION (5.3):
INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Algebra Review

A function has an inverse when

1) it is one-to-one. (For every y, there is one x.)

2) it is strictly monotonic (always increasing or always decreasing).

3) it passes the horizontal line test.

The graph of f contains the point (a, b) if and only if the graph of f -1 contains the point (b, a).

Notation:

In other words, f is reflected in the line y = x to produce f -1.

Continuity and Differentiability of Inverse Functions

If f is continuous / increasing / decreasing on its domain, then

If f is differentiable at c and

f -1 is continuous / increasing / decreasing on its domain.

f -1 is differentiable at

0, then

The Derivative of an Inverse Function

The following are two methods to find the derivative of an inverse function.

Method 1 Use a Formula:

Let f be a function that is differentiable on an interval I. If f has an inverse function g, then

Method 2 Use Implicit Differentiation:

Write the inverse of a function f.

Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of the inverse.

In the inverse, plug in x and solve for y.

Plug in y to the derivative.

Page 3

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.4):
THE DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Natural Exponential Function

The inverse function of the natural logarithmic function

function and is denoted by
.

ln is called the natural exponential

Differentiation Rules

Let u be a differentiable function of x.

EXAMPLE:

Find the derivative of

Integration Rules

Let u be a differentiable function of x.

EXAMPLE:

Evaluate

5
5
2
5
2
5
2

Page 4

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES
SECTION (5.5):
BASES OTHER THAN

AND

APPLICATIONS

Derivatives for Bases Other Than

There are two main methods that you can use to find derivatives for bases other than .
1) Use logarithmic differentiation.
2) Use the following rules.
Differentiation Rules:

Let a be a positive real number (

1) and let u be a differentiable function of x.

ln

log

1
ln

Integrals for Bases Other Than

You have to memorize the following formula to find integrals for bases other than .
Integration Rule:

1
ln

Application: Compound Interest Formulas

Let
initial deposit,
number of years,
number of compoundings per year.

Compounded n Times per Year:

Compounded Continuously:

annual interest rate (expressed as a decimal), and

Page 5

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.6):
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: GROWTH AND DECAY

Growth and Decay Models

If y is a differentiable function of t such that y > 0 and y = ky, for some constant k, then

C is the initial value of y, and k is the proportionality constant.

Exponential decay occurs when k < 0.

Exponential growth occurs when k > 0.

Half-Life

A common application of growth and decay models is half-life.

Knowing this, it easy to find the proportionality constant ( k) in a half-life application.

Half-life is the amount of time before a radioactive isotope reduces to half its initial amount.

EXAMPLE:

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1500 years.

1
2
1
2

1500

ln 0.5

ln 0.5
1500

0.000462

Page 6

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.7):
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

Differential Equations Vocabulary

Solution: A function y is a solution of a differential equation if the equation is satisfied when you plug in
y and its derivative(s).
General Solution: Shows every solution of the differential equation where C is any real number.
Particular Solution: Solution obtained by using initial conditions to solve for and replace C.
Order: Equal to the highest order derivative in a differential equation.

EXAMPLE:

Second Order Differential Equation:

Initial Conditions of the Equation:

General Solution of the Equation:

Particular Solution from Conditions:

32

16

80,

16

64

64

80

Separation of Variables

Separation of variables is a strategy for solving general differential equations.

EXAMPLE:

The strategy is to rewrite the equation so that each variable occurs only on one side of the equation.

Separate the variables.

100
100
100
1
100
1
100

Page 7

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.8):
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: DIFFERENTIATION

Inverse Sine Function

Domain: [-1, 1]

Range:

Inverse Cosine Function

Domain: | |

Range:

Range on the Unit Circle:

Range: 0,

Domain: [ ,

Range:

Range on the Unit Circle:

Range on the Unit Circle:

Inverse Cosecant Function

Domain: [-1, 1]

Inverse Tangent Function

Inverse Secant Function

Domain: | |
Range: 0,

Range on the Unit Circle:

Inverse Cotangent Function

Domain: [ ,

Range: 0,

Range on the Unit Circle:

Range on the Unit Circle:

Derivative Formulas for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

arcsin
arctan
arcsec

1
1

| |

arccos

arccot
1

arccsc

Page 8

1
1

| |

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 5 NOTES

SECTION (5.9):
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: INTEGRATION

Integral Formulas for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

arcsin

tan
1

arcsec

| |

Completing the Square

Completing the square helps when quadratic functions are involved in the integrand.

EXAMPLE:

4
4
2

7
4

3
2;

3;

arctan

arctan

Page 9