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English on Phone
Companion - 6
Grammar review and exercises for Level 6
Curriculum Research and Editorial Wing, www.BodhiSutra.com
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Chapter 1
The infinitive
What is the infinitive?
The infinitive of a verb is its basic form (first form) with or without to:
Examples:
1. 'do' or 'to do'
2. go or to go
3. 'be' or 'to be'
The infinitive without to is called bare infinitive ('do', 'be')
The infinitive with to is called full infinitive ('to do', 'to be')
The bare infinitive
1. With auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, or should.)
Examples:
a. I do know him
b. You should go to Delhi
c. They will come here..
2. With verbs of perception like see, watch, hear, feel, sense etc:
Examples:
a. I heard the tiger jump in the bushes.
b. I watched the accident happen.
3. With verbs of permission and causation including make, bid, let, and have:
Example:
a. The Americans made/bade/let/had the Pakistanis do it.
b. They were made to go after the thieves. (In passive voice use to + verb)
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Example:
a. I had better get ready
b. They had better reach the station soon.
5. With help
Example:
a. She helped them prepare for the contest
b. Her maid helped her cook for the party
6. With the word why.
Example:
a. Why do it?
b. Why deny what everyone knows as truth?
The full infinitive
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d. He is waiting to come.
4. To express purpose:
Examples:
a. He needs to exercise to stay fit.
b. He studies hard to go to a good University.
Exercise 1.1
Join these sentences using infinitives:
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1. He did not have even a paisa with him. He could not pay his college fee.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Every party has a president. He leads other party members.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. You must pay all your taxes. Only on this condition will you avoid jail term.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. He went to France. He wanted to study fashion.
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5. The robber took out a dagger. He wanted to frighten the old man.
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6. I state the facts. I am not afraid of it.
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7. He wants to be rich. He works hard for it.
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8. He has five children. He must take care of them.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. He collects old coins. It is his hobby.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. That young man has squandered away all his wealth. He must have been stupid.
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Chapter 2
The Gerund
What is a gerund?
Gerunds are verbs used as nouns while present participles are verbs used in continuous tense:
1. Gerunds are verbs used as nouns.
2. Gerunds can be a subject, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
3. Present participles form continuous verbs
Examples of gerund:
1. Swimming is fun. (subject)
2. I like singing. (direct object)
3. He gives writing all his time.( indirect object)
4. He has devoted all his life to writing (object of the preposition to)
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Exercise 2.2
Fill up the blanks
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Chapter 3
Using Gerunds or infinitives
Use the following rules to guide your usage of gerunds and infinitives:
Examples
Rules
Explanations
Verb +
1. I enjoy reading
gerund
2. I denied cheating
action that
the time of
reading.
2. I deny having
1. I enjoy myself at
cheated on
anything before.
Verb +
1. I decided to meet my
infinitive
boss.
2. I want to watch a
the decision to
movie
meet him.
2. What I want
(now) is to watch
a movie
(after/later)
NB: Remember, like most of the rules in English, these rules too have exceptions.
Usage of gerunds
Following set of verbs are usually used with gerunds.
like
love
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enjoy
dislike
hate
Example:
Note that verbs such as, like/love/hate... can also be followed by an infinitive:
Examples:
aim at
keep on
interested in
instead of
good at
before ...
after ...
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Example:
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Examples:
Usage of Infinitives
1. Verbs referring to a future event:
There are certain verbs which are more frequently used with infinitives. This includes verbs which refer
to a future event or possibility. For example:
afford, agree, aim, arrange, attempt, choose, consent, decide, deserve, demand, endeavor, expect, fail,
happen, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, seem,
swear, threaten, volunteer, want, would, hate, would like, would love
Examples:
He deserves to be penalized.
They happened to be at the theatre when fire broke out.
I hope to join the team as soon as possible.
I need to find a job.
He offers to help us.
2. Certain adjectives:
Following adjectives are generally used with infinitives.
be determined
be disappointed
be glad
be happy
be pleased
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Examples:
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too difficult
easy enough
Example:
Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples:
start
begin
stop
remember
Example:
Exercise 3.1
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1. He quit __________ (worry) about his failed marriage and decided ____________ (focus) on
his career.
2. His ____________ (fail) in engineering prevented him from ____________ (apply) to the
army.
