Physical education, Phy. Ed.

, or PE, also known in many Commonwealth countries as physical

training or PT, is an educational course related to the physique of the human body. It is taken during
primary and secondary education and encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement
exploration setting to promote health.

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is
to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.048 m) high mounted to
a backboard at each end.
A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during regular play. A field goal
scores three points for the shooting team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line, and
two points if shot from in front of the line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one
point, after the other team was assessed with certain fouls. The team with the most points at the end
of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) is issued when the score is tied at the end of
regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by throwing it to a teammate, or by bouncing it
while walking or running (dribbling). It is a violation to lift, or drag, one's pivot foot without dribbling
the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling.

There are many techniques for ball handlingshooting, passing, dribbling, and rebounding.
Basketball teams generally have player positions, the tallest and strongest members of a team are
called a center or power forward, while slightly shorter and more agile players are called small
forward, and the shortest players or those who possess the best ball handling skills are called
a point guardor shooting guard. The point guard directs the on court action of the team,
implementing the coach's game plan, and managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays
(player positioning).
Basketball is one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports. [1] The National Basketball
Association (NBA) is the most popular and widely considered to be the highest level of professional
basketball in the world and NBA players are the world's best paid sportsmen, by average annual
salary per player.[2][3] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental
championships such as the Euroleague and FIBA Americas League. The FIBA Basketball World
Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional
competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA Americas Championship.

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who
take turns batting and fielding.
The batting team attempts to score runs by hitting a ball that is thrown by
the pitcher with a bat swung by the batter, then running counter-clockwise around a
series of four bases: first, second, third, and home plate. A run is scored when a player
advances around the bases and returns to home plate.
Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team,
which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the
batting team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent
bases during teammates' turns batting, such as on a hit or by other means. The teams
switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs. One
turn batting for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an inning. A
game is comprised of nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the
end of the game wins. Baseball is the only major team sport in America with no game
clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning.
Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the
mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the
modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as
the national sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and
parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia.
In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are
divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three
divisions: East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by
playoffs that culminate in the World Series. The top level of play is similarly split in
Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League
and East League.

Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal.
Unqualified, the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular
in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports commonly called 'football' in certain places
include: association football (known as soccer in some countries); gridiron
football(specifically American football or Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby
football (either rugby league or rugby union); and Gaelic football.[1][2] These different variations of
football are known as football codes.
Various forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. Contemporary
codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public
schools during the nineteenth century.[3][4] The expanse of the British Empire allowed these rules of
football to spread to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire, [5] though by
the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football,
for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain
their heritage.[6] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of
many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of
football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world. [7]

Softball is a variant of baseball played with a larger ball on a smaller field. It was invented in 1887
in Chicago as an indoor game. It was at various times called indoor baseball, mush ball, playground,
softbund ball, kitten ball, and, because it was also played by women, ladies' baseball. The
name softball was given to the game in 1926.
A tournament held in 1933 at the Chicago World's Fair spurred interest in the game. The Amateur
Softball Association (ASA) of America (founded 1933) governs the game in the United States and
sponsors annual sectional and World Series championships. The World Baseball Softball
Confederation (WBSC) regulates rules of play in more than 110 countries, including the United
States and Canada; before the WBSC was formed in 2013, the International Softball
Federation filled this role. Women's fastpitch softball became a Summer Olympic sport in 1996, but it
(and baseball) were dropped in 2005 from the 2012 games.
There are two types of softball. In the most common type, slow-pitch softball, the ball, which can
measure either 11 or 12 inches in circumference depending on the league, must arch on its path to
the batter, and there are 10 players in a team. In fastpitch softball, the pitch is fast, there are nine
players on the field at one time, and bunting and stealing are permitted. Softball rules vary
somewhat from those of baseball. Two major differences are that the ball must be pitched underhand
from 46 ft (14 m) for men or 43 ft (13.1 m)[1] for women as compared with 60.5 ft (18.4 m) in
baseballand that seven innings instead of nine constitute a regulation game. [2]

Despite the name, the ball used in softball is not very soft. It is about 12 in (30.5 cm) in
circumference (11 or 12 in for slow-pitch), which is 3 in (8 cm) larger than a baseball. The infield in
softball is smaller than on an adult or high school baseball diamond but identical to that used
by Little League Baseball; each base is 60 ft (18 m) from the next, as opposed to baseball's 90 ft
(27 m).

Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for blind athletes, originally devised in 1946 by the
Austrian Hanz Lorenzen and GermanSepp Reindle as a means of assisting the rehabilitation of
visually impaired World War II veterans.[1] Participants compete in teams of three, and try to throw a
ball that has bells embedded in it into the opponents' goal.[2] Teams alternate throwing or rolling the
ball from one end of the playing area to the other, and players remain in the area of their own goal in
both defense and attack. Players must use the sound of the bell to judge the position and movement
of the ball. Games consist of two 12-minute halves (formerly 10-minute halves). [2]Eyeshades allow
partially sighted players to compete on an equal footing with blind players. [2] Eyepatches may be
worn under eyeshades to ensure complete coverage of the eye, and prevent any vision should the
eyeshades become dislodged.
Goalball gradually evolved into a competitive game during the 1950s and 1960s, and was eventually
nominated as a demonstration sport at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.[1] The sport's first
world championship was held in Austria in 1978. Goalball was added to the programme of the 1980
Summer Paralympics in Arnhem,[1] becoming the first Paralympic sport designed exclusively for
disabled players.[3] International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), responsible for a range of sports for
the blind and partially sighted, is the official governing body for the sport.