3. I remember ___________ (sit) on the hilltop ____________ (watch) the sunset with my
father.
4. Can you check this habit of ___________ (come) late everyday. I will be forced __________
(take) action otherwise. H
5. _________ (go) ______________ (trek) next week is a bad idea.
6. He keeps ____________ (have) problems with his injured back.
7. His ___________ (quit) his job allowed him ____________ (spend) more time with his
parents.
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8. Jaggu Dada tried ____________ (jump) over the fence but the was caught.
9. The boy cried hard but his mother refused ____________ (let) him play.
10. Do you know anything about _____________ (care) for your parents?
Exercise 3.2
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Chapter 4
Modals - I
What are modal verbs?
Modals are special verbs which work irregularly in English and fulfil special purposes.
Some characteristics of modal auxiliaries are:
1. They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"
2. They are always followed by verb first form (bare infinitive)
3. They are used to allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation,
necessity, ability
List of modal verbs
The verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries
to a large extent and my be added to the above list
Use of modal verbs:
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Modal Verb
must
Expressing
Strong obligation
Example
You must pay your taxes in time.
must not
prohibition
can
ability
I can sing.
permission
possibility
polite permission
possibility
permission
possibility, probability
polite permission
possibility, probability
lack of necessity/absence of
obligation
could
may
might
need not
should/ought 50 % obligation
to
terrible toothache.
advice
logical conclusion
had better
advice
Remember
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive which
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3. There are a lot of bananas in the fridge. You need not buy any.
Exercise 4.1
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Krishna was disappointed because he ____________ get tickets for the movie.
My singing is poor. I __________ sing as well as you.
Sumit didnt come to the office. He _____________ be sick.
____________ pigs sing? I dont think so.
The little boy asked, "Father, ________ I go to play? The father said, "Yes, you
____________."
6. When Sanju was young, he ____________ read very fast.
7. You ____________ buy sugar. There is a lot of sugar at home.
8. You ____________ buy sugar. There is none at home and the baby wont drink milk
without sugar.
9. It _________ rain tomorrow.
10. It _______ not rain tomorrow.
11. Take the umbrella, it __________ rain.
12. You ____________ take the umbrella because it is very hot and sunny and it will not rain
today.
13. You ____________ hurry up else you will miss the train.
14. You _____________ make noise. The baby is sleeping.
15. We _________ go to Rishikesh or Nainital. We are not sure.
16. He was so scared, he _____________ remember his own name.
Exercise 4.2
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Chapter 5
Modals - II
Modals in the present and past
Advice
Prohibition
Ability
Certainty
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Obligation
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Permission
Can I go out?
Possibility
Lack of
necessity
Exercise 5.1
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d. should
17. The test starts at 10. You ..... be late.
a. dont have to
b. mustnt
18. Why didnt he tell me? I __________________ him!
a. could help
b. could have helped
c. was able to help
d. would help
19. You _______________ win without hardwork. The world today is very competitive.
a. can't
b. may not
20. In India, boys __________________ do military service.
a. must not
b. don't have to
21. The thief was six feet tall. It ________________ have been Manoj. He is very short.
a. could not
b. would not
22. He is not at home. He _____________ in the office.
a. must be
b. should be
23. You ______________ have waited this long. Your cold has gone worse.
a. may not
b. should not
24. We _________________ decide to go to Goa again for New Year.
a. can
b. may
25. How _______________ you have left the bathroom in such a mess?
a. could
b. should
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Chapter 6
Must and Have to
Must and have to are modal verbs in English.
Must
1. To make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain
about something:
Examples:
1. It has rained all day, it must be wet outside.
2. The weather is fantastic in Mussorie. It must a lot fun to live there.
2. To express a strong obligation.
Examples:
1. Students must attend all classes.
2. You must pay taxes in time.
3. We must go to sleep now, we have an early morning train to catch.
3. Have to
To express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of
external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
Examples:
1. I have to send an urgent email.
2. I have to take this book back to the library.
Exercise 6.1
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Chapter 7
Shall and Will
Shall is not used often in modern American English. They are use as follows:
1. Use will with all persons
I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there
I, we shan't give up
Uses of shall
Use shall to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows:
1. Shall we leave or stay?
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2. Shall we play?
Shall if generally used with I/we but when giving stern command, or threat or promise, shall is
used with you.:
1. You shall not get in my class! (Command)
2. You shall pay for it. (Threat)
3. You shall get have your freedom. (Promise)
Shall is used in formal or legal documents:
1. Tresspassers shall be liable to fine.
2. There shall be no breach of this contract.
3. You shall not enter this premises.
Exercise 7.1
Fill in the blanks
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Chapter 8
Participle Adjectives
Participles
Participles are verb forms which can be used for specific purposes.
Participles can be of two types based on their form:
1. Present participle
The past participle is the verb II form. It can be used in simple past tense as well as a
modifier.
1. Broken
i. I have not broken the window (simple past)
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Examples:
Usage of participles:
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Exercise 8.1
1. The boys were _________________ (fascinate) by the animals in the zoo.
2. The lion was the most _______________ (fascinate) to the children.
3. The film on space travel was ________________ (fascinate)
4. Ram is an ___________________ (impress) artist.
5. He is so __________________ (impress) by her that he talks about her all the time.
6. I find Shahrukh Khan movies ____________ (bore).
7. We were so ______________ (bore) in the movie, we left in between.
8. Please do not bore us with your ________________ (bore) jokes.
9. I am really ____________________ (tire).
10. The walk up the hill was _____________ (tire) for the old men.
11. He drinks every night. He has got a severe _____________ (drink) problem
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Chapter 9
Cumulative and Coordinate Adjectives
Where to place adjectives?
Adjectives can be placed in either of the two ways:
1. Before the target noun
a. Examples: blue umbrella, red dragon, hungry devil, tall man, short boy
2. After the verbs like: be/feel/seem/look etc.
a. Examples: It feels nice, they are blue, you look hungry, she felt thirsty
Cumulative or coordinate adjectives
An interesting problem comes up when you use more than one adjectives to qualify one noun.
Either all those multiple adjectives separately qualify the noun or they could be adding up to have a
combined effect.
Coordinate Adjectives
These are a group of adjectives which separately qualify a noun. They are separated by a comma and
you use the word and to connect them.
Their order can be changed as you wish, which adjective comes first and which last doesnt matter if the
adjective are coordinate adjectives.
Example:
1. He found an old, strange man in the jungle.
2. Jagat Singh was a tall, strong man built like a bull.
Cumulative Adjectives
This is a group of adjectives which combine together to jointly modify a noun. They need to be arranged
in a specific order and no commas are needed.
Examples:
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Size
Age
Length or shape
Color
Purpose
Avoid using more than two or three adjectives in a sentence because using too many of them makes the
sentence look awkward.
Examples:
1. An attractive young French actress.
2. A modern Korean solar car.
3. A big square red cap.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives express possession.
Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their these adjectives express the idea that
something is owned by someone.
Examples:
1. Let me get my stuff
2. Is this your bag?
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Note that these words are pronouns (also known as possessive pronouns) but used differently.
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1. My car is red. (My = possessive adjective which modifies the noun car)
2. Your car is brown. (Your = possessive adjective)
3. My car is red. Yours is brown. (Yours = possessive pronoun because it works as a subject
of the verb is)
Examples
Subject Pronouns
you
he
she it
we
you
they
Examples:
1. Why didn't you wash your uniform?
2. Mahesh doesn't like his school.
3. The lizard can re-grow its tail.
4. Her shirt is blue, his tie is blue too.
Points to remember:
1. Possessive adjectives are different from possessive pronouns they may look the same
but their usage is completely different.
Examples:
a. This is my (possessive adjective) pen and that is yours (possessive pronoun)
b. My (possessive adjective) car is blue and his (possessive pronoun) is red.
2. When using possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives, do not use apostrophes like:
it's, they're etc its is a contraction of it is or it has; they're is a contraction of they
are; there is an adverb of place.
3. Examples:
a. Its the main reason why the ship sunk. (Its = it is, contraction)
b. The tiger is a strong animal. Its body is very powerful (Its = belonging to it,
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possessive)
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d. Raman and Manish are my friends. Theyre my classmates. Their boss is our
college senior.
Exercise 9.1
Fill in the blanks using much (for non countable) or many (for countable) in the following sentences:
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Exercise 9.2
Fill in the blanks using a little (non countable) or a few (countable):
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7.
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Exercise 9.3
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Fill in the blanks using some (positive when expecting yes as an answer) or any (negative when
expecting no as an answer) in the following sentences:
Exercise 9.4
Fill in the blanks using some or many.
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Exercise 9.5
Fill up the blanks using a little (less in quantity) or less (in comparison to something else):
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9.
Exercise 9.6
Fill up the blanks with a little vs a lot of:
Exercise 9.7
Fill up the blanks with few (countable, means almost zero) or little (non countable, means almost zero)
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Exercise 9.8
Fill up the blanks using fewer or less in the following sentences:
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Exercise 9.9
Fill in the blanks using farther (in the sense of the distance) or further (when talking of any thing apart
from the distance):
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7.
Exercise 9.10
Mr Sharma has a son and a daughter. The former is an actor and the ___________ is a doctor.
Talk to you ________________.
Of the two batman movies, I like the ________________.
He promised to return __________________.
The officer chased the thief even as the ____________ fired at the former.
I came to the office ____________ than my boss.
Out of sandwich and pasta, I do not like the _____________.
I will take rest now. Maybe, later in the day, we will go to a movie.
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Fill in the blanks using later (which comes late) or latter (the second one in the sequence):
Exercise 9.11
Fill in the blanks using last (last in a list of more than two) or latter (second one in a sequence of two):
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Manoj and Jitesh are friends but the former always criticizes the ___________.
Bahadurshah Zafar was the __________ Mughal king.
Suman, Satish and Sanju went to the library. Sushil was the __________ to come back.
I know Hindi and Sanskrit though I can barely speak in the ______________.
There are two parts of the movie and the ____________ is more popular.
I study Physics, Chemistry and Mathematic. I hate the ____________ one the most.
I like Sachin, Rahul and Ganguly but I find the _____________ one most exciting.
The __________ one to leave the room should turn off the lights.
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Chapter 10
Demonstratives - This, that, these, those
This and That are demonstratives.
Examples:
1. This is my car. (This = demonstrative)
2. The demonstratives in English are this, that, these, and those
Demonstrative pronouns vs demonstrative adjectives
Whether a word is used as a demonstrative pronoun or an adjective depends on how and where it is
used.
1. A demonstrative adjective modifies a noun eg: this car is big, that apple is bad etc.
2. Demonstrative pronouns act on their own, replacing a noun instead of modifying it, eg this is
good, thats bad.
Use of demonstratives
Proper choice of the demonstrative depends on two factors:
1. distance: near or far, and,
2. number: singular or plural.
Here are the main distinctions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise 10.1
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Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate of this, that, these or those:
Adjectival Nouns
An adjectival noun is an adjective that functions as a noun.
Nouns, as we know are names and adjectives are words which modify nouns. Sometimes, adjectives are
used as nouns, for example:
1. The brave shall rule the earth
2. The rich must help the poor
3. The good always wins in the end in Hindi movies.
Exercise 10.2
Identify which of the adjectives are used as nouns in the following sentences:
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Chapter 11
Comparatives and Superlatives
1. Use comparatives when comparing two things or people (I am stronger than Mahesh)
2. Use superlatives to compare more than two things or people (Suresh is the strongest boy in class,
Mahesh is the most hardworking of the three brothers)
3. You need to know the number of syllables in an adjective to form the superlatives and
comparatives.
Syllables are like sound units. Lets take a few examples:
o One syllable: Go, come, do, run, cry etc
o Two syllables: Going, tiger, lion
Formation Rules:
1. Monosyllable adjectives ending in a silent 'e' nice
Comparative add 'r' wiser
Superlative add 'st' nicest
2. Monosyllable adjectives ending in one vowel and one consonant big
Comparative the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added smaller
Superlative the consonant is doubled and 'est' is addedsmallest
3. Monosyllable adjectives ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel high, cheap
Comparative 'er' is added higher, cheaper
Superlative 'est is added highest, cheapest
4. Adjectives with two syllables ending in 'y' happy
Comparative 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added happier
Superlative 'y' becomes 'i' and 'est' is added happiest
5. Adjectives with two or more syllables without 'y' at the end exciting
Comparative more + the adjective + than more exciting than
Superlative more + the adjective + than the most exciting
Mango is sweeter than banana.
Rahul is the tallest boy in class.
Suresh is a bright kid.
Rahul is the brighter of the two brothers
Suman is the brightest kid in class.
He is the faster of the two.
She is pretty intelligent.
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Examples:
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Adjectives
Comparatives Superlatives
bad
worse
worst
far(distance) farther
farthest
far(extent)
further
furthest
good
better
best
little
less
least
many
more
most
much
more
most
Usage Rules
Comparatives
Superlatives
Similarities
To express similarities use the following structure:
... as + adjective + as ...
Examples:
1. Mahesh is as intelligent as Naman.
2. Lalit is as popular as Latika
Exercise 11.1
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8. All the soldiers are brave but he was the ________________ (brave) of them all.
9. People are ____________ (friendly) in Nagpur than they are in Mumbai.
10. This exercise is _____________ (difficult) than I expected but it is not the _____________
(difficult).
11. Pacific ocean is _____________ (large) than Indian Ocean sea which in turn is _____________
(large) than Arabian Sea.
12. The weather here is very bad. In winters, it is ___________ (cold) here than in Shimla and in
summers, it is ___________ (hot) here than in Agra.
13. Even the __________ (fast) horse cannot run faster than a train.
14. Technology has made the devices ______________ (small) and ____________(small)
15. I think India is a ____________ (good) place to live than most other places in the world.
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Chapter 12
Adverbs
What are adverbs?
An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Adverbs vs Adjectives
Adverbs and adjectives are distinct in that:
1. An adjective modifies a noun.
Example:
a. Jahnavi is tall (The adjective tall modifies the noun Jahnavi)
2. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Examples:
a. He drives fast (fast modifies the verb drives)
b. He drives very fast (very modifies the adverb fast)
c. He drives a stylish car (stylish = adjective for it modifies the noun car)
d. He drives a very stylish car. (very = adverb for it modifies adjective stylish)
Adverb Formation:
Adverbs can be formed by adding ly to adjectives.
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Adverb = Adjective + ly
Examples:
Adjective
Adverb
slow
slowly
beautiful
beautifully
careful
carefully
violent
violently
Exceptions:
Like every law in English, this one too has exceptions. There are several adverbs which do not follow the
adjective+ly formula.
Study some of them here:
Adjective
Adverb
Fast
Ferrari is a fast car
Fast
Suman drives fast
Hard
Hard
Late
Late
Early
Daily
Daily
He exercises daily
Things to remember
There are words which end in ly but are not adverbs.
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well
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good
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a kindly storekeeper
a lonely old man
an elderly person
a friendly policeman
To decide whether a word is an adverb, ask questions with how, where and when.
1. How does Rahul speak English? He speaks English fluently.
2. Where do the boys play cricket? They play cricket here.
3. When did she write the story? She wrote the story yesterday.
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency express how often something is done.
They are generally used with present simple tense because they usually express routine or
repeated activities.
Adverbs of frequency :
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom/rarely
Never
Examples:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Position of Adverbs
Where you place an adverb is crucial to how effectively you communicate what you want to.
Lets look at the good practices of adverb placement.
Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner answer the question how or in what way. Examples are nicely, beautifully, carefully,
awfully etc.
These adverbs are placed after the object of the target verb or, if the target verb has no object then
after the target verb itself.
Examples:
1. He worked hard (after the target verb work)
2. He drove his car carelessly. (after the object car of the target verb drive)
3. He speaks English fluently. (after the object English)
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place describe the location of some action. Examples are here, there, behind, above, up,
down, besides etc.
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Adverbs of place are placed like adverbs of manner, they come after the object or the target verb.
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Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of place tell the time. Examples are now, then, tomorrow, yesterday etc.
Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end or beginning of a sentence.
1. I will talk to you tomorrow.
2. Yesterday, I saw a ghost.
Exercise 12.1
Fill in the blanks:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
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Chapter 13
Nouns
A noun is a word used as a name, it can be a name of a person, place, thing, quality, or action. A noun
can be used as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or object of a preposition.
Plural vs singular
Nouns can countable or non countable and countable nouns can be singular or plural.
The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding -s at the end of the noun, but that is not always
the case. Some plurals are irregular:
Singular
Plural
fish
fish
tooth
teeth
man
men
woman
women
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to words used to represent a group of people or things.
Examples: committee, crowd, flock, audience, group, team, choir, committee, police, crew, family,
government.
Are collective nouns plural or singular?
Collective nouns can take a plural or singular form depending on the usage and accordingly takes a
singular or plural verb:
Singular if the word is used to mean a single group or entity, example: Our team is the best.
Plural if the word is used to mean a number of individuals, example: The crew are wearing
new uniforms.
Noun phrase
A noun phrase is a group of words phrase which includes a noun and a modifier and the phrase as a
whole is used as a noun.
Examples:
1. My house is a three bedroom flat.
2. The red car on the far end is my fathers.
Modifiers in noun phrases
Noun phrases contain modifiers which add to the meaning of the noun. Noun modifiers can be of
the following types:
1. Determiners
1. a/an/the articles. Examples: A boy, The red car etc
2. This, that, these, those. Examples: This car, that boy, these flowers
3. Two, three, four, other numerals. Examples: Four boys, three cars
4. My, their, your, his etc. Examples: His car is red. Their house is old fashioned.
5. Some, many, few etc. Examples: Some cars are fuel efficient. Many students are lazy.
2. Adjectives.
1. For example: Beautiful flower, fast cars etc.
3. Complements like prepositional phrases, clauses using that, for example:
1. Ramesh is a resident of Lakshmi Nagar
4. The idea that everybodys vote should have equal weight was a bold idea in the beginning.
Usage of Noun Clause
Noun clauses can be used as a subject (doer of an action) or an object (takes the impact of the action).
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Examples:
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Plural
snake
snakes
echo
echoes
window
windows
embargo
embargoes
box
boxes
hero
heroes
boy
boys
potato
potato
potatoes
knife
Singular
Plural
auto
autos
kangaroo
kangaroos
kilo
kilos
potatoes
memo
memos
tomato
tomatoes
photo
photos
knives
torpedo
torpedoes
piano
pianos
buffalo
buffalos/buffaloes
veto
vetoes
pimento
pimentos
mosquito
mosquitos/mosquitoes fish
fish
pro
pros
motto
mottos/mottoes
sheep
sheep
solo
solos
zero
zeros/zeroes
barracks
barracks
soprano
sopranos
corpus
corpora
foot
feet
studio
studios
alumnus
alumni
tooth
teeth
tattoo
tattoos
bacillus
bacilli
goose
geese
video
videos
appendix
appendices
tooth
teeth
zoo
zoos
phenomenon
phenomena
mouse
mice
nebula
nebulae
hypothesis
hypotheses
addendum
addenda
vertebra
vertebrae
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Plural
Page
Singular
neurosis
neuroses
bacterium
bacteria
Apex
apices
oasis
oases
curriculum
curricula
appendix
appendices
parenthesis
parentheses
datum
data
cervix
cervices
synopsis
synopses
erratum
errata
index
indices
phenomenon
phenomena
medium
media
matrix
matrices
diagnosis
diagnoses
memorandum memoranda
vortex
vortices
emphasis
emphases
symposium
symposia
axis
axes
crisis
crises
criterion
criteria
basis
bases
Masculine
Feminine
Masculine
Feminine
Actor
actress
poet
poetess
dad
mum
author
authoress
policeman
policewoman
daddy
mummy
bachelor
spinster
prince
princess
man
woman
boy
girl
sir
madam
emperor
empress
bridegroom
groom
son
daughter
father
mother
brother
sister
uncle
aunt
god
goddess
nephew
niece
wizard
witch
grandfather
grandmother
king
queen
waiter
waitress
heir
heiress
man
woman
master
mistress
hero
heroine
husband
wife
murderer
murderess
host
hostess
Common Nouns
Certain words are used for both masculine and feminine genders. Examples:
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Masculine
baby
deer
president
companion
owner
bird
friend
pupil
comrade
parent
cat
guardian
relative
cousin
passenger
cattle
guest
sheep
dancer
pig
child
infant
singer
student
swan
Exercise 13.1
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the given nouns for the following exercise. Use each noun
only one time.
chair
job
experience
information
hair
luggage
progress
furniture
permission
work
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 13.2
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2.
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7.
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Identify countable and non countable nouns in the following sentences by indicating C/NC
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise 13.3
Answer the following questions:
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